Your search found 8 records
1 Bedemo, A.; Getnet, Kindie; Kassa, B.; Chaurasia, S. P. R. 2013. Off-farm labor supply decision of adults in rural Ethiopia: double hurdle approach. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2(4):154-165.
Off farm employment ; Labor ; Rural areas ; Poverty ; Households ; Gender ; Agricultural production ; Farm income ; Models / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045830)
http://www.academeresearchjournals.org/download.php?id=523057913107166150.pdf&type=application/pdf&op=1=
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045830.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045830.pdf
(0.41 MB) (415.73KB)
This article examined the determinants of off-farm labor supply decision of adult members of households in rural western Ethiopia using cross-section data collected from 324 sample households. The double hurdle model was employed and the off-farm work participation and hours of work decision of male and female adults were jointly estimated. The result indicated that individual characteristics, household composition, availability of credit, value of off-farm equipment and location factors significantly influenced participation decision; yet, individual attributes, economic incentives and location were the major determinants of hours of work decisions. The findings imply that given the importance of off-farm activity in alleviating the problems of low agricultural productivity and the resulting low income, policy measures which can promote rural investment and create employment opportunities in off-farm activities may help minimize the effects of low farm income.
2 Tsiboe, F.; Zereyesus, Y. A.; Osei, E. 2016. Non-farm work, food poverty, and nutrient availability in northern Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 47(Part A):97-107. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.027]
Off farm employment ; Food security ; Nutrient availability ; Households ; Food consumption ; Poverty ; Gender ; Women's participation ; Labor ; Socioeconomic environment ; Econometric models ; Indicators / Northern Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047702)
(0.53 MB)
Despite the significant economic development in Ghana, northern Ghana has made little progress. Nationally, households engaged in the non-farm work are less likely to be categorized as poor, relative to those engaged in farming only. Given the well-established positive nexus between non-farm work and food security, this study extends the literature by analyzing the nexus between different types of non-farm work (own business, wage employment, and their combination) and household food nutrient availability in northern Ghana. Results from an application of a linear regression with endogenous treatment effects model to a sample of 3488 farming households and 5770 individuals indicate that, non-farm work positively affects food nutrient availability; and that farming households that own non-farm business are superior in terms of their nutrient availability and the extent of food security. Furthermore, households participating in the labor market in search of supplemental income do not appear to have better food security status relative to those engaged in farming only. Finally, females participating in non-farm work provide the largest contribution to household food nutrient availability. The study recommends the implementation of policies and building of infrastructure that foster the creation of non-farm income generating opportunities in northern Ghana, coupled with a framework that enables women to take advantage of these opportunities.
3 Ebeke, C. H.; Etoundi, S. M. N. 2017. The effects of natural resources on urbanization, concentration, and living standards in Africa. World Development, 96:408-417. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.026]
Natural resources ; Urbanization ; Living standards ; Water availability ; Sanitation ; Informal sector ; Governance ; Urban population ; Slums ; Off farm employment ; Income ; Gross national product ; Econometrics ; Models / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048239)
(0.30 MB)
This paper examines the effects of natural resource abundance on urbanization and living standards in Africa. Our central hypothesis is that the exploitation of natural resources in a context of poor governance quality creates the conditions for rapid urbanization and urban concentration, and ultimately lowers living standards in primal cities. Using a large panel of African countries, our results show that an increase in the share of natural resources leads to a rapid increase in urbanization and urban concentration, even after taking into account endogeneity issues, or after using more exogenous measures of resource dependency. The paper also establishes a negative association between the resource abundance, the quality of life in large cities and the degree of informality via the increase in urbanization rate and urban concentration. Importantly, we have established that these results mostly hold in the context of bad governance. More specifically, the resource-led urbanization and concentration booms take place mainly in countries characterized by poor governance records. Furthermore, poor governance quality is associated with a more detrimental effect of urbanization and urban concentration on the quality of life in African cities. These results suggest that ongoing transformations experienced by these countries call for complementary policies to ensure a more balanced and efficient urbanization process.
4 Ingelaere, B.; Christiaensen, L.; De Weerdt, J.; Kanbur, R. 2018. Why secondary towns can be important for poverty reduction - a migrant perspective. World Development, 105:273-282. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.025]
Rural urban migration ; Poverty ; Urbanization ; Towns ; Off farm employment ; Life cycle ; Social aspects ; Living standards ; Economic aspects ; Villages / Africa South of Sahara / Tanzania / Kagera / Dar es Salaam / Bukoba
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048797)
(0.36 MB)
This paper develops the concept of ‘action space’ as the range of possible destinations a migrant can realistically move to at a given point in time and, intimately linked to this, the set of possible livelihoods at destination. We show how this space expands and contracts over time through "cumulative causation". Such a dynamic framework allows us to appreciate the role of secondary towns in rural-urban migration and poverty reduction. Secondary towns occupy a unique middle ground between semi-subsistence agriculture and the capitalistic city; between what is close-by and familiar and what is much further away and unknown. By opening up the horizons of the (poorer) rural population and facilitating navigation of the non-farm economy, secondary towns allow a broader base of the poor population to become physically, economically and socially mobile. Secondary towns therefore have great potential as vehicles for inclusive growth and poverty reduction in urbanizing developing countries. These are the insights emerging from in-depth life history accounts of 75 purposively selected rural–urban migrants from rural Kagera, in Tanzania.
5 Dzanku, F. M. 2019. Food security in rural sub-Saharan Africa: exploring the nexus between gender, geography and off-farm employment. World Development, 113:26-43. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.017]
Food security ; Rural areas ; Gender ; Off farm employment ; Geography ; Nexus ; Households ; Nonfarm income ; Poverty ; Econometrics ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana / Kenya / Malawi / Mozambique / Tanzania / Zambia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049058)
(2.00 MB)
How to eradicate hunger and achieve food security remains a key developmental issue, particular in countries south of the Sahara. Most of the empirical literature focuses on agriculture-based interventions although it is well known that rural households have a gamut of income generating activities that constitute their livelihood. This article uses panel data for six African countries to examine the association between off-farm income and household food security and tests key hypotheses that have not been previously explored. We hypothesize that the association between food security and off-farm income is neither gender-neutral nor the same for households living in low and high agroecological potential areas. Because a nontrivial number of households do not earn off-farm income, we also hypothesize that the food security effect of nonparticipation differs by gender and geography. The results show that although off-farm income has a strong statistically significant association with food security the correlation magnitudes are not as strong. However, off-farm income has a significantly stronger association with food security among female-headed and poor region households than it has among male-headed and rich region households in most countries. The gender-related result supports the notion that households tend to benefit more from women’s greater control over resources than when such resources are controlled by men. We also show that nonparticipation in off-farm income is more costly, food security wise, for female-headed households and households who live in low agroecological potential regions than it is for male-headed households and those who live in high potential regions. The rural nonfarm sector in high agroecological potential areas tends to be associated with greater poverty reduction among female-headed households than among male-headed households. From a policy and development practice perspective, the results suggest that focusing rural development policies on factors that raise farm productivity alone (e.g., input subsidies) may not lead to gender-neutral welfare outcomes. This means that interventions such as rural nonfarm microcredit schemes that targets female-headed households or women in general could help achieve gender-equitable poverty reduction, as others have shown.
6 Issahaku, G.; Abdul-Rahaman, A. 2019. Sustainable land management practices, off-farm work participation and vulnerability among farmers in Ghana: is there a nexus? International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 7(1):18-26. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.10.002]
Sustainable land management ; Farmer participation ; Off farm employment ; Nonfarm income ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Adoption ; Poverty ; Organic fertilizers ; Bunds ; Models / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049149)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633918301321/pdfft?md5=c1b325ba74803cb6d82d0010632fe710&pid=1-s2.0-S2095633918301321-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049149.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049149.pdf
(0.53 MB) (544 KB)
Addressing issues of agricultural sustainability and vulnerability to poverty under climate change are major challenges to development in the 21st century. Accounting for the trade-off and synergies between off-farm work participation and sustainable land management on one hand, and vulnerability to poverty on the other hand, will therefore be useful to policy. In this study, we use recent farm household data from Ghana to examine the effect of off-farm work participation on intensity of adoption of sustainable land management (SLM) practices and impact of off-farm work participation on vulnerability to poverty. We employed a bivariate Tobit model to examine the determinants of SLM adoption intensity, and endogenous switching probit model to assess the impact of off-farm work participation on vulnerability to poverty. The results reveal that participation in off-farm is positively and significantly associated with adoption intensity of bunds, and organic manure. The results also show that off-farm work participation significantly reduces household vulnerability to poverty by 13%. Based on these findings, we conclude that rural development through non-farm work opportunities can lead to positive synergies between sustainable agricultural production, off-farm employment and poverty alleviation.
7 Mulema, A. A.; Boonabaana, B.; Debevec, L.; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Alemu, M.; Kaaria, S. 2021. Spiraling up and down: mapping women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions using the community capitals framework in rural Ethiopia. Community Development, 52(1):113-130. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2020.1838589]
Women's empowerment ; Gender equality ; Agriculture ; Rural communities ; Social capital ; Human capital ; Natural capital ; Cultural capital ; Collective action ; Social networks ; Livelihood diversification ; Off farm employment ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Political aspects ; Households ; Decision making / Ethiopia / Adami Tulu / Yaya Gulele
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050056)
(2.09 MB)
The paper draws on the Community Capitals Framework to frame and analyze the process of rural women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions in two districts of Ethiopia. A blend of qualitative data collection methods comprising group discussions, life histories, and key informant interviews was used. Our study shows that investing in social, human, financial, cultural, natural, physical, and political capitals resulted in increased assets within those capitals and others amongst the beneficiaries. The interaction between capitals builds “power with”, “power within”, “power to” and “power over” in an upward spiral. Specifically, the interaction between social, human and financial capitals is a key entry point to rural women’s empowerment. Cultural capital intermediates the interaction and flow of capital assets during the empowerment process. We argue that empowering women requires an approach that enhances their capability to identify and systematically manage interactions among capitals that foster their voice and agency.
8 Berhe, H. T. 2020. Households’ nonfarm livelihood participation and agricultural inputs investment: evidence from northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 17p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2020.1817261]
Off farm employment ; Households ; Livelihoods ; Nonfarm income ; Public participation ; Farm inputs ; Investment ; Livestock ; Income generation ; Rural areas ; Regression analysis / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050138)
(0.53 MB)
Evidence shows that nonfarm livelihood activities are an important source of income for rural households and they may interact with farm activities in different ways. This article attempts to examine the investment linkage in which evidence is scarce in the study area. Also the paper examines the determinants of households’ nonfarm employment participation. The study uses household level data collected from 455 randomly selected rural families in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Findings from the logit regression indicate that livestock holding, access to credit and male-headed households significantly increase nonfarm employment participation. Conversely, the possibility of nonfarm employment participation decreases with age, number of children, access to irrigation and remittance. Moreover, the propensity score matching estimates and auxiliary estimates using tobit and ordinary least square (OLS) consistently indicate nonfarm employment significantly decreases agricultural inputs investment. Similarly, participation in nonfarm activities significantly lowers investment in crop inputs. Further, findings from this study indicate that nonfarm livelihood activities may help in reducing rural poverty. Moreover, the study suggests that policies targeting enhancement of agricultural inputs investment should look at other options rather than relying on income generating nonfarm activities to increase agricultural inputs investment.
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