Your search found 57 records
1 Hagos, F.; Pender, J.; Gebreselassie, N. 1999. Land degradation in the highlands of Tigray and strategies for sustainable land management. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: ILRI. v, 73p. (Socioeconomic and policy research working paper no.25)
Soil degradation ; Erosion ; Land management ; Sustainability ; Public policy ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Population growth ; Poverty ; Land tenure ; Agricultural research ; Agricultural extension ; Credit ; Irrigated farming ; Livestock ; Infrastructure ; Farmers' associations ; Cereals / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI-SA Call no: 631.4 G136 HAG Record No: H025413)
This document is the result of the preliminary phase of the ILRI/IFPRI research programme of Policies for Sustainable Land Management in Mixed Crop-Livestock systems in the Highlands of East Africa . The document outlines the outcome of the review of existing knowledge and literature on the state and causes of land degradation, and the constraints and opportunities form more sustainable development in the highlands of Tigray.
2 Concert Engineering and Consulting Enterprise P.L.C. (CECE) 1999. Cost recovery study on small-scale irrigation projects in Tigray: Part I û Study report. Unpublished research report. 93p. + appendices.
Cost recovery ; Irrigation programs ; Small scale systems ; Sustainable agriculture ; Irrigated farming ; Rain-fed farming ; Livestock ; Crop production ; Water potential ; Investment ; Irrigation efficiency ; Farmers ; Economic aspects ; Water rates ; Water user associations ; User charges ; Organizations / Ethiopia / Thailand / Sierra Leone / Turkey / Albania / Indonesia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 6024 Record No: H030156)
3 Gebrehiwot, K.; Temu, A. B.; Haile, M. (Eds.) 1998. Land husbandry in the highlands of Ethiopia: Proceedings of a workshop, 10-14 November 1997, Mekelle University College, Mekelle, Ethiopia û Volume I. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. ii, 39p. (ICRAF training and education report no. 41)
Land management ; Land development ; Land use ; Agroforestry ; Soil degradation ; Extension ; Training ; Education ; Environmental degradation ; Forestry / Ethiopia / Uganda / Tigray / Ziquala / Mekelle / Awassa / Jimma / Hararge / Ambo
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 6022 Record No: H030148)
Abstracts of presented papers
4 Ewnetu, Z.; Haile, M.; Gebrehiwot, K. (Eds.) 1999. Land husbandry in the highlands of Ethiopia: Proceedings of a workshop, 10-14 November 1997, Mekelle University College, Mekelle, Ethiopia û Volume II. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. iv, 116p. (ICRAF training and education report no. 46)
Land management ; Land development ; Land use ; Agroforestry ; Soil degradation ; Agricultural extension ; Training ; Higher education ; Agricultural research ; Research institutes ; Environmental degradation ; Forestry ; Fisheries / Ethiopia / Uganda / Ziqual Wereda / Tigray / Jimma / Mekelle / Awassa / Alemaya / Am,bo / Wondo
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 6023 Record No: H030149)
5 Haile, M.; Shiferaw, A. 1999. Efforts in land husbandry practices in Tigray. In Ewnetu, Z.; Haile, M.; Gebrehiwot, K. (Eds.), Land husbandry in the highlands of Ethiopia: Proceedings of a workshop, 10-14 November 1997, Mekelle University College, Mekelle, Ethiopia û Volume II. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. pp.37-48.
Land management ; Soil degradation ; Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Traditional farming ; Afforestation ; Institutions / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 6023 Record No: H030153)
6 Abay, F.; Waters-Bayer, A.; Haile, M. 1999. Traditional practices and farmers' innovations in land husbandry: Some example from Tigray, Ethiopia. In Ewnetu, Z.; Haile, M.; Gebrehiwot, K. (Eds.), Land husbandry in the highlands of Ethiopia: Proceedings of a workshop, 10-14 November 1997, Mekelle University College, Mekelle, Ethiopia û Volume II. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. pp.49-56.
Land management ; Water management ; Rivers ; Irrigation ; Farmers ; Soil conservation ; Eucalyptus ; Soil fertility ; Fertilizers ; Farm management ; Crop production ; Women / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 6023 Record No: H030154)
7 Haug, R.; Teurlings, J. (Eds.) 2001. Success in rural development. Oslo, Norway: Agricultural University of Norway. Centre for International Environment and Development Studies. 106p.
Rural development ; Wildlife ; Food security ; Poverty ; Agricultural production ; Forestry ; Research institutes ; Fisheries ; Irrigated farming ; Water supply ; Development projects ; Farmers’ associations ; Higher education / Zambia / Madagascar / Uganda / Indonesia / Vietnam / Ethiopia / Sudan / Sri Lanka / Pakistan / Latvia / Luangwa / Tigray
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 338.9 G000 HAU Record No: H031863)
8 Gebru, B. 2001. Rural water supply in Tigray, Ethiopia. In Haug, R.; Teurlings, J. (Eds.), Success in rural development. Oslo, Norway: Agricultural University of Norway. pp.59-64.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 338.9 G000 HAU Record No: H031865)
9 Gebremedhin, B.; Swinton, S. M.; Tilahun, Y. 1999. Effects of stone terraces on crop yields and farm profitability: Results of on-farm research in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 54:568-573.
Crop production ; Farming systems ; Erosion ; Soils ; Regression analysis ; Wheat ; Beans ; Crop yield ; Prices ; Investment ; Farmers / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 6885 Record No: H034850)
10 Amacher, G. S.; Ersado, L.; Grebner, D. L.; Hyde, W. F. 2004. Disease, microdams and natural resources in Tigray, Ethiopia: Impacts on productivity and labor supplies. Journal of Development Studies, 40(6):122-145.
Dams ; Small scale systems ; Waterborne diseases ; Households ; Models ; Villages ; Labor ; Public health / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H036111)
11 Teshome, W. 2006. Irrigation practices, state intervention and farmer’s life: Worlds in drought-prone Tigray. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Menker, M.; Abesha, D.; Atnafe, T.; Wondimkun, Y. (Eds.). Best practices and technologies for small scale agricultural water management in Ethiopia. Proceedings of a MoARD /MoWR /USAID / IWMI Symposium and Exhibition held at Ghion Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 7-9 March, 2006. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI. pp.129-142.
Irrigation practices ; Water users ; Dams ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation management ; Water allocation / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G136 AWU Record No: H039826)
12 Abdurahman, M. A.; Coldewey, W. G.; Mohn, R.; Werner, J.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Kruse, B.; Klemm, O. 2008. Use of adaptable empirical equations for potential evapotranspiration estimation and soil moisture balance approaches for estimating actual evapotranspiration. Paper presented at the Second Nile Development Forum, Khartoum, Sudan, 17-19 November 2008. 14p.
Evapotranspiration ; Estimation ; Precipitation ; Soil moisture ; Soils ; Watersheds ; Irrigation programs / Ethiopia / Tigray / GumSelassa Watershed / Laelay Wukro Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041753)
(0.44 MB)
Evapotranspiration is an important component of the hydrologic cycle. In this research, an attempt has been made to estimate the potential and actual evapotranspiration combining different approaches that can be easily adapted in many of the irrigation projects found in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. There is no established weather station in these project areas. Therefore, it was not possible to use more complicated equations like the Penman family to estimate the potential evapotranspiration that can be used during planning and operation of irrigation projects. Thus, as an alternative in this research, an empirical equation that uses less data input has been adapted and then calibrated with the estimated values from the Modified Penman equation. To undertake this study three reference weather stations, having better data set of recent years, were selected. The potential evapotranspiration is estimated by the Hargreaves and Samani, as well as the Modified Penman equations. The potential evapotranspiration estimated by the two methods for the three reference stations were fitted into a straight line resulting equation with an acceptable correlation of (R2) = 0.8. Therefore, in the absence of other actual measured data for the irrigation projects, the potential evapotranspiration can be estimated by the Hargreaves and Samani method and corrected with the equation developed from the calibration procedure mentioned above. Furthermore actual evapotranspiration is also calculated for the watersheds of two irrigation projects (Laelay Wukro and GumSelassa). To undertake this exercise the landuse and soil maps of each watershed were prepared at a 1:50,000 scale and aggregated to get a combined landuse and soil for each watershed. Depending on the soil type, the available soil moisture per depth for each landuse was fixed, considering an acceptable rooting depth for the corresponding landuses. Then spreadsheets were developed to determine the monthly water balance taking into account that soil moisture storage withdrawal linearly decreases with decreasing soil moisture, i.e. as the soil becomes dry it becomes more difficult to remove water from the soil and hence less water is available for actual evapotranspiration. Accordingly, the actual evapotranspiration is found to be 627 and 442 mm year-1 for Laelay Wukro and GumSelassa irrigation projects respectively, which is about 44% and 32% of the potential evapotranspiration.
13 Nyssen, J.; Poesen, J.; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Haregeweyn, N.; Haile, M.; Moeyersons, J.; Frankl, A.; Govers, G.; Munro, N.; Deckers, J. 2008. Effects of region-wide soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas: the case of northern Ethiopia. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 52(3):291-315.
Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Highlands ; Erosion ; Bunds ; Reservoirs ; Sedimentation / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041844)
(0.94 MB)
Studies on the impacts of environmental rehabilitation in semi-arid areas are often conducted over limited space and time scales, and do typically not include detailed biophysical components. This study makes a multi-scale assessment over a time span of 30 years of environmental rehabilitation in one of the world's most degraded areas: the Tigray highlands of Northern Ethiopia. The study shows that in Tigray sheet and rill erosion rates have decreased by approximately 68%, infiltration and spring discharge are enhanced and vegetation cover has improved. These impacts are evidenced and quantified by a comprehensive comparison of the current landscape with a coverage of 30-year old photographs and substantiated by field investigations. The positive changes in ecosystem service supply that result from these conservation activities in the Tigray highlands are an issue of global concern.
14 Gebregziabher, G.; Namara, Regassa E.; Holden, S. 2009. Poverty reduction with irrigation investment: an empirical case study from Tigray, Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management, 96(12):1837-1843. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.08.004]
Irrigation effects ; Groundwater irrigation ; Households ; Income ; Poverty ; Case studies ; Models / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042488)
(0.19 MB)
The regional government of Tigray has invested millions of dollars to develop irrigation schemes as a strategy of poverty reduction. However, there has been limited attempt to analyze whether these investments have attained their stated objectives of poverty reduction and overall socio-economic enhancement. Therefore, we endeavor to: (1) evaluate the impacts of access to small-scale irrigation on farm household’s income and poverty status, (2) contribute to the scant literature on irrigation and poverty reduction in Ethiopia, and (3) provide information for policy makers. We examine a representative sample of 613 farm households (331 irrigators and 282 non-irrigators) drawn using three-stage stratified sampling with Probability Proportional to Size. We find that the average income of non-irrigating households is less than that of the irrigating households by about 50%. The overall average income gain due to access to irrigation ranges from 4000 Birr to 4500 Birr per household per annum. We find also that farming income is more important to irrigating households than to non-irrigating households, and off-farm income is negatively related with access to irrigation.
15 Mapedza, Everisto; Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Evaluating baseline indicators pertaining to Oxfam America's Water Program in Ethiopia: a revised report prepared for Oxfam America. Pretoria, South Africa; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 88p.
Development projects ; Water resource management ; Food security ; Institutions ; Irrigation schemes ; Investment ; Cooperatives ; Households ; Rural areas ; Water user associations ; Non governmental organizations ; Impact assessment ; Indicators ; Women ; Leadership ; Case studies / Ethiopia / Oromiya / Tigray / Amhara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043433)
(1.83 MB)
The goal of Oxfam America's Water Program in Ethiopia is to improve smallholders’ food security and strengthen their livelihoods in moisture-stressed areas of Oromiya, Tigray and Amhara National Regional States. To realize this goal, smallholder households must exercise their rights to access and manage water resources sustainably and equitably, for irrigating crops and raising livestock. Better access, equitable sharing, and sustainable management are essential outcomes that must be achieved along the path to greater food security and more resilient livelihoods.
16 Yohannes, M.; Boelee, Eline. 2012. Early biting rhythm in the afro-tropical vector of malaria, Anopheles arabiensis, and challenges for its control in Ethiopia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 26(1):103-105. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00955.x]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043676)
(0.51 MB)
The biting cycle of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) was assessed by hourly light trap collections in three villages in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Hourly catches were conducted in two houses in each village, for four consecutive nights. Light traps were set from 18.00 hours to 07.00 hours in houses in which people slept under untreated bednets. Anopheles arabiensis showed early biting activities, which peaked between 19.00 hours and 20.00 hours in the three villages; over 70% of biting activity occurred before 22.00 hours, when people typically retire to bed. This early biting activity may have a negative impact on the efficiency of bednets to control malaria.
17 Gebregziabher, G.; Namara, Regassa E. 2008. Investment in irrigation as a poverty reduction strategy: analysis of small-scale irrigation impact on poverty in Tigray, Ethiopia. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Yilma, Aster Denekew (Comps.). Impact of irrigation on poverty and environment in Ethiopia: draft proceedings of the symposium and exhibition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 27-29 November 2007. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.156-178.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044074)
(0.21 MB)
The regional government of Tigray has invested in millions of Birr to develop irrigation schemes as a strategy of poverty reduction. The study was based on a representative sample of 613 farm households (331 irrigators and 282 non-irrigators) drawn using three stage stratified sampling with probability proportional to size. The main aim of this paper is to study the impact of irrigation on household income, therefore, to contribute to the scant literature on irrigation-poverty reduction nexus in Ethiopia, which policy makers can use it as an input to make informed policy decisions in their future endeavors. We found that farming income is more important to irrigating households than to non-irrigating households, while off-farm income is negatively related with access to irrigation. We also found that irrigating households’ average income is above the regional average, while non-irrigating households’ average income is 50 percent less than the average income of irrigating households. Although there can be other factors, which may contribute to the difference in income, these results are in line with our expectation and supports the decision of the Tigray government to use irrigation as a poverty reduction tool. We have used a stochastic dominance analysis and found that the results are consistent. This result differs from a previous study by Pender et al. (2002), which argues that irrigation has less impact in agricultural yields than expected, reducing returns to investment in modern irrigation.
18 Loulseged, Makonnen; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Jayasinghe, Gayathree; Hagos, Fitsum; Erkossa, Teklu. 2011. Inventory, sustainability assessment, and upscaling of best agricultural water management practices. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Balcha, Y. (Comps.). Irrigation and water for sustainable development: proceedings of the Second Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-16 December 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.153-183.
Water management ; Irrigated farming ; Rain ; Water harvesting ; Technology ; Runoff ; Income ; Case studies ; Irrigation systems ; Small scale systems ; Spate irrigation ; Farmers ; Dams ; Resource depletion ; Groundwater ; Wells ; Water conservation ; Soil conservation ; Environmental effects ; Social aspects ; Health / Ethiopia / Atsbi / Tigray / Tsebayina Micro Dam / Oromia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044262)
(0.66 MB)
It is the belief of many analysts that agrarian countries like Ethiopia that depend on rain-fed agriculture are significantly vulnerable to rainfall variability, the risk which tends to aggravate with global climate change. Consequently, it is believed that future increases in food supplies and economic prosperity depend heavily on effective agricultural water management. It is with this in mind that the use of low-cost technologies for rainwater and runoff control, storage, water lifting, conveyance and application have become more widespread in Ethiopia since the recent drought of 2002/2003. A range of technologies are currently used with varying levels of impacts. This paper outlines an inventory, characterization, suitability and upscaling aspects of Agricultural Water Management Technologies (AWMT) in Ethiopia. Particular characteristics of each of the technologies, their suitability for a given environment, and the necessary conditions for their successful adoption and scaling up are identified. Furthermore, a variety of combinations of technologies used for control or storage, lifting, conveyance and application of rainwater are documented. Suitability of a technology in a particular environment depends on many factors, such as, the nature of technical complexity, the existing institutional and individual capacity to implement, the costs and benefits, etc. Technical considerations include implementation (set up), operation and maintenance, affordability and environmental impact. The results of a ranking exercise of the technical complexity of a given technology are presented. Concerns related to waterborne and water-related diseases due to stagnation, water quality and possibility of mosquito breeding are discussed. Households in some parts of Ethiopia, who have practiced improved agricultural water management suitable to their local conditions, have managed to diversify their incomes through beekeeping, livestock, intercropping cash crops with food crops and setting up shops, hotels and flour mills in the nearby towns or villages. Therefore, AWMT at smallholder level meet the intended purpose, provided that they are suitable and adaptable to the local circumstances. The question is which of the technologies are suitable to which area under what socioeconomic conditions?
19 Hagos, Fitsum; Jayasinghe, Gayathree; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Yilma, Aster Denekew. 2011. Poverty impacts of agricultural water management technologies in Ethiopia. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Balcha, Y. (Comps.). Irrigation and water for sustainable development: proceedings of the Second Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-16 December 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.184-212.
Rural poverty ; Analysis ; Investment ; Water management ; Irrigation water ; Rainfed farming ; Technology ; Farmers ; Households ; Income ; Cost benefit analysis ; Water harvesting ; Wells ; Dams ; Ponds / Ethiopia / Amhara / Oromia / SNNPR / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044263)
(0.27 MB)
Farmers in rural Ethiopia live in a climate-related shock-prone environment. The major source of climate shock is the persistent variation in the amount and distribution of rainfall. The dependence on unreliable rainfall increases farmers’ vulnerability to shocks while also constraining farmers’ decisions to use yieldenhancing modern inputs, exacerbating the vulnerability of households to poverty and food insecurity. As a response, the Government of Ethiopia has embarked on massive investment in low-cost agricultural water management technologies (AWMTs). Despite these huge investments, their impact remains hardly understood. The main focus of this paper was to explore whether access to selected AWMTs, such as deep and shallow wells, ponds, river diversions and small dams, has led to a significant reduction in poverty and, if they did so, to identify which technologies have higher impacts. The study also calculated the net present value of the selected AWMT, to assess which of the AWMTs are worth investing in given that they have the promise of reducing poverty. In measuring impact we followed different approaches: mean separation tests, propensity score matching and poverty analysis. The study used a unique dataset from a representative sample of 1,517 households from 29 Peasant Associations (Kebeles) in four regions of Ethiopia. Findings indicated that the estimated average treatment effect on per capita income was significant and amounted to USD 82. Moreover, there was 22% less poverty incidence among users of AWMTs compared to nonusers. The poverty impact of AWMT was also found to differ by technology type. Accordingly, deep wells, river diversions and micro-dams have led to 50, 32 and 25%, respectively, reduction in poverty incidence compared to the reference, i.e., rain-fed systems. Although, the selected AWMTs were found to contribute to poverty reduction, we found that ponds, deep wells and small dams were not attractive from a social cost-benefit analysis perspective, implying that choices need to be made considering their relative financial viability and poverty reduction impacts compared to other available options that could improve rain-fed agriculture. Finally, our study identified the most important determinants of poverty, on the basis of which we made policy recommendations: i) build assets (AWMT, livestock, etc.); ii) human resources development; and iii) improve the functioning of labor markets and access to these (input or output) markets for enhanced impact of AWMT on poverty.
20 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Holden, S. T. 2011. Distress rentals and the land rental market as a safety net: contract choice evidence from Tigray, Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 42(Supplement):675-690. [doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2011.00551.x]
Food shortages ; Households ; Income ; Models ; Agricultural production ; Sharecropping ; Crop production ; Shock ; Risks ; Rent / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044264)
(0.64 MB)
Rural households in the semiarid Northern Ethiopian highlands are net buyers of food. Crop failure due to erratic and unpredictable rainfall occurs frequently and leads to food shortages and income shocks. The renting out of land may be one of the coping responses of households exposed to shocks.We developed a theoretical household model for poor landlord households capturing their contract choice response to downside production shocks. We tested econometrically whether contract choice may depend on poverty, capital constraints, production risk and random shocks. The multinomial logit model estimates show that poor households experiencing random shocks are more likely to choose fixed-rent contracts as a distress response to shocks, suggesting that fixed-rent contracts may be used to meet immediate needs, but at the expense of future incomes. We also found that fixed-rent contracts are preferred when ex ante production risk is low, while sharecropping is more likely where production risk is high. Finally, we found an indication that the choice of a fixed-rent contract as a coping response to shocks comes as a last resort after all other means of coping are exhausted.
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