Your search found 13 records
1 Biswas, A. K. 2003. Water policies in the developing world. In Tortajada, C.; Braga, B. P. F.; Biswas, A. K.; Garcia, L. E. (Eds.). Water policies and institutions in Latin America. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. pp.1-12.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G302 TOR Record No: H041093)
2 Petersen-Perlman, J. D.; Veilleux, J. C.; Wolf, A. T. 2017. International water conflict and cooperation: challenges and opportunities. Water International, 42(2):105-120. (Special issue: Transboundary River Cooperation: Actors, Strategies and Impact). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1276041]
Water resources ; International waters ; Conflict ; International cooperation ; Water security ; River basin management ; Water law ; International agreements ; Corporate culture ; Political aspects ; Economic aspects ; Stakeholders ; Information exchange ; Techniques ; Risk factors
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048007)
(1.27 MB)
Though awareness of the nature of water conflict and cooperation has improved over time, the likelihood of water conflicts could increase as populations continue to grow and climate change continues to manifest. This article details the nature of water conflict and water cooperation. We discuss how water conflicts can be resolved, how water can be seen as a vehicle for change between states, and future directions that can be taken in transboundary water conflict research.
3 Sorensen, J. P. R.; Sadhu, A.; Sampath, G.; Sugden, S.; Gupta, S. D.; Lapworth, D. J.; Marchant, B. P.; Pedley, S. 2016. Are sanitation interventions a threat to drinking water supplies in rural India? an application of tryptophan-like fluorescence. Water Research, 88:923-932. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.006]
Drinking water ; Water quality ; Groundwater ; Contamination ; Water supply ; Tube wells ; Manual pumps ; Sanitation ; Pit latrines ; Risk factors ; Indicators ; Faecal coliforms ; Tryptophan ; Fluorescence ; Models ; Forecasting ; Rural areas ; Villages / India / Bihar / Maksudpur / Shahjahanpur / Sigariyawan / Taraura
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048058)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135415303341/pdfft?md5=4b626e26e4080f7fbaf5dfc4f6e6e57d&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135415303341-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048058.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048058.pdf
(1.91 MB) (1.91 MB)
Open defecation is practised by over 600 million people in India and there is a strong political drive to eliminate this through the provision of on-site sanitation in rural areas. However, there are concerns that the subsequent leaching of excreta from subsurface storage could be adversely impacting underlying groundwater resources upon which rural populations are almost completely dependent for domestic water supply. We investigated this link in four villages undergoing sanitary interventions in Bihar State, India. A total of 150 supplies were sampled for thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms (TTC) and tryptophan-like fluorescence (TLF): an emerging real-time indicator of faecal contamination. Sanitary risk inspections were also performed at all sites, including whether a supply was located within 10 m of a toilet, the recommended minimum separation. Overall, 18% of water supplies contained TTCs, 91% of which were located within 10 m of a toilet, 58% had TLF above detection limit, and sanitary risk scores were high. Statistical analysis demonstrated TLF was an effective indicator of TTC presence-absence, with a possibility of TTCs only where TLF exceeded 0.4 µg/L dissolved tryptophan. Analysis also indicated proximity to a toilet was the only significant sanitary risk factor predicting TTC presence-absence and the most significant predictor of TLF. Faecal contamination was considered a result of individual water supply vulnerability rather than indicative of widespread leaching into the aquifer. Therefore, increasing faecal contamination of groundwater-derived potable supplies is inevitable across the country as uptake of on-site sanitation intensifies. Communities need to be aware of this link and implement suitable decentralised low-cost treatment of water prior to consumption and improve the construction and protection of new supplies.
4 Ariyarathne, S.; Apanaskevich, D. A.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Rajakaruna, R. S. 2016. Diversity and distribution of tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with human otoacariasis and socio-ecological risk factors of tick infestations in Sri Lanka. Experimental And Applied Acarology, 70(1):99-123. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-016-0056-z]
Biodiversity ; Ixodidae ; Ecology ; Infestation ; Tickborne diseases ; Risk factors ; Health hazards ; Domestic animals / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Kandy / Kurunegala / Nuwara Eliya / Ratnapura
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048100)
Tick infestation in humans is a major public health concern. The diversity and distribution of tick species associated with human otoacariasis was studied in five districts: Anuradhapura, Kandy, Kurunegala, Nuwara Eliya and Ratnapura in the main agro-climatic zones of Sri Lanka. Ticks from patients attending the ear, nose and throat clinics of the General Hospitals were collected during a 3 year period. In total 426 ticks were collected. Most human otoacariasis cases were reported from Kandy (33.8 %) and the fewest from Nuwara Eliya (8.2 %). Of the five tick species identified, nymphs of Dermacentor auratus constituted 90.6 % of the collection. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma isaaci, Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Otobius megnini were found rarely infesting humans possibly as an accidental host; H. bispinosa and O. megnini in the human ear canal were first time records in Sri Lanka. Females and children under 10 years were identified as risk groups of human otoacariasis. Subsequently, a field study was carried out to determine socio-ecological risk factors of human tick infestations in the five districts. Based on hospital data, eight villages with high prevalence of otoacariasis were selected from each district. A total 40 villages were visited and 1674 household members were interviewed. Involvement in outdoor activities, presence of wild animals around the house, location of the house in close proximity to a forest and occupation were identified as major risk factors.
5 Drangert, J.-O.; Sharatchandra, H. C. 2017. Addressing urban water scarcity: reduce, treat and reuse - the third generation of management to avoid local resources boundaries. Water Policy, 19(5):978-996. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.152]
Water scarcity ; Water management ; Urban areas ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Water resources ; Surface water ; Water balance ; Groundwater extraction ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Risk factors ; Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Water costs ; Water rates ; Sustainability ; Housing ; Sanitation / India / Bangalore
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048377)
(0.48 MB)
Urban growth leads to geographically concentrated demand for water and food – and to growing volumes of wastewater and organic waste. Left unattended by city authorities, both local and planetary resources boundaries for water and nutrients will be transgressed. A novel partly dynamic ‘flexible water balance’ is developed to explore ways to address a looming water crisis. A systems-based flow chart shows how rainwater, groundwater and recycled water interact. Measures from supply-, demand-, and reuse management are combined to manipulate the water flows.
Water management in Bangalore, India, focused on supply management over the period 1964 to 2015, tapping distant rivers. This mind-set was challenged by a Water Disputes Tribunal and international financiers. Residents and industry were losing faith in the erratic water supply, and met part or all their water needs by digging or drilling wells. The ‘flexible water balance’ is tested on Bangalore for the year 2050 when the population has increased from 8 to 20 million. New housing complexes can provide opportunities for effective arrangements to recycle water and nutrients, save energy, and reduce water pollution and air emissions. The ‘flexible water balance’ indicates that Bangaloreans can get enough household water without tapping river water and still recharge groundwater.
Water management in Bangalore, India, focused on supply management over the period 1964 to 2015, tapping distant rivers. This mind-set was challenged by a Water Disputes Tribunal and international financiers. Residents and industry were losing faith in the erratic water supply, and met part or all their water needs by digging or drilling wells. The ‘flexible water balance’ is tested on Bangalore for the year 2050 when the population has increased from 8 to 20 million. New housing complexes can provide opportunities for effective arrangements to recycle water and nutrients, save energy, and reduce water pollution and air emissions. The ‘flexible water balance’ indicates that Bangaloreans can get enough household water without tapping river water and still recharge groundwater.
6 Vandone, D.; Peri, M.; Baldi, L.; Tanda, A. 2018. The impact of energy and agriculture prices on the stock performance of the water industry. Water Resources and Economics, 23:14-27. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2018.02.002]
Water market ; Industry ; Agricultural prices ; Energy sources ; Stocks ; Price indices ; Water demand ; Macroeconomic analysis ; Financing ; Risk factors ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048912)
(1.52 MB)
Water issues are receiving increasing attention from policy-makers and international organizations due to water scarcity and global rising demand. Given that the demand for water is mainly driven by agriculture and energy, we use a multifactor market model to analyze the impact of agriculture and energy price trends on the price of listed companies operating in the water industry. Evidence highlights a sensitivity of water stocks returns to agriculture and energy price changes. Additionally, when using state space model to estimate dynamic beta coefficients, factor sensitivities show a time-varying behavior, especially during the 2008 economic and financial crisis.
7 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Stifel, David; Horbulyk, Ted; Kafle, Kashi. 2020. Chronic kidney disease and household behaviors in Sri Lanka: historical choices of drinking water and agrochemical use. Economics and Human Biology, 37:100862. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100862]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Drinking water treatment ; Groundwater ; Public health ; Risk factors ; Households ; Behaviour ; Agricultural practices ; Agrochemicals ; Farmland ; Water supply ; Wells ; Water purification ; Reverse osmosis ; Socioeconomic environment ; Rural areas ; Models / Sri Lanka / Mullaitivu / Vavuniya / Trincomalee / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa / Kurunegala / Matale / Ampara / Badulla / Monaragala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049541)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X19302576/pdfft?md5=493e1025b9a9e466cbbde1bcad6be90c&pid=1-s2.0-S1570677X19302576-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049541.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049541.pdf
(1.37 MB) (1.37 MB)
This paper examines whether there are systematic differences in the historical behaviors of households that are affected and unaffected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sri Lanka pertaining to their water source choices, water treatment practices, and agrochemical use. This analysis is motivated by the Sri Lankan government’s largest policy response to this epidemic – to encourage communities to switch from untreated well water to publicly provided alternatives. We use recall methods to elicit information on the drinking water source and treatment choices of households over an 18-year period from 2000– 2017. Our analysis is based on a survey of 1497 rural ground-water dependent households in the most CKD-affected areas of the 10 districts of Sri Lanka with the highest prevalence of CKD. Our main findings are that (a) households that have ever used a pump to extract (typically deep) drinking water from a household well are more likely to be affected by CKD; (b) we fail to find a relationship between disease status and households’ use of buckets to extract (typically shallow) groundwater from their wells; and (c) those who have ever treated their shallow well water by boiling it are less likely to be affected by CKD. We also find that a greater share of CKD affected households historically used agrochemicals, used wells that were geographically removed from surface water sources, and displayed lower proxies of wealth. The implications of these findings are fourfold. First, since the systematic differences in the historical patterns of water sources and treatments used by CKD affected and non-affected households are modest, the sources of water and the treatment practices themselves may not be the sole risk factors in developing CKD. Second, although we find a negative association between boiling water and the probability of CKD, it is not obvious that a public policy campaign to promote boiling water is an appropriate response. Third, the hydrochemistry of deep and shallow well water needs to be better understood in order to shed light on the positive relationship between deep well water and disease status, and on why boiling shallow but not deep well water is associated with a lower probability of CKD. Fourth, there is a need for a deeper understanding of other risk factors and of the efficacy of preventative programs that provide alternative sources of household drinking water.
8 Balana, B.; Mekonnen, D.; Haile, B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Yimam, S.; Ringler, C. 2020. Are smallholder farmers credit constrained? evidence on demand and supply constraints of credit in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 28p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 01974) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134152]
Agricultural credit ; Loans ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Supply balance ; Constraints ; Households ; Gender ; Women ; Socioeconomic environment ; Technology transfer ; Adoption ; Microfinance ; Financial institutions ; Risk factors ; Policies ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation ; Econometric models / Ethiopia / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050170)
https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/134152/filename/134363.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050170.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050170.pdf
(1.02 MB) (1.02 MB)
Credit constraint is considered by many as one of the key barriers to adoption of modern agricultural technologies, such as chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and irrigation technologies, among smallholders. Past research and much policy discourse associates agricultural credit constraints with supply-side factors, such as limited access to credit sources or high costs of borrowing. However, demand-side factors, such as risk-aversion and financial illiteracy among borrowers, as well as high transaction costs, can also play important roles in credit-rationing for smallholders. Using primary survey data from Ethiopia and Tanzania, this study examines the nature of credit constraints facing smallholders and the factors that affect credit constraints. In addition, we assess whether credit constraints are gender-differentiated. Results show that demand-side credit constraints are at least as important as supply-side factors in both countries. Women are more likely to be credit constrained (from both the supply and demand sides) than men. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on addressing both supply- and demand-side credit constraints, including through targeted interventions to reduce risk, such as crop insurance and gender-sensitive policies to improve women’s access to credit.
9 Imbulana, S; Oguma, K. 2021. Groundwater as a potential cause of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: a review. Journal of Water and Health, 19(3):393-410. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.079]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Aetiology ; Groundwater ; Risk factors ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Fluorides ; Heavy metals ; Cadmium ; Water hardness ; Cations ; Wells ; Agrochemicals ; Organic matter ; Arid zones ; Communities / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050453)
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article-pdf/19/3/393/902741/jwh0190393.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050453.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050453.pdf
(0.39 MB) (396 KB)
The cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka remains unidentified, despite vast research efforts that brought about an extensive list of potential risk factors. Among these, the long-term exposure to various nephrotoxic elements through drinking groundwater was widely suspected owing to the unique geographical distribution of the disease. This review focuses on such well-known hypotheses suspecting the relations with fluoride, hardness, major ions, heavy metals, metalloids, organic matter, agrochemical residues, pathogens, and bacterial toxins in the groundwaters of the CKDu-endemic region. It was comprehensively discussed why each of these constituents was considered a risk factor of CKDu, how could they possibly trigger the pathogenesis of the disease, what was the evidence that supported or failed each hypothesis, and whether providing safe drinking water had been effective at mitigating the progression of the disease. Although plenty of circumstantial evidence supported an etiology related to groundwater for CKDu, it was impossible to elucidate the cause–effect relationships between drinking impaired groundwater and the occurrence of the disease. Future research should be effectively designed to clarify the role of groundwater in the onset of CKDu by taking into account the gaps in past research.
10 Agbemor, B. D.; Smiley, S. L. 2021. Risk factors and mitigation measures in public-private water sector partnerships: lessons from the Asutifi North District, Ghana. H2Open Journal, 4(1):77-91. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.003]
Water supply ; Public-private partnerships ; Risk factors ; Mitigation ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water access ; Infrastructure ; Stakeholders ; Investment ; Markets ; Financing ; Political aspects ; Communities ; Inflation / Ghana / Asutifi North District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050460)
https://iwaponline.com/h2open/article-pdf/4/1/77/891387/h2oj0040077.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050460.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050460.pdf
(0.33 MB) (340 KB)
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are promoted as a practical option for developing countries to meet their water sector infrastructure gaps. Despite their appeal, PPP projects have been described as complex and challenging, and the water sector PPPs are particularly associated with high failure rates. Risk analysis and evaluations have been identified as critical to the success of PPPs. In this paper, we examine an on-going PPP arrangement for piped water supply in the Asutifi North District of Ghana under a Build, Operate, and Transfer arrangement. Safe Water Network will provide the supply systems and transfer ownership to the District Authority at the end of the contract. We reviewed key project documents to ascertain the measures that would minimize the likelihood of risk occurring during the project cycle. Of 11 risk factors, 7 were anticipated in the project documents. We recommend that project documents be reviewed and amended to address the unanticipated risks.
11 Kelly, E.; Cronk, R.; Fisher, M.; Bartram, J. 2021. Sanitary inspection, microbial water quality analysis, and water safety in handpumps in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. npj Clean Water, 4:3. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-00093-z]
Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Water quality ; Biological contamination ; Microbiological analysis ; Risk factors ; Escherichia coli ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Boreholes ; Manual pumps ; Rural areas ; Models / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050530)
(0.61 MB) (628 KB)
In sub-Saharan Africa, over half of the population is exposed to contaminated drinking water. The WHO recommends both sanitary inspection and water quality analysis to assess the risk of water source contamination, but the relationship between these tools is poorly understood. We explore the relationship between sanitary inspection and water quality analysis using data from 1028 boreholes with handpumps in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Sanitary inspection scores and E. coli occurrence were compared using the models described in published literature, and an alternative model that better reflects causal pathways of contamination. In the alternative model, sanitary risk factors were categorized as contamination sources, carriers, or barrier breakdowns, and the relationships between risk factor combinations and E. coli occurrence were assessed. We found no associations between sanitary risk score and E. coli occurrence using either the established or alternative model. These results confirm that sanitary inspections and microbial analyses convey distinct information, and perfect correlation is neither expected nor desired. The alternative model demonstrated a slightly better model fit than most established models, and the model fit further improved when the occurrence of rainfall in the past two days was added as a carrier. We recommend that: implementers train water system operators to conduct sanitary inspection; and researchers work to improve our understanding of the effect of individual sanitary risk factors, as well as incorporate contextual data into their assessments of sanitary inspection and water quality.
12 Nyachoti, S.; Godebo, T. R.; Okwori, O. F.; Jeuland, M. A.; Manthrithilake, Herath. 2022. Dietary exposures to metals in relation to chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Exposure and Health, 14(1):63-73. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00418-4]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Dietary factors ; Rice ; Toxic substances ; Metals ; Risk factors ; Arsenic ; Lead ; Cadmium ; Selenium / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050676)
(2.29 MB)
Exposure to metals has been hypothesized as possible cause of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) in Sri Lanka; however, evidence is inconclusive. We measured the concentrations of nephrotoxic metals (As, Pb, and Cd), as well as Se in rice (a staple grain in Sri Lanka) and other grains consumed in CKDu endemic and non-endemic regions using Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our results showed comparable mean concentrations (in µg/kg) of 24.5±18, 7.3±6.4, and 14.2±15 for As, Pb, and Cd, respectively, in rice from endemic regions and 17.7±4.7, 12.7±6.8, and 17.8±16 in rice from non-endemic regions. Selenium concentrations (in mg/kg) were 0.05±0.02 in rice cultivated in both endemic and non-endemic regions. Arsenic and Cd concentrations were significantly higher in rice compared to other grains, which themselves had higher Se than rice. All samples were below the Codex standards established for Cd (400 µg/kg for rice; 100 µg/kg for cereal grains), Pb (200 µg/kg) and inorganic As (200 µg/kg) for white rice. Our findings show that dietary exposure to low levels of As, Pb, Cd, and inadequate Se in staple grains cannot be clearly linked to CKDu, suggesting that the disease could be multifactorial. Additional research is needed to determine the contribution of other risk factors such as lifestyle habits and heat stress to plan preventive strategies for reducing CKDu health cases in Sri Lanka.
13 Ouattara, Z. A.; Dongo, K.; Akpoti, Komlavi; Kabo-Bah, A. T.; Attiogbe, F.; Siabi, E. K.; Iweh, C. D.; Gogo, G. H. 2023. Assessment of solid and liquid wastes management and health impacts along the failed sewerage systems in capital cities of African countries: case of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Frontiers in Water, 5:1071686. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2023.1071686]
Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Liquid wastes ; Environmental impact ; Health hazards ; Sewerage ; Cities ; Urban areas ; Wastewater ; Sanitation ; Pollution indicators ; Risk factors ; Chemicophysical properties ; Households / Côte d'Ivoire / Abidjan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052034)
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frwa.2023.1071686/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052034.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052034.pdf
(2.16 MB) (2.16 MB)
The management of domestic wastewater and rainwater is a major concern for the population of Yopougon. The study presents the causes of wastewater discharge from dysfunctional sewers and their health impacts on the population. It also highlights the environmental and health risk associated with poor solid and liquid waste management. This was based on literature search, semi-participatory workshop, physicochemical and bacteriological characterization of wastewater and finally through a household survey. The field survey was conducted on 245 household heads obtained using the Canadian statistical guidelines. The results obtained indicated that all main pollution indicators were; total nitrogen (TN, 525 ± 0.02 to 3077 ± 0.3 mg/l), nitrates (NO3, 146 ± 0.01 to 1347 ± 0.12 mg/l), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, 278 ± 195.16 to 645 ± 391.74 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 940 ± 650.54 to 4050.5 ± 71.42 mg/l) and total dissolved solids (TDS, 151 ± 9.9 to 766 ± 237.59 mg/l) which were above the values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Cote d'Ivoire national policy guidelines standards for the discharge of effluents into the environment. The analysis of the bacterial flora of the effluents revealed that the concentrations of Total Coliforms and fecal streptococci exceeded the values recommended by the WHO and national policy guidelines standards. This means that the populations of this area are prone to infectious diseases. Diseases such as malaria (84.53%), respiratory infections (61%), diarrhea (48.66%), intestinal diseases (44.5%), and typhoid fever (28.84%) were prevalent in the surveyed households.
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