Your search found 12 records
1 Moreira, J. 2007. Water use and impacts due ethanol production in Brazil. Paper presented at Conference, Linkages between Energy and Water Management for Agriculture in Developing Countries, Hyderabad, India, January 29-30, 2007, organized by the International Water Management Institute and FAO. 24p.
Water use ; Sugarcane ; Ethanol ; River basins ; Wastewater ; Effluents ; Water pollution ; Pollution control ; Fertilizers ; Legislation / Brazil
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H041246)
Ethanol production from sugar cane crops uses significant amount of water in the agricultural and industrial processing phases. Most of the sugar cane plantations in Brazil rely on natural irrigation complemented by partial fertiirrigation, carried out mainly to manage water wastes, limiting their production to regions where reasonable rainfall index occurs. Sugar cane processing to ethanol uses water collected mainly from surface water flows and, in few cases, from underground natural reservoirs for many different activities and it become contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants. Water availability is not a problem now or in the midterm in a water rich country like Brazil, except in some specific regions where the amount of rainfall is not the most recommendable for sugar cane growth. Nevertheless, due the increasing demand for ethanol and the high prices paid for it sugar cane crops tend to expand to regions where natural irrigation needs to be complemented with artificial water spray. On the other hand water pollution caused by application of fertilizers and agrochemicals, by soil erosion, by cane washing, by fermentation, by distillation, by the energy producing units installed in the mills and by other minor sources of waste water is a major concern due the large size of such agroindustrial activity. The paper describes agricultural and industrial activities involved in ethanol production trying to quantify the amount of potential pollutants that are sources of water contamination and provides description of measures commonly used to mitigate such contamination and the ones used to clean waste water. Waste water quality returned to soil and to surface water flows is regulated by the government and such regulations are properly described and discussed. Suggestions on how to improve the quality of waste water above the present level imposed by regulation are also discussed. In particular, the main source of water pollution, stillage, is examined in detail as potential source of energy and other products while its intensity of contamination is reduced.
2 Earley, J.; McKeown, A. 2009. Smart choices for biofuels. Washington, DC, USA: Worldwatch Institute; Washington, DC, USA: Sierra Club. 15p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8021 Record No: H041899)
(0.93 MB)
3 Amarasinghe, Upali; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Soda, Wannipa. 2010. Growing biofuel demand in Thailand and Malaysia: water use and impacts. Project report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the project, “Comparative assessment of water usage and impacts arising from biofuel projects in South East Asian Countries” Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 36p.
Biofuels ; Water footprint ; Sugarcane ; Cassava ; Palm oils ; Ethanol ; Irrigation water ; Water use ; Water pollution ; Groundwater / South East Asia / Thailand / Malaysia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043429)
(0.50 MB)
Report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the project, “Comparative assessment of water usage and impacts arising from biofuel projects in South East Asian Countries”, commissioned by the Letter of Agreement No LOA/RAP/2009/38.Thailand and Malaysia are two south East Asian countries with rapidly growing biofuel demand. Increasing use of biofuel envisages reducing dependence of petroleum products for transport and mitigating environmental impacts by reducing carbon emissions. It also expects to contribute to rural development and poverty reduction. However, the impacts of expanding production of feedstock for biofuel on water supply are not well understood. This paper assesses the water footprints and impacts of sugarcane molasses and cassava based bioethanol in Thailand, and palm oil based biodiesel in Malaysia. The water footprint of a commodity or service is the water depleted in its life cycle of its production or consumption.The total water footprints of sugarcane molasses and cassava bioethanol production in Thailand are estimated to be 1,646 and 2,304 m3/tonne, respectively, and of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia is 3,730 m3/tonne. However, the contributions from irrigation are only a small fraction --9.0, 0.7 and 0.3%-- of the total water footprints of molasses and cassava bioethanol, and palm oil biodiesel respectively. In terms of irrigation water use,cassava is a better feedstock for bioethanol production than sugarcane molasses.In Thailand, the total annual irrigation water footprints in bioethanol production --54 million m3 (mcm) for molasses and 15 mcm for cassava-- is only 0.02% of the total renewable water resources. In Malaysia, total annual irrigation water footprint of palm oil biodiesel production is only 0.001% of the total renewable water resources. A significant spatial variation of irrigation water footprints of molasses based ethanol exists across provinces in Thailand, indicating potential for reducing water footprints.The total irrigation water footprints in biofuel production in the future in both countries will also be negligible in comparison to total water availability. However, the impact of wastewater generated in the production processes can have significant impacts on quality of local water resources. A part of the waste water, called ‘spent wash’, is applied as fertilizer, and over use of it can affect soil and neighboring water resources. The proposed plans on biofuel production in the future can generate more ‘spent wash’ than that can be used in crop fields as fertilizer. Spent wash has found to have high PH value, temperature, biological and chemical oxygen contents etc. The usual practice of storing spent wash in a pond for a long period near a plant can have detrimental impact on soil, streams’ and groundwater quality.In sum, this study concludes that from the perspective of quantity of irrigation water use, the increasing biofuel production does not pose a major problem in Thailand or in Malaysia, and cassava is a better feedstock than sugarcane molasses for bioethanol production. However, the quality of water resources with increasing effluents generated by the biofuel plants could be a major environmental bottleneck to guard against.
4 Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Damen, B.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Soda, W.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2011. Impacts of rising biofuel demand on local water resources: case studies in Thailand and Malaysia. [Report of the IWMI-FAO Bioenergy in Asia and the Pacific Project]. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO. 35p.
Bioenergy ; Biofuels ; Water resources ; Water depletion ; Water use ; Water quality ; Wastewater ; Water storage ; Case studies ; Crop production ; Sugarcane ; Cassava ; Ethanol ; Palm oils ; Biodiesel ; Policy ; Irrigation / Southeast Asia / Thailand / Malaysia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044393)
(5.13 MB)
5 Damen, B.; Tvinnereim, S. (Eds.) 2012. Sustainable bioenergy in Asia: improving resilience to high food prices and climate change. Selected papers from a conference held in Bangkok from 1 to 2 June 2011. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO. 105p. (Regional Conference for Asia and The Pacific (RAP) Publication 2012/14)
Bioenergy ; Energy generation ; Biomass ; Technology ; Food prices ; Food security ; Climate change ; Rural development ; Poverty ; Ethanol ; Feedstocks ; Sorghum ; Rice ; Economic aspects ; Financing ; Public-private cooperation ; Environmental effects ; Case studies ; Policy ; Indicators ; Households ; Water resources ; Water depletion ; Water quality ; Pumping / Asia / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045193)
(5.47 MB) (4.9MB)
6 Amarasinghe, Upali; Damen, B.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Soda, W.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2012. Water and bioenergy – a case study from the Thai ethanol sector. In Damen, B.; Tvinnereim, S. (Eds.). Sustainable bioenergy in Asia: improving resilience to high food prices and climate change. Selected papers from a conference held in Bangkok from 1 to 2 June 2011. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO. pp.37-42. (Regional Conference for Asia and The Pacific (RAP) Publication 2012/14)
Bioenergy ; Biofuels ; Case studies ; Ethanol ; Water resources ; Water depletion ; Water quality / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045194)
(0.51 MB)
Modern bioenergy systems are attracting increasing attention from governments in Asia as a potential solution to a range of policy problems related to energy security and sustainable development. Despite growing interest in bioenergy systems, there is still a limited understanding of how their expansion could impact on natural resources such as water. This paper aims to shed some light on the relationship between modern bioenergy development and water depletion using a case study on the biofuel sector in Thailand. This case study also includes an assessment of the impact of biofuel developments on water quality in water systems proximate to bioenergy production facilities in Thailand.
7 Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay. (Eds.) 2018. Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. 816p.
Resource recovery ; Waste management ; Business management ; Models ; Energy management ; Energy generation ; Renewable energy ; Nutrients ; Water reuse ; Low income areas ; Economic aspects ; Sanitation ; agricultural wastes ; Livestock wastes ; Organic wastes ; Organic fertilizers ; Organic matter ; Solid wastes ; Solid fuels ; Urban wastes ; Agricultural waste management ; Briquettes ; Biogas ; Faecal sludge ; Kitchen waste ; Food wastes ; Local communities ; Sustainability ; Industrial wastes ; Municipal authorities ; Abattoirs ; Ethanol ; Sugar industry ; Agroindustry ; Composting ; Cost recovery ; Public-private cooperation ; Partnerships ; Subsidies ; Carbon credits ; Excreta ; Urine ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Forestry ; Aquaculture ; Farmers ; Fruits ; Wood production ; Financing ; Supply chain ; Fish feeding ; Risk management ; Private sector ; Private investment ; Freshwater ; Deltas ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Downstream / Uganda / Rwanda / India / Kenya / Peru / Brazil / Mexico / Kenya / Thailand / Burkina Faso / Venezuela / Sri Lanka / Egypt / Bangladesh / Tunisia / Morocco / Ghana / Jordan / Iran / Spain / Kampala / Kigali / Sulabh / Nairobi / Santa Rosillo / Koppal / Bihar / Pune / Maharashtra / Mumias / Bangkok / Carabobo / Veracruz / Balangoda / Okhla / Bangalore / Ouagadougou / Mashhad Plain / Llobregat Delta / Tula Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048622)
(28.1 MB)
8 Rao, Krishna C.; Gebrezgabher, Solomie. (Eds.) 2018. Energy recovery from organic waste - Section II. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.34-313.
Energy recovery ; Energy generation ; Fuels ; Organic wastes ; Resource recovery ; Business management ; Models ; Briquettes ; Agricultural wastes ; Case studies ; Fuelwood ; Charcoal ; Biogas ; Bagasse ; Renewable energy ; Eenergy conservation ; Supply chain ; Socioeconomic environment ; Environmental impact ; Municipal wastes ; Solid wastes ; Public-private cooperation ; Partnerships ; Economic aspects ; Risk reduction ; Faecal sludge ; Food wastes ; Organic fertilizers ; Electrification ; Swine ; Abattoirs ; Industrial wastes ; Carbon credits ; Rice husks ; Rural areas ; Local authorities ; Ethanol ; Sugar industry ; Cassava / Uganda / Rwanda / India / Kenya / Peru / Brazil / Mexico / Thailand / Venezuela / Kampala / Kigali / Nairobi / Bihar / Maharashtra / Pune / Mumias / Dagoretti / Bangkok / Carabobo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048625)
(10.3 MB)
9 Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Natarajan, H. 2018. Combined heat and power and ethanol from sugar industry waste (SSSSK, Maharashtra, India) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.257-267.
Sugar industry ; Industrial wastes ; Byproducts ; Molasses ; Bagasse ; Biofertilizers ; Electricity generation ; Ethanol ; Waste management ; Economic aspects ; Business models ; Supply chain ; Environmental impact / India / Maharashtra / Pune
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048647)
(1.08 MB)
10 Watson, P.; Rao, Krishna C. 2018. Bio-ethanol from cassava waste (ETAVEN, Carabobo, Venezuela) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.286-295.
Agricultural waste management ; Cassava ; Biofuels ; Ethanol ; Private enterprises ; Supply chain ; Business models ; Financing ; Market economics
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048650)
(1.00 MB)
11 Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Rao, Krishna C. 2018. Bio-ethanol and chemical products from agro and agro-industrial waste - Business Model 9. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.307-313.
Agricultural waste management ; Industrial wastes ; Ethanol ; Chemical compounds ; Business models ; Biofuels ; Supply chain ; Risk reduction ; Environmental impact assessment ; Health hazards
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048652)
(920 KB)
12 Lebel, L.; Rao, Krishna C. 2018. Combined heat and power from agro-industrial wastewater (TBEC, Bangkok, Thailand) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.268-277.
Agricultural waste management ; Agricultural wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Biogas ; Palm oil industries ; Ethanol ; Greenhouse gases ; Emission reduction ; Business models ; Supply chain ; Socioeconomic environment / Thailand / Bangkok
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048648)
(1.02 MB)
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