Your search found 16 records
1 Rambukwella, R. N. K.; Vidanapathirana, R. P.; Somaratne, T. G. 2007. Evaluation of crop insurance scheme in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute (HARTI). 108p. (HARTI Research Study 122)
Crop insurance ; Agricultural insurance ; Livestock insurance ; Policy ; Risk management ; Legislation ; Private sector ; Rice ; Farmers ; State intervention ; Economic aspects ; Loans ; Household income ; Crop losses / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa / Kurunegala / Hambantota
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 368.121 G744 RAM Record No: H046406)
(0.79 MB)
2 Mottaleb, K. A.; Gumma, M. K.; Mishra, A. K.; Mohanty, S. 2015. Quantifying production losses due to drought and submergence of rainfed rice at the household level using remotely sensed MODIS data. Agricultural Systems, 137:227-235. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.08.014]
Rainfed farming ; Rice ; Crop production ; Crop losses ; Drought ; Submergence ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Models ; Seasonal cropping ; Households ; Farm income ; Expenditure ; Case studies / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047576)
(0.88 MB)
Combining remotely sensed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data with Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data, this study estimates losses in rainfed rice production at the household level. In particular, we estimated the rice areas affected by drought and submergence from remotely sensed MODIS data and rice production from Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data for 2000, 2005 and 2010. Applying two limit Tobit estimation method, this study demonstrated that both drought and submergence significantly affected rice production. Findings reveal that on average, a one percent increase in drought affected area at district level reduces Aman season rice production by approximately 1382 kilograms per household on average, annually. Similarly, a one percent increase in drought area reduces rainfed Aus season rice production by approximately 693 kilograms per household, on average, annually. Based on the findings the paper suggests disseminating and developing drought and submergence tolerant rice and also short duration rice varieties to minimize loss caused by drought and submergence in Aus and Aman rice seasons.
3 Bahinipati, C. S. 2015. Determinants of farm-level adaptation diversity to cyclone and flood: insights from a farm household-level survey in Eastern India. Water Policy, 17(4):742-761. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.121]
Climate change adaptation ; Farmer participation ; Disaster risk management ; Cyclones ; Flooding ; Crop losses ; Farm income ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models ; Institutions ; Coastal area ; Surveys / Eastern India / Odisha / Balasore / Kendrapada / Jajpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047668)
(0.26 MB)
A large number of farmers’ livelihoods are susceptible to cyclones and floods, and farmers are taking up several adaptation mechanisms. Previous studies, therefore, have examined determinants of various adaptation options and provide policy suggestions to promote a specific one. However, options are undertaken at different points depending on the nature and intensity of extreme events. Hence, it is imperative to identify factors influencing farmers’ decisions to adopt an additional option, particularly during ex-ante and ex-post periods. This could assist policymakers to enhance various farm-level adaptation options. Using survey data from 285 farm households in cyclone-and flood-prone regions in eastern India, this study aims to assess the determinants of adaptation diversity. This study finds that the likelihood of undertaking adaptation diversity is high during the ex-post period, and cyclone-affected farmers are likely to adopt a higher number of adaptation measures. Further, size of household, farming experience, per capita income, agriculture as major source of income and crop loss compensation received are some of the important determinants. These findings emphasize the need for investments in scientific modeling for better prediction of extreme events and suggest restructuring the existing institutions to promote several farm-level adaptation measures.
4 Vij, S.; Narain, V. 2016. Land, water and power: the demise of common property resources in periurban Gurgaon, India. Land Use Policy, 50:59-66. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.08.030]
Water resources ; Land use ; Social structure ; Common property ; Wastewater irrigation ; Costs ; Agriculture ; Crop losses ; Livestock ; Urbanization ; Periurban areas ; Gender relations ; Women ; Living standards ; Caste systems ; Rural urban migration ; Villages ; Case studies / India / Haryana / Gurgaon / Budheda / Sadhrana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048053)
(0.88 MB)
This paper describes how urbanization processes and urban expansion intersect with social and power relations to reduce the access of periurban communities to common property resources (CPRs). Unequal power structures mean that certain groups are deprived of access to village CPRs. Processes of urban expansion further reduce access to CPRs, as the latter are acquired to support urban expansion. Though rural–urban transformations are characterized by the emergence of new sources of irrigation such as wastewater, not all are able to benefit from them. The acquisition of common property grazing lands to support the drinking water needs of the city affects the livelihood of livestock dependent population, that shift to casual labor. This also translates into a shift from grazing, the domain of men in the household, to stall-feeding, the domain of women, and thereby creating additional responsibilities for women in natural resource collection. The demise of CPRs such as village ponds with the increased pressure on groundwater resources increase the drudgery of women and marginalized groups in accessing water.
5 Hill, R. V.; Porter, C. 2017. Vulnerability to drought and food price shocks: evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 96:65-77. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.025]
Weather hazards ; Drought ; Food prices ; Households ; Poverty ; Inflation ; Welfare ; Gender ; Socioeconomic environment ; Food consumption ; Forecasting ; Models ; Crop losses ; Rural areas / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048241)
(0.31 MB)
While the measurement and determinants of poverty have been widely studied, vulnerability, or the threat of future poverty, has been more difficult to investigate due to data paucity. We combine nationally representative household data with objective drought and price information to quantify and investigate causes of vulnerability to poverty in Ethiopia. Previous estimates have relied on self-reported shocks and variation in outcomes within a survey, which is inadequate for shocks such as weather and prices that vary more across time than space. We used historical distributions of climate and price shocks in each district to simulate the probable distribution of future consumption for individual households and use these quantify vulnerability to poverty. We find that many Ethiopians are unable to protect their consumption against lack of rainfall and sudden increases in food prices. A moderate drought causes a 9% reduction in consumption for many rural households and recent high inflation has caused a 14% reduction in the consumption of uneducated households in urban areas. We also find that the vulnerability of rural households is considerably higher than that of urban households, despite realized poverty rates being fairly similar. This reflects the fact that the household survey in 2011 was conducted during a year of good rainfall but rapid food price inflation. The results highlight the need for caution in using a snapshot of poverty to target programs, as underlying rates of vulnerability can be quite different from the poverty rate captured at one point in time. The results also suggest that significant welfare gains can be made from risk management in both rural and urban areas.
6 Woldewahid, G.; Biazin, B.; Haileslassie, Amare. 2019. Enabling frontline water lifting service providers to reduce risks of crop failure and increase producer confidence in adopting irrigation: LIVES [Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders] experiences. In Mekonnen, K.; Yasabu, S.; Gebremedhin, B.; Woldemeskel, E.; Tegegne, A.; Thorne, P. (Eds.). Proceedings of a Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 8-9 December 2016. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). pp.9-12.
Water lifting ; Crop losses ; Yield losses ; Risk reduction ; Irrigated farming ; Pumps ; Water supply ; Technology ; Farmers / Ethiopia / Tigray / Oromia / Amhara / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049334)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/102356/AR_proceedings_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049334.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049334.pdf
(0.07 MB) (6.23 MB)
7 Pandey, Vishnu Prasad; Sharma, Akriti; Dhaubanjar, Sanita; Bharati, Luna; Joshi, I. R. 2019. Climate shocks and responses in Karnali-Mahakali basins, western Nepal. Climate, 7(7):1-24. (Special issue: Social-Ecological Systems, Climate and Global Change Impacts) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7070092]
Climate change adaptation ; Risk analysis ; River basins ; Climatology ; Weather hazards ; Drought ; Rain ; Flooding ; Hailstorms ; Crop losses ; Strategies ; Mountains ; Households ; Animal diseases / Nepal / Karnali River Basin / Mahakali River Basin / Mohana River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049418)
(2.29 MB) (2.29 MB)
The Himalayas are highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change, as it consequently increases the vulnerability of downstream communities, livelihoods and ecosystems. Western Nepal currently holds significant potential as multiple opportunities for water development within the country are underway. However, it is also identified as one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, with both an increase in the occurrence of natural disasters and exacerbated severity and impacts levels. Regional climate model (RCM) projections indicate warmer weather with higher variability in rainfall for this region. This paper combines bio-physical and social approaches to further study and understand the current climate shocks and responses present in Western Nepal. Data was collected from 3660 households across 122 primary sampling units across the Karnali, Mahakali and Mohana River basins along with focus group discussions, which provided a rich understanding of the currently perceived climatic shocks and related events. Further analysis of climatology was carried out through nine indices of precipitation and temperature that were found to be relevant to the discussed climate shocks. Results show that 79% of households reported experiencing at least one type of climate shock in the five-year period and the most common occurrence was droughts, which is also supported by the climate data. Disaggregated results show that perception varies with the region and among the basins. Analysis of climatic trends further show that irregular weather is most common in the hill region, although average reported frequency of irregular weather is higher in the mountain. Further analysis into the severity and response to climatic shocks suggest an imminent need for better adaptation strategies. This study’s results show that a vast majority of respondents lack proper access to knowledge and that successful adaptation strategies must be adapted to specific regions to meet communities’ local needs.
8 Karthikeyan, L.; Chawla, I.; Mishra, A. K. 2020. A review of remote sensing applications in agriculture for food security: crop growth and yield, irrigation, and crop losses. Journal of Hydrology, 586:124905. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124905]
Agriculture ; Food security ; Remote sensing ; Crop yield ; Irrigation water ; Crop losses ; Satellite observation ; Assessment ; Soil water content ; Water use ; Vegetation ; Pests ; Weeds ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049680)
(1.09 MB)
The global population is expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050. There is an exponential growth of food production to meet the needs of the growing population. However, the limited land and water resources, climate change, and an increase in extreme events likely to pose a significant threat for achieving the sustainable agriculture goal. Given these challenges, food security is included in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Since the advent of Sputnik, followed by the Explorer missions, satellite remote sensing is assisting us in collecting the data at global scales. In this work, we review how satellite remote sensing information is utilized to assess and manage agriculture, an important component of ecohydrology. Overall, three critical aspects of agriculture are considered: (a) crop growth and yield through empirical models, physics-based models, and data assimilation in crop models, (b) applications pertaining to irrigation, which include mapping irrigation areas and quantification of irrigation, and (c) crop losses due to pests, diseases, crop lodging, and weeds. The emphasis is on satellite sensors in optical, thermal, microwave, and fluorescence frequencies. We conclude the review with an outlook of challenges and recommendations. This paper is the first of a two-part review series. The second part reviews the role of satellite remote sensing in water security, wherein we discuss the aspects of water quality and quantity along with extremes (floods and droughts).
9 Song, P.; Zheng, X.; Li, Y.; Zhang, K.; Huang, J.; Li, H.; Zhang, H.; Liu, L.; Wei, C.; Mansaray, L. R.; Wang, D.; Wang, X. 2020. Estimating reed loss caused by locusta migratoria manilensis using UAV [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle] -based hyperspectral data. Science of the Total Environment, 719:137519. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137519]
Crop losses ; Estimation ; Locusta migratoria ; Unmanned aerial vehicles ; Monitoring ; Forecasting ; Models ; Satellite observation ; Remote sensing ; Vegetation index / China / Kenli / Dongying / Shandong
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049853)
(3.89 MB)
Locusta migratoria manilensis has caused major damage to vegetation and crops. Quantitative evaluation studies of vegetation loss estimation from locust damage have seldom been found in traditional satellite-remote-sensing-based research due to insufficient temporal-spatial resolution available from most current satellite-based observations. We used remote sensing data acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) over a simulated Locusta migratoria manilensis damage experiment on a reed (Phragmites australis) canopy in Kenli District, China during July 2017. The experiment was conducted on 72 reed plots, and included three damage duration treatments with each treatment including six locust density levels. To establish the appropriate loss estimation models after locust damage, a hyperspectral imager was mounted on a UAV to collect reed canopy spectra. Loss components of six vegetation indices (RVI, NDVI, SAVI, MSAVI, GNDVI, and IPVI) and two “red edge” parameters (Dr and SDr) were used for constructing the loss estimation models. Results showed that: (1) Among the six selected vegetation indices, loss components of NDVI, MSAVI, and GNDVI were more sensitive to the variation of dry weight loss of reed green leaves and produced smaller estimation errors during the model test process, with RMSEs ranging from 8.8 to 9.1 g/m;. (2) Corresponding model test results based on loss components of the two selected red edge parameters yielded RMSEs of 27.5 g/m2 and 26.1 g/m2 for Dr and SDr respectively, suggesting an inferior performance of red edge parameters compared with vegetation indices for reed loss estimation. These results demonstrate the great potential of UAV-based loss estimation models for evaluating and quantifying degree of locust damage in an efficient and quantitative manner. The methodology has promise for being transferred to satellite remote sensing data in the future for better monitoring of locust damage of larger geographical areas.
10 Amarnath, Giriraj; Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Taron, Avinandan. 2021. Scaling up Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for agricultural resilience and flood-proofing livelihoods in developing countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68p. (IWMI Research Report 180) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.213]
Flooding ; Resilience ; Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Livelihoods ; Developing countries ; Scaling ; Disaster risk management ; Risk transfer ; Business models ; Product development ; Marketing ; Public-private partnerships ; Stakeholders ; State intervention ; Financial institutions ; Microfinance ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Awareness raising ; Climate change ; Satellite observation ; Rivers ; Rain ; Flood damage ; Crop losses ; Compensation ; Subsidies ; Legal aspects ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects ; Drought ; Case studies / India / Kenya / Rwanda / United Republic of Tanzania / Malawi / Ethiopia / Senegal / Zambia / Thailand / Brazil / Mexico / Mongolia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050608)
(3.14 MB)
This research report presents the first comprehensive framework of business models in terms of developing, marketing and scaling Index-based flood insurance (IBFI). The report evaluated ten case studies on agricultural insurance schemes (macro, meso and micro levels), globally, to develop public-private partnership business models for creating value (product development) and capturing value (product marketing). This report highlights four broad groups of interrelated factors that influence the uptake and scaling of agricultural insurance: (i) behavioral factors that influence farmers’ enthusiasm to invest in insurance; (ii) financial factors that stipulate governments’ willingness to provide financial support; (iii) legal and regulatory factors, which set ground rules for fair business and govern their adherence by stakeholders; and (iv) facilitating factors, including product design and development, business models, research and development, data availability, and awareness creation, which help ensure an efficient supply of insurance services. In summary, the report highlights the need for designing innovative IBFI and its potential benefits for uptake, and efforts for implementing IBFI as a potential risk transfer tool for comprehensive climate risk management among small-scale and marginal farmers.
11 Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Amarnath, Giriraj. 2021. Economics of Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI): scenario analysis and stakeholder perspectives from South Asia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 34p. (IWMI Working Paper 199) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.228]
Flooding ; Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Economic analysis ; Stakeholders ; Disaster risk management ; Farmers ; State intervention ; Flood damage ; Crop losses ; Compensation ; Subsidies ; Insurance premiums ; Cost benefit analysis ; Economic viability ; Sustainability ; Villages ; Remote sensing ; Datasets ; Models ; Developing countries ; Case studies / South Asia / India / Bihar / Katihar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050736)
(1.32 MB)
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has recently developed an innovative Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) product to facilitate the scaling of flood insurance particularly in vulnerable economies, to provide risk cover to poor farmers against crop losses that occur due to floods. While the product developed is technically very sound, the economics of such an intervention is important to ensure the large-scale acceptance and adoption of the product by different stakeholders and for its sustenance in the long term. This paper attempts at conducting an ex ante assessment of the economics of IBFI from the perspectives of the three main stakeholders: farmers, the insurance company and the government. The paper discusses the methodological challenges and data issues encountered in undertaking an economic analysis of such a product. The issues and processes involved have been empirically demonstrated using a theoretical case study based on a synthesis of information drawn from a host of sources and certain assumptions. Field-based data are now being collected and analyzed from the locations where IBFI has recently been piloted by IWMI. This will help in further refining the process of economic evaluation and identifying the experiences of different stakeholders.
12 Aheeyar, Mohamed; Samarakoon, Kalani; de Silva, Sanjiv. 2021. Bundled weather index insurance pilot for drought-affected areas in Sri Lanka: reaching marginal farmers. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 35p. (IWMI Working Paper 201) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.233]
Weather index insurance ; Crop insurance ; Drought ; Pilot projects ; Farmers organizations ; Advisory services ; Awareness-raising ; Arid zones ; Climate change ; Crop losses ; Compensation ; Risk transfer ; Disaster risk reduction ; Resilience ; Decision making ; Insurance premiums ; Cost benefit analysis ; Equity ; Stakeholders ; Partnerships ; Gender ; Women ; Smallholders ; Landlessness ; Communities ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Mobile phones ; Models / Sri Lanka / North Central Province / Galenbindunuwewa / Dunumadalawa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050840)
(3.07 MB)
Drought is an almost annual phenomenon in Sri Lanka, occurring at varying degrees of severity and affecting many parts of the country. These droughts cause significant damage to agriculture and other economic and social activities. This paper assesses the effectiveness of satellite-based weather Index insurance (WII) bundled with real-time climate and agronomic advisory services provided to farmers’ mobile phones. The aim is to enhance the drought resilience of diverse groups of farmers by providing solutions and strategies to extend bundled insurance products to more people and address equity issues.
In this pilot, an insurance product was introduced to farmers in a village in the North Central Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. WII products are seen as a part of the solution to reducing farmers’ risk to climate change. However, in many places, the structure of insurance schemes in the agriculture sector has failed to reach small-scale and marginal farmers who are most in need of risk transfer mechanisms. Based on a farmer survey, we extracted lessons from implementing a bundled insurance scheme as a pilot project to explore the utility of farmer organizations as an entry point for engaging different farmer groups and ensuring they can understand the WII insurance products and can make informed choices.
The survey results show that efforts made at the outset to understand contextual issues and challenges contributed to an effective product design and rollout approach. The rollout was more effective due in part to a partnership with an established local organization while adopting an aggregator model. Covid-19 mobility restrictions prevented full implementation of the rollout.
Index insurance bundled with mobile weather and agronomic advisories increased farmer resilience and reached diverse groups. Farmers emphasized that being able to assess the costs and benefits based on understanding how key elements of the product work is key to their future engagement with such products, which highlights the importance of investing in awareness raising through a blend of print, verbal and visual tools that make complex products understandable to stakeholders with low levels of literacy.
In this pilot, an insurance product was introduced to farmers in a village in the North Central Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. WII products are seen as a part of the solution to reducing farmers’ risk to climate change. However, in many places, the structure of insurance schemes in the agriculture sector has failed to reach small-scale and marginal farmers who are most in need of risk transfer mechanisms. Based on a farmer survey, we extracted lessons from implementing a bundled insurance scheme as a pilot project to explore the utility of farmer organizations as an entry point for engaging different farmer groups and ensuring they can understand the WII insurance products and can make informed choices.
The survey results show that efforts made at the outset to understand contextual issues and challenges contributed to an effective product design and rollout approach. The rollout was more effective due in part to a partnership with an established local organization while adopting an aggregator model. Covid-19 mobility restrictions prevented full implementation of the rollout.
Index insurance bundled with mobile weather and agronomic advisories increased farmer resilience and reached diverse groups. Farmers emphasized that being able to assess the costs and benefits based on understanding how key elements of the product work is key to their future engagement with such products, which highlights the importance of investing in awareness raising through a blend of print, verbal and visual tools that make complex products understandable to stakeholders with low levels of literacy.
13 Thiery, W.; Lange, S.; Rogelj, J.; Schleussner, C.-F.; Gudmundsson, L.; Seneviratne, S. I.; Andrijevic, M.; Frieler, K.; Emanuel, K.; Geiger, T.; Bresch, D. N.; Zhao, F.; Willner, S. N.; Buchner, M.; Volkholz, J.; Bauer, N.; Chang, J.; Ciais, P.; Dury, M.; Francois, L.; Grillakis, M.; Gosling, S. N.; Hanasaki, N.; Hickler, T.; Huber, V.; Ito, A.; Jagermeyr, J.; Khabarov, N.; Koutroulis, A.; Liu, W.; Lutz, W.; Mengel, M.; Muller, C.; Ostberg, S.; Reyer, C. P. O.; Stacke, T.; Wada, Y. 2021. Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes. Science, 374(6564):158-160. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi7339]
Extreme weather events ; Climate change ; Global warming ; Drought ; Flooding ; Cyclones ; Wildfires ; Crop losses ; Forecasting ; Vulnerability ; Emission reduction ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050714)
(1.12 MB)
Under continued global warming, extreme events such as heat waves will continue to rise in frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial extent over the next decades (1–4). Younger generations are therefore expected to face more such events across their lifetimes compared with older generations. This raises important issues of solidarity and fairness across generations (5, 6) that have fueled a surge of climate protests led by young people in recent years and that underpin issues of intergenerational equity raised in recent climate litigation. However, the standard scientific paradigm is to assess climate change in discrete time windows or at discrete levels of warming (7), a “period” approach that inhibits quantification of how much more extreme events a particular generation will experience over its lifetime compared with another. By developing a “cohort” perspective to quantify changes in lifetime exposure to climate extremes and compare across generations (see the first figure), we estimate that children born in 2020 will experience a two- to sevenfold increase in extreme events, particularly heat waves, compared with people born in 1960, under current climate policy pledges. Our results highlight a severe threat to the safety of young generations and call for drastic emission reductions to safeguard their future.
14 Murthy, C. S.; Poddar, M. K.; Choudhary, K. K.; Pandey, V.; Srikanth, P.; Ramasubramanian, S.; Kumar, G. S. 2022. Paddy crop insurance using satellite-based composite index of crop performance. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 13(1):310-336. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.2025155]
Crop insurance ; Rice ; Remote sensing ; Satellite observation ; Weather data ; Crop performance ; Crop yield ; Indicators ; Crop losses ; Risk assessment ; Normalized difference vegetation index ; Models / India / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050922)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19475705.2021.2025155
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050922.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050922.pdf
(4.31 MB) (4.31 MB)
The well-known area-yield crop insurance contract, guaranteeing a certain percent of normal yield over an insured area, is losing its effectiveness due to poor quality yield data. This paper introduces a “satellite-derived crop health index” as an alternative to yield data in such an insurance model. The new approach was implemented in the 2020 crop season, covering 3.5 million ha of paddy crop over 3200 Insurance Units in the West Bengal state of India. Data of Sentinel satellites, gridded weather data, and Mobile-app based field data were analyzed to generate paddy crop map and crop health indicators, namely NDVI, LSWI, Backscatter and FAPAR for the current (2020) and past years (2016-2019). Using the metrics derived from these indices and entropy technique, a composite index of crop performance called Crop Health Factor (CHF), ranging from 0-1, was generated. Deviations of CHF and yield between the years showed good correlation. The CHF data has successfully replaced the yield data for indemnity and pay-out assessments in 2020, as notified by the Government in advance. Thus, this project makes an entry point for developing remote sensing based transformative crop insurance solutions to enhance risk transfer in agriculture which perhaps the most plausible way forward.
15 Ahmad, M. I.; Ma, H.; Shen, Q.; Rehman, A.; Oxley, L. 2024. Climate change variability adaptation and farmers decisions of farm exit and survival in Pakistan. Climate Services, 33:100437. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100437]
Climate change adaptation ; Livestock ; Crop production ; Natural disasters ; Livelihoods ; Sustainability ; Policy making ; Households ; Agricultural extension ; Crop rotation ; Crop losses ; Land ownership ; Farm income / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtoon
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052547)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405880723000997/pdfft?md5=ed00962b0049709948b2d20e2993ca35&pid=1-s2.0-S2405880723000997-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052547.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052547.pdf
(2.39 MB) (2.39 MB)
Pakistan is listed among the countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate changes and it has experienced several climatic and natural disaster shocks with adverse impacts on its agricultural sector and farmers livelihoods. This study investigates adaptation to climate change as a means of farm survival and farm exit in Pakistan by using panel datasets and empirically employs Multinomial Logit Model (MLN) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The results reveal, first, farm experience significantly increases the likelihood of climate change adaptation and decreases the likelihood of farm exit. Second, land and livestock ownership both have positive and significant impact on farm survival with adaptation strategies and decrease the probability of farm exit. Third, climatic disasters have positive and significant impact on farm exit. Four, extension services have negative and significant impact on adaptation strategies and increase the probability of farm exit for those farms who did not receive climate change adaptation strategies information timely. Finally, TPB results illustrate that non-adapters climate change future intensions are affected by attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms. The study findings bring scholars and policymakers attentions towards next level of climate change impact on farm exit, and are useful for farm survival and recruiting new farmers by promoting mixed-crop livestock production systems in the face of climate change, and during viral diseases such as Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) of animals that caused a large number of animals deaths nationally and internationally.
16 Walker, D. W.; Oliveira, J. L.; Cavalcante, L.; Kchouk, S.; Neto, G. R.; Melsen, L. A.; Fernandes, F. B.; Mitroi, V.; Gondim, R. S.; Martins, E. S. P. R.; van Oel, P. R. 2024. It's not all about drought: What “drought impacts” monitoring can reveal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103:104338. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104338]
Drought ; Monitoring ; Vulnerability ; Risk reduction ; Mitigation ; Infrastructure ; Hydrometeorology ; Crop losses ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Water resources ; Rainfall ; Water supply / Brazil
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052730)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420924001006/pdfft?md5=7cf44ae1a35e680dcbaa259211242a6f&pid=1-s2.0-S2212420924001006-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052730.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052730.pdf
(5.06 MB) (5.06 MB)
Drought impacts monitoring has been called the missing piece in drought assessment. The potential to improve drought management is high but uncertain due to rare analyses of impacts datasets, predominantly because there are few impacts monitoring programmes to generate the datasets. Drought impacts monitoring is conducted on the ground in much of Brazil by local observers at monthly and municipality scale to support the Brazilian Drought Monitor. In Ceará state, within drought-prone semiarid northeast Brazil, over 3600 drought impacts reports were completed by agricultural extension officers from 2019 to 2022. We investigated, through manual coding and observer interviews, the reported drought impacts and impact drivers. Analysis provided a catalogue of the experienced impacts and showed that impacts still occur, and are often normalised, during non-drought periods, sometimes as lingering effects of previous droughts. The impact drivers were predominantly non-extreme hydrometeorological conditions or a result of socio-technical vulnerabilities such as insufficient water infrastructure. The normalisation of “impacts” included, in particular: a generally accepted high level of crop losses and consistently low reservoir levels around which the agricultural and domestic systems are adapted. Conventional drought indices often did not align with experienced impact severity, highlighting the limitations of relying solely on these indices for emergency response. Continual impacts monitoring could be extremely valuable anywhere in the world for identifying vulnerabilities and informing proactive measures to reduce drought and other hazard risk, in addition to guiding targeted mitigation efforts.
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