Your search found 82 records
1 Toan, T. D.; Orange, Didier; Podwojewski, Pascal; Phai, D. D.; Phien, T. 2003. Erosion control within a cultivated sloping land in North Vietnam. Paper presented at China Symposium 2 – Soil quality and evolution mechanism and sustainable use of soil resources, ISSAS, Yingtan, Jiangxi Province, China, September 23-28, 2003. 16p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.45 G784 TOA Record No: H039290)
2 Ha, P. Q.; Thiet, N. V.; Orange, Didier; Toan, T. D.; Pomel, S. 2006. Inventaire des techniques de culture dans les montagnes du Nord Vietnam. In French. [Assessment of Agricultural practices in the mountains of Northern Vietnam]. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of ISCO, International Soil Conservation Organisation, Marrakech, Morocco, 14-19 May 2006. 8p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.45 G784 HA Record No: H039291)
3 Gunawardana, I.; Wijesinghe, K.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Clemett, Alexandra. 2007. Hygiene and sanitation assessment report for Kurunegala, Sri Lanka. Unpublished project report produced as part of the Wastewater Agriculture and Sanitation For Poverty Alleviation in Asia (WASPA Asia) 24p. (WASPA Asia Project Report 10)
Agricultural practices ; Wastewater irrigation ; Risks ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Households ; Farmers ; Drinking water ; Domestic water ; Hygiene ; Sanitation / Sri Lanka / Kurunegala / Aswedduma / Dematagahapelassa / Kaudawatta / Wilgoda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G744 GUN Record No: H041021)
This project is funded by the European Commission under its Asia Pro Eco II Program. It is undertaken by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Sri Lanka; COSI, Sri Lanka; the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), the Netherlands; NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, Bangladesh; and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden. The project pilot cities are Rajshahi City in Bangladesh and Kurunegala City in Sri Lanka.
4 McIntyre, B. D.; Herren, H. R.; Wakhungu, J.; Watson, R. T. (Eds.) 2009. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD): Agriculture at a Crossroads Vol.2, East and South Asia and the Pacific (ESAP) report. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press. 223p.
International cooperation ; Trade agreements ; Agricultural practices ; Agroecology ; Farming systems ; Gender ; Agricultural society ; Climate change ; Energy / Asia / East Asia / South Asia / Pacific
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.95 G570 MCI Record No: H042965)
(0.35 MB)
5 University of Ruhuna. Faculty of Agriculture. 2010. International Symposium, Sustainable Agriculture for Prosperity, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, 16 November 2010. Proceedings, Part 1 - Keynote speeches and abstracts. Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka: University of Ruhuna. Faculty of Agriculture. 150p.
Agricultural production ; Agricultural practices ; Environmental effects ; Crop production ; Livestock / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630 G000 INT Record No: H043343)
(0.26 MB)
6 Stewart, B. A.; Woolhiser, D. A.; Wischmeier, W. H.; Caro, J. H.; Frere, M. H.; Alt, K. F. 1976. Control of water pollution from cropland. Vol 2 - An overview. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Hyattsville, MD, USA: U. S. Department of Agriculture. 187p.
Water pollution ; Farmland ; Hydrological cycle ; Models ; Agricultural practices ; Rain ; Runoff ; Erosion ; Sediment transport ; Sedimentation ; Nutrients ; Leaching ; Soil conservation ; Agricultural wastes ; Fertilizers ; Pesticides ; Aquatic environment ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 STE Record No: H043857)
(0.08 MB)
7 Pangare, V.; Karmakar, D. 2003. Impact on livelihoods: PRADAN's collaboration study of the 5% technology Purulia, West Bengal, India. Poverty-Focused Smallholder Water Management: an IWMI research project supported by DFID. Final report document 3 of 9. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 83p. + appendices.
Water conservation ; Rainwater ; Rice ; Cultivation ; Social aspects ; Land tenure ; Agricultural practices ; Development projects ; Development aid ; Non governmental organizations ; Institutions ; Food security ; Irrigated farming ; Gender ; Agricultural society ; Smallholders ; Villages ; Households / India / West Bengal / Purulia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H043992)
(11.28 MB)
8 Varghese, S. 2011. Women at the center of climate-friendly approaches to agriculture and water use. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP) 20p.
Climate change ; Gender ; Community organizations ; Women farmers ; Empowerment ; Agricultural practices ; Food security ; Millets ; Rice ; Grain crops ; Farming systems ; Agricultural practices ; Water use ; Arid zones ; Rural areas ; Villages ; Case studies / India / Tamil Nadu
Call no: P 8052 Record No: H044188)
(0.87 MB) (892.58 KB)
This paper examines proven agricultural practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen resilience to climate change through a case study of the Tamilnadu Women’s Collective in India. The collective, a federation of village-level women’s groups with over 150,000 members—the majority of which belong to the lowest caste—follow three principles for food security: 1.) empowerment of women; 2.) democratic local governance; and 3.) multifunctional agriculture.
9 Wiseman, R.; Taylor, D.; Zingstra, H. (Eds.) 2003. Wetlands and agriculture: proceedings of the Workshop on Agriculture, Wetlands and Water Resources: 17th Global Biodiversity Forum, Valencia, Spain, November 2002. New Delhi: India: National Institute of Ecology. 122p.
Wetlands ; Agricultural practices ; Agricultural production ; Irrigated rice ; Agroecosystems ; Biodiversity ; River basin management / Asia / Africa South of Sahara / Swaziland / Ethiopia / South Africa / Malawi / China / Indonesia / Lithuania / Cameroon / Lake Chilwa Wetland / Tarim River Basin / Santa Maria River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.918 G000 WIS Record No: H044448)
(0.42 MB)
10 Olajide-Taiwo, L. O.; Cofie, Olufunke; Odeleye, O. M. O.; Olajide-Taiwo, F. B.; Olufunmi, Y.; Adebayo, O. S.; Alabi, O. O. 2011. Effect of capacity building on production of safe and profitable leafy vegetables among farmers in Ibadan City of Nigeria. In Mukisira, E. A.; Wasilwa, L. A.; Wesonga, J.; Kahane, R. (Eds.). Proceedings of the First All African Horticultural Congress, 31 August - 3 September 2009. Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). pp.427-432. (ISHS Acta Horticulturae 911)
Capacity building ; Vegetables ; Farmer participation ; Women's participation ; Urban agriculture ; Agricultural practices ; Economic aspects / Nigeria / Ibadan City
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044662)
(0.56 MB)
Eighty percent of the fresh leafy vegetables consumed by about three million people who live in Ibadan city of Nigeria and its environ are produced within and around the city by farmers in backyards, vacant land, near streams, road sides, barracks and government offices. Due to lack of adequate training among other factors, farmers make sub-optimal profit margins and produce vegetables which are dangerous to human health due to misuse of agrochemicals. This study was embarked upon for a period of three months, to build the capacity of vegetable farmers on how to produce safe and profitable vegetables using good agricultural practices (GAP) and improved production packages with minimal use of appropriate agro-chemicals. Two groups of 60 women vegetable farmers in Odogbo army barrack of the city were involved. Farmers’ production practices and associated problems were documented through Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Innovative capacity building strategies building on farmers’ resources and on-farm demonstration (OFAD) in the form of urban producers’ field school (UPFS) focusing on the three most important vegetables - Corchorus, Celosia and Amaranthus - to the farmers was set up to address the problems. Weekly trainings were conducted and farmers were encouraged to apply the knowledge gained on their private farms. Thirty farmers each from participating and non-articipating farmers were randomly selected to compare their yield, quality of harvest and economic returns after the training. Data were analyzed using t-test. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between the yield obtained by participating and non-articipating farmers.Economic gains of the participating farmers also increased by 300% on the average due to improved quality of produce and higher market price. There should be conscious effort to assist vegetable farmers through capacity building in order to ensure supply of good quality vegetables and increase economic gains in the city.
11 Wright, H.; Kristjanson, P.; Bhatta, Gopal Datt. 2012. Understanding adaptive capacity: sustainable livelihoods and food security in coastal Bangladesh. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). 29p. (CCAFS Working Paper No. 32)
Food security ; Adaptability ; Climate change ; Living standards ; Education ; Households ; Indicators ; Land ownership ; Land tenure ; Income ; Gender ; Labor ; Agricultural practices ; Agricultural production ; Coastal area / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045837)
http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/24794/CCAFS_WP_32.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045837.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045837.pdf
(2.63 MB) (2.63MB)
This paper analyses data from a household-level survey of 980 agricultural and fishing households in seven sites across southern Bangladesh. We examine the relationship between assets, livelihood strategies, food security and farming practice changes. These households are coping with huge demographic, economic, and environmental changes. The results suggest that the least food secure households are also the least adaptive, and are making few, if any changes, in their agricultural practices. They have relatively few assets, and are producing and selling fewer types of agricultural products than more food secure households. The importance of diversification as a strategy to deal with change is evident - households making more farming practice changes are more diversified in terms of the number of different agricultural outputs produced and sold. Market-related factors are more frequently given as reasons for changes in practices than climate related factors. We also see a strong relationship between education and adaptability. Households with more educated members are likelier to be introducing new agricultural practices. The often unrecognized, but important role that women play in agricultural production and livelihood strategies in Bangladesh is also evident. This rich dataset (freely available at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys) provides insights into the relationship between household food security and the agricultural livelihood changes being made by rural households in southern Bangladesh. The analysis provides relatively rare empirical evidence supporting the use of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) as a conceptual approach for understanding household food security as well as adaptation of agriculture to climate change. This information is critical and timely for ongoing dialogues on appropriate ‘climate-resilient’ strategies and policies for increasing the adaptive capacity of households under climate change, and enhancing food security at both household and national levels.
12 Pollard, S.; du Toit, D. 2013. The emergence of a systemic view for the sustainable governance and use of wetlands in complex and transforming environments: experiences from Craigieburn, South Africa. In Wood, A.; Dixon, A.; McCartney, Matthew. (Eds.). Wetland management and sustainable livelihoods in Africa. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.112-137.
Wetlands ; Governance ; Catchment areas ; Socioeconomic environment ; Erosion ; Land use ; Agricultural practices ; Living standards / South Africa / Craigieburn
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045888)
13 Fan, S.; Olofinbiyi, T. 2013. Role of emerging countries in climate-smart agriculture. In Brittlebank, W.; Saunders, J. (Eds.). Climate action 2013-2014. [Produced for COP19 - United Nations Climate Change Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 11-22 November 2013]. London, UK: Climate Action; Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp.121-124.
Climate-smart agriculture ; Greenhouse gases ; Emission reduction ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Agricultural practices ; Soil management / Brazil / China / India / Indonesia / Mexico / Russia / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 577.22 G000 BRI Record No: H047248)
(0.75 MB)
14 Podwojewski, Pascal; Janeau, Jean L. 2005. Short-term effects of agricultural practices on the soil structure and hydrodynamic in a deep tilled hardened sandy-silty volcanic–ash soil (cangahua) in Ecuador. In International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Thailand. Land Development Department (LDD); International Water Management Institute (IWMI); FAO. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO RAP); Khon Kaen University. Faculty of Agriculture. Management of tropical sandy soils for sustainable agriculture: a holistic approach for sustainable development of problem soils in the tropics. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Management of Tropical Sandy Soils for Sustainable Ariculture, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 27 November – 2 December 2005. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO RAP). pp.215-222.
Agricultural practices ; Volcanic soils ; Soil structure ; Sandy soils ; Silty soils ; Clay soils ; Soil organic matter ; Carbon ; Hydrodynamics ; Simulated rainfall ; Erosion / Ecuador
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630 G000 INT Record No: H047328)
(0.39 MB) (16.9 MB)
In the Ecuadorian Cordillera, the hardened volcanic ashes (cangahuas) account for 15% of the cultivated area. The soil resulting from the fragmentation of these materials, generally by heavy machinery, shows an apparent stable millimetric structure. However, this new structure is highly susceptible to disintegration under rain, because it contains no organic matter and has a sandy-silt composition with very little mineralogical clay, and the material itself is readily eroded. In consequence we studied the evolution of soil aggregate stability in two factorial experiments during five cultivation cycles with two kinds of soil preparation and five fertilization treatments. Rainfall simulation was implemented before and after three cycles of cultivation to asses the soils structure evolution and its erodibility. The cultivated plots had flat surfaces and the rainfall simulation tests were conducted after the harvest on bare surfaces. Surface soil crusting occurred rapidly within the cultivated plots when compared to the recent tilled cangahua. Runoff and soil loss were generally higher on plots with lower structural stability, generally with higher clay content. The aggregate stability was not influenced by either kind of soil preparation, nor by large additions of manure (80 t ha-1) or green fertilizers (10 t ha-1), nor by growing a perennial grass. The variation in the aggregate stability seemed to depend on the components inherited from the original volcanic material: in the plots with larger clay content, and with swelling clay minerals, the aggregates were less stable than those composed of isometric fine silt particles. In agreement with the structural stability measured in a laboratory, organic matter inputs increase the soil porosity but had no effect on the structural stability and resistance to crusting, and thus to runoff and to erosion. For these soils, no tillage and a permanent soil cover (pasture) would be the best agricultural option.
15 Mahmood, A.; Oweis, T.; Ashraf, M.; Majid, A.; Aftab, M.; Aadal, N. K.; Ahmad, I. 2015. Performance of improved practices in farmers’ fields under rainfed and supplemental irrigation systems in a semi-arid area of Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management, 155:1-10. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.006]
Agricultural practices ; Performance evaluation ; Irrigation systems ; Supplemental irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Farmers ; Water use ; Soil moisture ; Agricultural production ; Crop yield ; Wheat ; Groundnuts ; Farm income ; Costs ; Semiarid zones ; Intensification / Pakistan / Chakwal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047698)
(1.17 MB)
In Pakistan, like many of the developing countries, crop yields under dryland agriculture are very low. This field research aimed at investigating improving land and water productivities and farmers’ incomes through improved water management, crop intensification and diversification under rainfed and supplemental irrigation (SI) conditions. With improved packages (e.g. high yielding varieties, appropriate seed rates, time of sowing, and use of fertilizers) an average of 31% higher yields of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) were obtained by farmers compared to their traditional practices. The net income under the improved package was about Rs. 70,000/ha (1 US$ = Rs. 72), almost double that under farmers’ current practices. The highest wheat yield of 5102 kg/ha obtained in small plots was 28% higher than for farmers’ current practices; followed by the raised bed yield of 4776 kg/ha. With only 20% extra cost for water used as SI for small plot sowing with improved practices, there was 47% higher wheat yield and over 60% higher net income obtained compared to farmers’ practices. Similarly, with about 10% additional cost for SI, groundnut (Arachis hypogea) yield and net income increased up to four times compared to farmers’ practices. It may be concluded that, in this environment, much of the yield gap between farmers and research may be closed by adopting simple and low cost integrated packages.
16 Brohier, R. L. 2006. The story of water management in Sri Lanka down the ages: food and the people. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Sooriya Publishers. 194p.
Water management ; Water resources ; Irrigation schemes ; Tank irrigation ; Lakes ; History ; Agricultural development ; Farming systems ; Agricultural practices ; Traditional farming ; Indigenous knowledge ; Irrigated rice ; Farmers ; Peasant workers ; Settlement ; Colonialism ; Socioeconomic development ; Institutions ; Arid zones ; Monsoon climate / Sri Lanka / Eastern Province / Gal Oya Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G744 BRO Record No: H047750)
(0.70 MB)
17 Misra, A. K.; Pachouri, A.; Kaur, A. 2015. Watershed management structures and decision making frameworks. Water Resources Management, 29(13):4849-4861. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1094-8]
Watershed management ; Performance evaluation ; Water resources ; Groundwater recharge ; Artificial recharge ; Best practices ; Decision making ; Models ; Climate change ; Agricultural practices ; Dams ; Case studies / India / Andhra Pradesh / Anantapur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047753)
(1.23 MB)
Integrated watershed management has been adopted worldwide as best management practices, can minimise the climate change impact on agricultural production and fresh water resources. Critical elements for making best watershed management systems, like precise locations and designs of recharge structures, correct location of check dams within the watershed to ensure the optimum utilization have been discussed. Best Management Practices (BMP) for agricultural watershed management that includes integrated and consortium approach has been proposed. Case study demonstrates that the construction of artificial recharge structures like check dams on the upstream of the tributaries not only causes additional recharge but is also useful in improving the ground water quality. Study also proposes a watershed performance assessment model for identifying the parameters in the watershed, whose precise characterization is essential for the success of any watershed management program. A methodology has been develop for the evaluation of a complete watersheds model parameterization and performance scores has been assigned on the basis of parameter impact on output. The analysis and methodology of the proposed work can extremely useful for the practice of evaluation and effective implementation of watersheds.
18 Gunawardhana, W. D. T. M.; Jayawardhana, J. M. C. K.; Udayakumara, E. P. N. 2016. Impacts of agricultural practices on water quality in Uma Oya catchment area in Sri Lanka. Procedia Food Science, 6:339-343. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2016.02.068]
Water quality ; Agricultural practices ; Catchment areas ; Habitats ; Invertebrates ; Species ; Chemical compounds ; Pollutant load ; Ecological factors ; Farmland ; Land use ; Principal component analysis / Sri Lanka / Uma Oya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047770)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211601X16000699/pdf?md5=4576562be7b258c1f31fbba8a85dc634&pid=1-s2.0-S2211601X16000699-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047770.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047770.pdf
(0.24 MB) (240 KB)
Sustainability of global food production is highly depending on the quality of the environment. In many parts of the world increase of agricultural production heavily depend on intensive agricultural practices which are having negative impact on the environment. The impacts of agricultural practices on surface water quality is given special attention currently since the safe and ample supply of freshwater is fundamental to humans and for the sustainability of ecosystem function. Intensive agricultural practices in river catchments often pose threat to the ecological integrity of river ecosystems. Uma Oya watershed in the upper Mahaweli watershed in Sri Lanka is an intensively cultivated landscape. In most parts of the catchment previously forested lands have been cleared and converted to agricultural lands. However, the empirical evidence on quantitative assessment of such land use conversion impacts on stream ecological health is lacking in the context of river catchments in Sri Lanka. Therefore the present study was aimed at evaluating the agricultural land use impacts on stream physical habitat quality, water quality and macroinvertebrate indices in the Uma Oya catchment at different spatial scales. The relationship between catchment and site scale % agricultural lands, water quality and macroinvertebrate indices were evaluated using univariate and multivariate approaches. The results indicated that stream physical habitat quality, water quality parameters and macroinvertebrate indices are significantly (p<0.05) affected by catchment scale % agricultural land cover. Among the water quality variables that were tested NO2-N, NH3-N, PO4-P and BOD5 level in sites with higher percentage of agricultural land cover exceeded the drinking water quality standards during dry season. PO4-P and BOD5 level in those sites exceeded the proposed ambient water quality standards for inland waters in Sri Lanka for aquatic life and for irrigation purposes. Findings of the present study suggest that catchment scale interventions are crucial for the management of Uma Oya watershed and for the improvement of water quality and sustainable agricultural production.
19 Menike, L. M. C. S.; Keeragala Arachchi, K. A. G. P. 2016. Adaptation to climate change by smallholder farmers in rural communities: evidence from Sri Lanka. Procedia Food Science, 6:288-292. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2016.02.057]
Climate change adaptation ; Smallholders ; Farmers attitudes ; Agricultural practices ; Strategies ; Environmental effects ; Rural communities ; Socioeconomic environment ; Corporate culture ; Models / Sri Lanka / Belihuloya / Ihala Galagama / Mulgama / Kosgama
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047771)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211601X16000584/pdf?md5=a88177dc261cba120b379e95a4e55be8&pid=1-s2.0-S2211601X16000584-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047771.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047771.pdf
(0.16 MB) (160 KB)
The agricultural sector plays a key role in Sri Lankan economy, whose major source of livelihoods is smallholder farming in paddy and vegetable cultivation which is highly vulnerable to climate changes having negative impact on food security. To overcome the welfare losses, the smallholder farmers need to identify the changes in climatic variables and adjust to their farming practices to cope up with the climate change. Thus, this study examines how rural smallholder farmers in different agro-ecological zones in Sri Lanka perceive climate change and accordingly adapt to it in their agricultural practices. A questionnaire survey was conducted with a random sample of 125 farmer households distributed in most vulnerable four agro-ecological zones namely, Belihuloya, Ihala Galagama, Mulgama and Kosgama in up country inter mediate zone. The study shows that all the respondents have observed rising trends in temperature and winds and lack of adequate rainfall during last twenty years and in response they have grown short season crops as the main farming practice to adapt to minimize the potential losses on their yields. The results of the logistic regression revealed that social economic factors, environmental factors, institutional factors and the economic structure influence farmers’ choice of adaptation methods to climate change. The size of the household, income, education, accessibility to climate information through television and radio, being a member in farmers’ group, location of the land, crop variety, access to formal loans and distance to input markets had significantly affected adaptation. For instance the farmers who grow beans as the major crop to adapt to climate change has 94% probability with compared to those farmers who do not grow other crops whereas the farmers who come to know the changing patterns of the climate through television and radio have a higher probability (94%) of adaptation to the climate change than those who use other media. Sri Lankan government requires facilitating the smallholder farmers to overcome the constraints in which they face in using adaptation methods to climate change so that the welfare of the farmers and growth of the agricultural sector can be ensured.
20 Sugden, Fraser; Saikia, Panchali; Maskey-Amatya, Niki; Pokharel, Paras. 2016. Gender, agricultural investment and productivity in an era of out-migration. In Bharati, Luna; Sharma, Bharat R.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Ganges River Basin: status and challenges in water, environment and livelihoods. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.273-293. (Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the World)
Agricultural production ; Gender ; Labour allocation ; Migrant labour ; Male labour ; Women farmers ; Empowerment ; Agricultural practices ; Investment ; Productivity ; Irrigation ; Land ownership ; Tenant farmers ; Villages ; Demography ; Socioeconomic environment ; Remuneration ; Households ; Living standards ; Case studies / Nepal / India / Bangladesh / Ganges Basin / Dhanusha / Saptari / Madhubani
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047819)
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