Your search found 60 records
1 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C. 2005. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogen contamination and health risk elimination. Irrigation and Drainage, 54(Supplement 1):S49-S61.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H037444)
2 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Ntow, W. J. 2006. Pesticide and pathogen contamination of vegetables in Ghana’s urban markets. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 50:1-6.
Public health ; Helminths ; Diseases ; Risks ; Vegetables ; Commodity markets ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Pesticide residues / Ghana / Accra, Gulf of Guinea / Kumasi / Ashanti
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 362.1 G200 AMO Record No: H038625)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/7575km06652224q3/fulltext.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H038625.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H038625.pdf
(248.40KB)
3 Mensah, E.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C. 2001. Environmental concerns of urban and peri-urban agriculture: case studies from Accra and Kumasi. In Drechsel, P.; Kunze, D. (Eds.). Waste composting for urban and peri-urban agriculture: closing the rural-urban nutrient cycle in Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Rome, Italy, FAO; Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.55-68.
Urban agriculture ; Irrigation water ; Pesticides ; Composts ; Organic fertilizers / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.875 G100 DRE Record No: H038897)
4 Obuobie, Emmanuel; Keraita, Bernard; Danso, George; Amoah, Philip; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Drechsel, Pay. 2006. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risks. Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Accra, Ghana: Network of Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF); Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). 150p.
Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Environmental effects ; Malaria ; Sanitation ; Wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Water quality ; Irrigation practices ; Pesticides ; Health ; Risks / Ghana / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.2 G200 OBU Record No: H039283)
(3MB)
5 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Cofie, Olufunke. 2006. Assessment of health risks and benefits associated with UA [Urban Agriculture]: impact assessment, risk mitigation, and healthy public policy. In Boischio, A. Clegg, A.; Mwagore, D. (Eds.). Health Risks and Benefits of Urban and Peri-urban Aagriculture and Livestock (UA) in Sub-Saharan Africa Workshop, June 2003: resource papers and workshop proceedings. Resource paper 3. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) pp.55-73. (Urban Poverty and Environment Series Report 1)
Public health ; Risks ; Urban agriculture ; Wastewater ; Water quality ; Decision making / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G110 KER Record No: H039377)
http://www.google.lk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=Health+risks+and+benefits+of+urban+and+peri-urban+agriculture+and+livestock+(UA)+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+Resource+papers+and+workshop+proceedings&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.idrc.ca%2Fuploads%2Fuser-S%2F11661323001Final_Benefits_of_Urban_Ag_in_SSA.doc&ei=zUUmT6X6HcPjrAeA09GVCA&usg=AFQjCNFCyjHgbztbbMxik82ttVOfHOoOgw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H039377.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H039377.pdf
(0.22 MB)
6 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Henseler, M. 2007. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups. Journal of Water and Health, 5(3):455-466. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.041]
Irrigated farming ; Wastewater ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban agriculture ; Public health ; Risks ; Helminths / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H040133)
(0.24 MB) (243.14 KB)
7 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip; Abaidoo, R. C.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Bahri, Akissa. 2007. Reducing health risks from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban Sub-Saharan Africa: Applying the 2006 WHO guidelines. Paper presented at the 6th IWA Specialist Conference on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Sustainability, Belgium, October 2006. 7p.
Water reuse ; Wastewater ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Health hazards ; Irrigation practices / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G110 DRE Record No: H040435)
(0.15 MB)
8 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Klutse, A. 2007. Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl.2):39-49.
Wastewater irrigation ; Coliform bacteria ; Pathogens ; Vegetables ; Cleaning ; Washing / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 Record No: H040507)
9 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip; Abaidoo, R. C.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Bahri, Akissa. 2008. Reducing health risks from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban sub-Saharan Africa: applying the 2006 WHO guidelines. Water Science and Technology, 57(9): 1461-1466.
Water reuse ; Wastewater ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Health hazards ; Irrigation practices / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G110 DRE Record No: H041185)
Where rapid urbanization is outpacing urban capacities to provide sound sanitation and wastewater treatment, most water sources in city vicinity are heavily polluted. This is of great concern as many of the leafy vegetables eaten raw in the cities are produced in these areas. Following the new WHO guidelines, different non-treatment options at farm, market, and kitchen level were field tested for health risk reduction with special consideration to efficiency and adoption potential. As most households are used to vegetable washing (although ineffectively), an important entry point for risk reduction is the increased emphasis of the new guidelines on food preparation measures. A combination of safer irrigation practices (water fetching, on-farm treatment, and application), the allocation of farmland with better water sources, and improved vegetable washing in kitchens appear to be able to reduce the potential risk of infections significantly, although it might not be possible to reach the ideal threshold without some kind of wastewater treatment. The on-farm trials carried out in Ghana also explored the limitation of other risk reduction measures, such as drip irrigation, crop restrictions and cessation of irrigation under local circumstances considering possible incentives for behaviour change.
10 Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Lofman, Owe; Heistad, Arve; Fodge, Madeliene; Jenssen, P.; Stenstrom, T. A. 2008. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of wastewater and faecal sludge reuse in Ghana. In Hazel, J. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 33rd WEDC International Conference on Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions, Accra, Ghana, 7-11 April 2008. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). pp.90-97.
Wastewater irrigation ; Excreta ; Faeces ; Vegetables ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Assessment ; Ascaris ; Rotavirus / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 SEI Record No: H041285)
11 Seidu, R.; Heistad, A.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Jenssen, P. D.; Stenstrom, T. A. 2008. Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines. Journal of Water and Health, 6(4):461-471. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.118]
Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Assessment ; Simulation models ; Rotavirus ; Ascaris ; Farmers ; Consumers ; Water quality ; Irrigation water ; Polluted soil ; Lettuces / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 SEI Record No: H041489)
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) models with 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations were applied to ascertain the risks of rotavirus and Ascaris infections for farmers using different irrigation water qualities and consumers of lettuce irrigated with the different water qualities after allowing post-harvest handling. A tolerable risk (TR) of infection of 7.7 £ 1024 and 1 £ 1022 per person per year were used for rotavirus and Ascaris respectively. The risk of Ascaris infection was within a magnitude of 1022 for farmers accidentally ingesting drain or stream irrigation water; ,100 for farmers accidentally ingesting farm soil and 100 for farmers ingesting any of the irrigation waters and contaminated soil. There was a very low risk (1025) of Ascaris infection for farmers using pipe 2 water. For consumers, the annual risks of Ascaris and rotavirus infections were 100 and 1023 for drain and stream irrigated lettuce respectively with slight increases for rotavirus infections along the post-harvest handling chain. Pipe irrigated lettuce recorded a rotavirus infection of 1024 with no changes due to post harvest handling. The assessment identified on-farm soil contamination as the most significant health hazard.
12 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Wastewater irrigated vegetable production: contamination pathway for health risk reduction in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. Thesis submitted to the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Science. 202p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Contamination ; Risks ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Agricultural workers ; Diseases ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Biological analysis ; Coliform bacteria ; Helminths ; Soils ; Analytical methods ; Pesticides ; Irrigation practices / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H041491)
13 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogen contamination and risk elimination. In Parrot, L.; Njoya, A.; Temple, L.; Assogba-Komlan, F.; Kahane, R.; Ba Diao, M.; Havard, M. (Eds.). Agriculture and urban development in Sub-Saharan Africa: environment and health issues. Paris, France: L'Harmattan. pp.123-132. (Collection Ethique Economique)
Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Pathogens ; Water pollution ; Health hazards ; Urban agriculture ; Periurban areas ; Soil sampling / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041924)
(0.10 MB)
14 Germer, J.; Boh. M. Y.; Schoeffler, M.; Amoah, Philip. 2010. Temperature and deactivation of microbial faecal indicators during small scale co-composting of faecal matter. Waste Management, 30:185-191. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.030]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042622)
(0.93 MB)
Small scale co-composting of faecal matter from dry toilet systems with shredded plant material and food waste was investigated in respect to heat development and deactivation of faecal indicators under tropical semiarid conditions. Open (uncovered) co-composting of faecal matter with shredded plant material alone did not generate temperatures high enough (<55 C) to reduce the indicators sufficiently. The addition of food waste and confinement in chambers, built of concrete bricks and wooden boards, improved the composting process significantly. Under these conditions peak temperatures of up to 70 C were achieved and temperatures above 55 C were maintained over 2 weeks. This temperature and time is sufficient to comply with international composting regulations. The reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella senftenberg in test containment systems placed in the core of the compost piles was very efficient, exceeding 5 log10-units in all cases, but recolonisation from the cooler outer layers appeared to interfere with the sanitisation efficiency of the substrate itself. The addition of a stabilisation period by extending the composting process to over 4 months ensured that the load of E. coli was reduced to less than 103 cfug and salmonella were undetectable.
15 Ilic, S.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; LeJeune, J. T. 2010. Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater irrigated vegetables. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.239-259. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk assessment ; Food safety ; Disinfection / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042612)
(0.26 MB)
Post-harvest interventions are an important component of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction of wastewater-irrigated crops as recommended by the 2006 edition of the WHO Guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation. This approach draws on principles of other risk-management approaches, in particular the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept. Post-harvest measures are of particular importance as they can address possible on-farm precontamination, and also contamination that may occur after the crops leave the farm. Key factors influencing microbial contamination along the farm to fork pathway are basic hygiene and temperature management. Both factors are, however, hardly under control in most developing countries where microbial contamination and proliferation are supported by low education, limited risk awareness, rudimentary technical infrastructure and unenforced regulations. In the face of these challenges, the most successful strategies to enhance food safety will involve interventions at multiple control points along the production chain, with emphasis on local safety targets and innovative educational programmes fitting local knowledge, culture and risk perceptions. The WHO (2006) recommended health-based targets for risk reduction in wastewater irrigation provide the required flexibility for risk mitigation in line with the concept of food-safety objectives (FSO).
16 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Jeitler, R. 2010. Facilitating the adoption of food-safety interventions in the street-food sector and on farms. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.319-335. (Also in French).
Food safety ; Restaurants ; Public health ; Social behaviour ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Guidelines / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042616)
(0.26 MB)
This chapter discusses the implementation challenges of the WHO Guidelines on safe wastewater use pertaining to the adoption of the so-called ‘post-treatment’ or ‘non-treatment’ options, like safer irrigation practices or appropriate vegetablewashing in kitchens. Due to limited risk awareness and immediate benefits of wastewater irrigation, it is unlikely that a broad adoption of recommended practices will automatically follow revised policies or any educational campaign and training. Most of the recommended practices do not only require behaviourchange but might also increase operational costs. In such a situation, significant efforts are required to explore how conventional and/or social marketing can support the desired behaviour-change towards the adoption of safety practices. This will require new strategic partnerships and a new section in the WHO Guidelines. This chapter outlines the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability, and suggests a framework which is based on a combination of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. An important conclusion is that these steps require serious accompanying research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which should not be underestimated in related projects.
17 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Abraham, Ernest Mensah. 2009. Improving food hygiene in Africa where vegetables are irrigated with polluted water. Paper presented at the West Africa Regional Sanitation and Hygiene Symposium, Accra, Ghana, 10-12 November 2009. 9p.
/ West Africa / Ghana / Wastewater irrigation / Vegetables / Lettuces / Faecal coliforms / Public health / Hygiene
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042624)
http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/146412/475888/file/Philip%20Amoah.doc
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042624.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042624.pdf
(0.12 MB) (143.50 KB)
Due to inappropriate and inadequate urban sanitation infrastructure in Ghana wastewater from households and other facilities ends up in nearby water bodies, which are often used as sources of irrigation water. However, this practice could have adverse public health and environmental effects, especially because untreated wastewater has high population of pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the current level of exposure of the Ghanaian local population to faecal coliform (FC) through the consumption of wastewater irrigated vegetables and to analyse and improve the effectiveness of common washing methods for the reduction of faecal microorganism populations on the surface of wastewater-irrigated vegetables. The levels of pathogen on market vegetables produced with wastewater were determined. Questionnaire interviews were also used to gather information on common methods used for washing vegetables in 11 cities in West Africa. The efficacy of the common decontamination methods was measured in terms of log reductions in FC populations on homogenised contaminated vegetable samples. High FC and helminth eggs contamination levels exceeding common guidelines for food quality were recorded on the market vegetables. Methods used to wash vegetables vary widely within and between Ghana and neighbouring francophone West African (WA) countries. However, several of the most common methods do not reduce the contamination to any desirable level. Significantly, different log reductions are achieved depending on the washing method and contact time. Tests to improve the apparent ineffective methods were especially promising in view of the relatively expensive vinegar. However, up to 3 log units reduction is also possible at a much lower price with ‘Eau de Javel’ (bleach), which is commonly used in francophone WA. Washing vegetables before consumption is important for health risk reduction. However, any washing method will need complementary efforts to reduce pathogen contamination.
18 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Schuetz, Tonya; Kranjac-Berisavjevic, G.; Manning-Thomas, Nadia. 2009. From world cafes to road shows: using a mix of knowledge sharing approaches to improve wastewater use in urban agriculture. Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 5(3):246-262. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19474190903451116]
Information dissemination ; Food safety ; Stakeholders ; Farmers ; Markets ; Best practices ; Guidelines ; Education ; Wastewater management ; Urban agriculture ; Wastewater irrigation / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042738)
(2.42 MB)
This paper documents the application of several innovative knowledge sharing approaches and some of the lessons learnt in a project addressing food safety concerns deriving from wastewater irrigated vegetables in Ghana. Knowledge sharing activities received particular attention in the project to facilitate its impact pathway, in particular to (i) verify preliminary research messages on good practices, (ii) raise awareness and build capacity, and (iii) equip various stakeholder groups with knowledge, skills and materials. Key approaches and tools applied were the world café approach for the verification of research messages. The approach brought together farmers, traders and street food vendors to openly discuss proposed improvements in current practices and their potential for wider uptake. For targetoriented message dissemination multi-media training materials were prepared following recommendations from the intended users, like extension agents, catering and farmer field schools. The materials made use of local-language radio broadcasts, training and awareness videos, illustrated flip charts showing good and bad practices for wastewater use and improved teaching materials. Finally, for enhanced mutual learning so called road Shows were used to facilitate knowledge sharing between researchers, end-users, policy- and decision-makers. These allowed all stakeholders to follow the pathogen pathway from farm to fork while learning about the importance of well-identified intervention points and mutual responsibility. All applied approaches added significant value to the research work and facilitated its impact potential as first feedback shows. However, the applied tools do not come for free. They require careful preparations, the ability to listen and skillful facilitation.
19 Amoah, Philip. 2009. An analysis of the quality of wastewater used to irrigate vegetables in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. In Redwood, M. (Ed.). Agriculture in urban planning: generating livelihood and food security. London, UK: Earthscan. pp.105-124.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetable growing ; Lettuces ; Pesticide residues ; Helminths ; Health hazards ; Urban agriculture / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042596)
(1.71 MB)
20 Bos. R.; Mara, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Jimenez, B.; Stenstroem, T. - A.; Huibers, F.; Redwood, M.; Kinane, M.; Hamilton, A.; Murray, A.; Nelson, K.; Abaidoo, R.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Tiongco, M.; Razak, S.; Ensink, J.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Kone, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Moe, C.; Buckley, C.; Niang, S.; Scott, C.; Amoah, Philip; Dalahmeh, S.; Cisse, G.; Kone, B.; LeJeune, J.; Karg, H.; Keraita, Bernard; Evans, Alexandra; Zwane, A.; Silverman, A.; Armstrong, J.; Awadzi, D.; Cofie, Olufunke; Schoeffler, M.; Van Rooijen, D.; Mensah, Ernest Abraham. 2008. Accra Consensus: Agenda for Research, Capacity Building and Action on the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture. [A public statement]. 2p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043803)
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