Your search found 67 records
1 Lemperiere, Philippe; Hagos, Fitsum; Lefore, Nicole; Haileslassie, Amare; Langan, Simon. 2014. Establishing and strengthening irrigation water users associations (IWUAs) in Ethiopia: a manual for trainers. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 76p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.232]
Irrigation systems ; Infrastructure ; Water user associations ; Training materials ; Local government ; Gender ; Management ; Committees ; Legal aspects ; Regulations ; Farmer participation ; Drainage systems ; Economic aspects ; Budgets ; Subsidies / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046826)
(866 KB)
2 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Haileslassie, Amare; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Ranganathan, C. R.; Wani, S. P.; Craufurd, P.; Kumar, S. 2015. Climate change, gender and adaptation strategies in dryland systems of South Asia: a household level analysis in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan states of India. Telangana, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). 40p. (ICRISAT Research Program Resilient Dryland System Research Report 65)
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Gender ; Women ; Men ; Arid zones ; Households ; Income ; Poverty ; Supplemental irrigation ; Cropping patterns ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Empowerment ; Developing countries ; Drought ; Flooding ; Rural communities ; Living standards / South Asia / India / Karnataka / Rajasthan / Andhra Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047162)
(2.63 MB)
3 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Haileslassie, Amare; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Ranganathan, C. R.; Wani, S. P.; Craufurd, P.; Kumar, S. 2015. Quantification of risk associated with technology adoption in dryland systems of South Asia: a household level analysis in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan states of India. Telangana, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). 48p. (ICRISAT Research Program Resilient Dryland System Research Report 66)
Climate change ; Arid zones ; Risk assessment ; Technological changes ; Households ; Income ; Farmers ; Supplemental irrigation ; Agriculture ; Cropping patterns ; Crop production ; Education ; Investment / South Asia / India / Karnataka / Rajasthan / Andhra Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047163)
(2.32 MB)
4 Haileslassie, Amare; Craufurd, P.; Thiagarajah, R.; Kumar, S.; Whitbread, A.; Rathor, A.; Blummel, M.; Ericsson, P.; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy. 2016. Empirical evaluation of sustainability of divergent farms in the dryland farming systems of India. Ecological Indicators, 60:710-723. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.014]
Farming systems ; Arid zones ; Environmental sustainability ; Environmental effects ; Living standards ; Households ; Farmers ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects ; Indicators ; Irrigation water ; Agricultural production / India / Andhra Pradesh / Anantapur District / Kurnool District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047175)
(0.83 MB)
The present study argues that there are heterogeneous farm systems within the drylands and each farmsystem is unique in terms of its livelihood asset and agricultural practice, and therefore in sustainability.Our method is based on household survey data collected from 500 farmers in Anantapur and KurnoolDistricts, in Andhra Pradesh State of India, in 2013. We carried out principal component analysis (PCA)with subsequent hierarchical clustering methods to build farm typologies. To evaluate sustainabilityacross these farm typologies, we adopted a framework consisting of economic, social and environmentalsustainability pillars and associated indicators. We normalized values of target indicators and employednormative approach to assign different weights to these indicators. Composite sustainability indices (CSI)were then estimated by means of weighted sum of indicators, aggregated and integrated into farm typolo-gies. The results suggested that there were five distinct farm typologies representing farming systemsin the study area. The majority of farms (>70%) in the study area are small and extensive (typology 1);marginal and off farm based (typology 2). About 20% of the farms are irrigation based and intensive (typol-ogy 3); small and medium and off farm based (typology 4) and irrigation based semi-intensive (typology5). There was apparent variability among farm typologies in terms of farm structure and functions andcomposite sustainability indices. Farm typologies 3 and 5 showed significantly higher performances forthe social and economic indices, while typologies 2 and 4 had relatively stronger values for environment.These discrepancies support the relevance of integrated farm typology- and CSI approaches in assessingsystem sustainability and targeting technologies. Universally, for all farm typologies, composite sustain-ability indices for economic pillar was significantly lower than the social and environment pillars. Morethan 90% of farmers were in economically less-sustainable class. The correlations between sustainabilityindices for economic and environment were typology specific. It was strong and positive when aggre-gated for the whole study systems [all samples (r = 0.183; P < 0.001)] and for agriculture dependent farmtypologies (e.g. typologies 1 and 3). This suggests the need to elevate farms economic performance andcapacitate them to invest in the environment. These results provide information for policy makers toplan farm typology–context technological interventions and also create baseline information to evaluatesustainability performance in terms of progress made over time.
5 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Ranganathan, C. R.; Haileslassie, Amare; Wani, S. P. 2015. Mapping of household vulnerability and identification of adaptation strategies in dryland systems of South Asia. Telangana, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). 62p. (ICRISAT Research Program Resilient Dryland System Research Report 67)
Households ; Arid zones ; Mapping ; Poverty ; Income ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Farmers ; Farm income ; Rainfed farming ; Living standards ; Livestock ; Agriculture ; Crop production ; Crop management ; Supplemental irrigation ; Socioeconomic environment ; Land ownership ; Smallholders ; Soils ; Rural areas / South Asia / India / Andhra Pradesh / Karnataka / Rajasthan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047273)
http://oar.icrisat.org/9120/1/Vulnerability%20HHs%20report_Final.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047273.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047273.pdf
(3.91 MB)
6 Erkossa, Teklu; Haileslassie, Amare; Amede, T. 2015. Agricultural water productivity across landscape positions and management alternatives. Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on Management of Land Use Systems for Enhanced Food Security –Conflicts, Controversies and Resolutions, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2015. 4p.
Agricultural production ; Water productivity ; Landscape ; Land management ; Food production ; Farmers ; Rainfed farming ; Watersheds ; Crop residues ; Livestock breeds ; Feeding systems ; Biomass ; Grain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047275)
(0.55 MB) (566 KB)
7 Schmitter, Petra; Haileslassie, Amare; Nakawuka, Prossie; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Tesema, M.; Tegegne, D.; Abdela, M.; Yilak, D. L.; Tilahun, S.; Ayana, M.; Langan, Simon. 2016. The importance of Ethiopian soils in irrigation and overall watershed management [Abstract only] Paper presented at the Strategic Forum on Sustainable development in Africa: Opportunities and Pitfalls for Universities and NGO’s, Heverlee, Belgium, 15 January 2016. 1p.
Watershed management ; Irrigation methods ; Surface irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Water management ; Soil sampling ; Soil moisture ; Agronomic practices ; Crop production ; Tillage / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047383)
(0.01 MB)
Irrigation has a large potential to increase agricultural output and yield per unit area. However, the long term sustainability increased production, together with degradation of the soils (and associated water bodies) in irrigated areas may be irreparably damaged by inappropriate watering schedules. In Ethiopia, surface and groundwater irrigation has been promoted intensively throughout the country. While many projects focus on individual or scheme level water access, very little is known about the sustainability of irrigation in Ethiopia. Aside, from water quantity the quality of irrigation water has a significant impact on soil stability and its chemical properties. In the Ziway, a very important irrigation area in Oromia, soils are increasingly becoming sodic due to the large irrigation quantities and the poor water quality. The International Water Management Institute focusses through various research for development projects on improving irrigation water management, increasing groundwater recharge and assessing the environmental impact of irrigation for various soils throughout the Amhara, Oromia and SNNPR region. Irrigation scheduling tools have been introduced at individual and scheme based small holder farms for the irrigation of high value horticultural and fodder crops to improve water and crop productivity and reduce nutrient leaching. Simultaneously groundwater recharge experiments were carried out using deep tillage and soil & water conservation practices in the rainy season. In these studies, soils are sampled, irrigation quantified, soil moisture measured and standard agronomic practices monitored. Additionally, socio-economic data are being collected on household composition, land holding, labor involved in as well as income generated by the various technologies. Preliminary results showed that crop productivity was not effect while reducing water between 18-35% as function of the prevailing soil types. For the groundwater recharge studies lowest runoff values and highest crop productivity values were observed in the deep tillage plots compared to zero and normal tillage. The socio-economic as well as biophysical data are used in field as well as watershed models to assess the environmental and economic impact of various irrigation scenarios throughout the agro-ecological zones.
8 Getnet, Kindie; Haileslassie, Amare; Dessalegn, Y. 2015. Profit and financial risk in the smallholder irrigated agriculture of Ethiopia. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 23p.
Irrigated farming ; Agriculture ; Financing ; Risk management ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Farm income ; Investment ; Profit ; Business management ; Crop yield / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047468)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/68293/LIVES_workingPaper_4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047468.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047468.pdf
(557.09 KB)
9 Ahmed, I. M.; Gumma, M. K.; Kumar, S.; Craufurd, P.; Rafi, I. M.; Haileslassie, Amare. 2016. Land use and agricultural change dynamics in SAT watersheds of southern India. Current Science, 110(9):1704-1709.
Land use ; Land cover change ; Agriculture ; Watersheds ; Farmland ; Living standards ; Water harvesting ; Water scarcity ; Water levels ; Water availability ; Local communities ; Ecosystem services ; Arid zones ; Groundwater irrigation ; Groundwater recharge ; Living standards ; Satellite imagery ; Farmers ; Rain / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047541)
(3.59 MB)
Impact of dynamic land use and land cover changes on the livelihood of local communities and ecosystem services is a major concern. This is particularly evident in most dryland agricultural systems in South Asia. We study land use/land cover (LULC) changes over the last two decades in a watershed (9589 ha) located in semi-arid eco-region in South India (Anantapuram district) using Landsat and IRS imagery. We captured additional data through field observations and focused group discussions. The high resolution 30 m data and the spectral matching techniques (SMTs) provided accuracy of 91–100% for various land use classes and 80–95% for the rice and groundnut areas. The watershed studied has undergone significant land use changes between 1988 and 2012. Diminishing size and number of surface water bodies, and contrastingly increased areas under irrigation clearly explain that the system has evolved significantly towards groundwater-irrigated groundnut production. Such changes could be beneficial in the short run, but if the groundwater withdrawal is without sufficient recharge, the long-term consequences on livelihoods could be negative. The water scarcity could be aggravated under the climate change. The construction of checkdams and dugout ponds to recharge groundwater is a potential solution to enhance recharge.
10 Agide, Z.; Haileslassie, Amare; Sally, H.; Erkossa, Teklu; Schmitter, Petra; Langan, Simon; Hoekstra, D. 2016. Analysis of water delivery performance of smallholder irrigation schemes in Ethiopia: diversity and lessons across schemes, typologies and reaches. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 38p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 15)
Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigated land ; Smallholders ; Performance evaluation ; Performance indexes ; Water supply ; Water delivery ; Water distribution ; Water levels ; Water demand ; Sustainability ; Equity ; Cropping systems / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047586)
(1.36 MB)
11 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare; Getnet, Kindie; Hoekstra, D.; Gebremedhin, B.; Bogale, A.; Getahun, Y. 2016. Does investment in motor pump-based smallholder irrigation lead to financially viable input intensification and production?: an economic assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 28p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 13)
Small scale farming ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation systems ; Smallholders ; Pumping ; Investment ; Intensification ; Economic aspects ; Assessment ; Production costs ; Financing ; Household expenditure ; Fertilizers ; Agricultural production ; Irrigated land ; Rainfed farming ; Cost benefit analysis ; Land use ; Policy making ; Farmers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047625)
(450 KB)
Privately adopted motor pump-based smallholder irrigation is different from conventional irrigation schemes in many ways. Unlike to scheme based irrigation that usually experience financial deficits and complex management bureaucracies, privately owned and managed irrigation technologies avoid problems related with collective action. This study focuses on the impact of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation in input use and production as compared to rainfed production systems and investigates the financial viability of such investments. Data used in this study come from the baseline and motor pump surveys of Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) project conducted in five districts of four LIVES intervention zones conducted in 2014, but in reference to the 2012/2013 production season. The non-parametric propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to assess the effect of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation on input use and production. Following this, we adopt a cost-benefit analysis framework to study whether such investment is financial viable. Results show that as compared to rainfed agriculture, the use of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation leads to significantly higher and financially viable input use and production. Based on different scenarios, the estimated net present values (NPV) computed at 8.5%; 13.9%; 25.9%; 28% and 30% interest rates show investment in motor pump-based smallholder irrigation is financially viable and robust even at high interest rate and volatile market conditions. The data also suggest that an increase in irrigated land leads to a higher profit margin/ha as a result of lower cost/ha and higher gross production values/ha. Despite that over abstraction of water and use of agro-chemicals may result in land degradation and reduced marginal benefits due to loss of micro nutrients and genetic diversity of crop varieties, our analyses fail to capture such external costs.
12 Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare; Getnet, Kindie; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Bogale, A.; Getahun, Y. 2016. Marketing patterns of rainfed and irrigated systems: do they differ? Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 29p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 14)
Irrigation systems ; Rainfed farming ; Marketing techniques ; Economic aspects ; Farmers ; Irrigated farming ; Crops ; Cereal crops ; Grain legumes ; Vegetables ; Fruits ; Production possibilities ; Econometric models ; Households ; Irrigated land ; Land ownership / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047626)
(67.8 KB)
This study used nationwide dataset of 5000 households from four regions in Ethiopia to identify important determinants of market orientation, market participation and market outlet choices. The study used ordinary least square and instrumental regression and multivariate probit (MVP) techniques to do just that. Market-orientation was affected by productive capacity, oxen, total land area, irrigated land area, access to irrigation, and access to market information. Market participation is, in turn, affected by market oriented production, productive capacity and the availability of market information. With respect to outlet choices, the important role of market access conditions (mainly roads and storage facilities) and services (extension services and access to micro credit) were found to be important. Expanding the necessary infrastructure for irrigation development or creating the conditions for household adoption of different irrigation technologies is important for market production and participation and outlet choice decisions of households. Provision of adequate and timely marketing information is also another entry point to transform agriculture.
13 Haileslassie, Amare; Hagos, Fitsum; Agide, Z.; Tesema, E.; Hoekstra, D.; Langan, Simon. 2016. Institutions for irrigation water management in Ethiopia: assessing diversity and service delivery. Nairobi, Kenya: Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 31p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 17)
Irrigation management ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation systems ; Water management ; Performance evaluation ; Institutions ; Equity ; Water distribution ; Water governance ; Water users ; Water user associations ; Water supply ; Irrigation water ; Financial situation ; Organization ; Sustainable agriculture ; Sedimentation ; Women's participation / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047677)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/76127/LIVES_wp_17.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047677.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047677.pdf
(2.44 MB)
Irrigation systems cannot ensure the equitable distribution of water among users and sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes without capable irrigation institutions. In Ethiopia, traditional institutions have emerged with the expansion of traditional irrigation schemes and most of them were established and operated on the initiative of the farmers. These often have very limited financial and technical capacities. Current trends show that developing infrastructure is the major concern in irrigation development efforts. However, managing the schemes is largely overlooked, particularly for externally initiated irrigation schemes. Operation and maintenance of the irrigation schemes, particularly those at tertiary levels, are commonly not well set and often neglected or left to farmers without building their capacities. The overarching objectives of the study were to: i) assess the nature and diversity of irrigation institutions in the study schemes; ii) evaluate existing institutions service delivery with respect to selected attributes and draw useful lessons; and iii) identify appropriate interventions. This study focused on 10 irrigation schemes located in four regional states of Ethiopia (Tigray, Amhara, Oromia and SNNP). Various approaches were used to generate data required for this study, such as household interview, transect walk and systematic observation, focus group discussion, key informant interviews and the review of existing literature. We clustered the study schemes as modern, semi-modern and traditional, using selected criteria (operation and maintenance service delivery, managing financial service delivery, level of inequity) to generate empirical evidence for evaluation of their performances. The results found two forms of irrigation institutions: irrigation water users associations (IWUA) and irrigation cooperatives or water committee. More than 30% of the irrigation schemes considered in the study, regardless of their typology, had no institution. Membership in the irrigation institution for traditional schemes was 100%, while the average membership both in modern and semi-modern schemes was about 70% of the respondents. This contrasts with the new proclamation in Ethiopia on IWUA which suggest mandatory membership for any water user in a scheme. Without exception bylaws were either not detailed enough to address scheme specific problems or not recorded at all. Ambiguity associated with these, and probably presence of non-member water users, deterred the decision-making processes and the enforcement of rules and regulations for water use, thus create opportunities for free riders. This also explains the reason for occasional conflict between irrigators and the inequity of water distribution within scheme. In many cases, irrigation institutions service delivery limited to operational management and other services, such as financial management, were not common even at those schemes where irrigation fee exists. Problems associated with a lack of empirical evidence as to what to pay for and how much to pay and the application of flat rate-regardless of the amount of irrigation water used, which is not measured—and crop types grown as currently practised will not act as an incentive for prudent water use. Establishing the amount and types of irrigation water fees will be an important step to finance irrigation schemes. Understanding this diversity and these gaps and tailoring actions to local conditions is vital efforts to improve the service delivery of irrigation institutions in Ethiopia. Secondly, the service required for the sustainable management of irrigation schemes and mechanisms to operate them needs to be standardized.
14 Haileslassie, Amare; Agide, Z.; Erkossa, Teklu; Hoekstra, D.; Schmitter, Petra. 2016. On-farm smallholder irrigation performance in Ethiopia: from water use efficiency to equity and sustainability. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 33p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 19)
Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation water ; Irrigated farming ; Water productivity ; Water supply ; Water use efficiency ; Smallholders ; Equity ; Sustainability ; Land productivity ; Crop production ; Vegetables ; Cereals ; Maize ; Performance indexes / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047710)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/77017/LIVES_wp_19.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047710.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047710.pdf
(811 KB)
The performance of smallholder irrigation schemes are challenged by several factors: among which water insecurity and low land and water productivity are the main ones. This paper evaluates the on-farm management of nine smallholder irrigation schemes from four regional states in Ethiopia. The schemes are diverse in several aspects and we clustered them into three typologies: Modern, semi-modern and traditional. Indicators such as land productivity (LP), crop water productivity (CWP) were used in evaluating performances. Data input to the target indicators was collected through household survey, field observation, measurements (canal water flow monitoring), literature review and focus group discussion (FGD). The result illustrates apparent variability of LP among schemes; scheme typology and reaches. The lowest value of LP was estimated for the traditional schemes and inter-scheme variation was also notable. For example for onion, the value for LP ranged between 7.13 and 14.55 tonnes/ha. For tomato the range was even wider: 0.9–10.29 tonnes/ha. Meki scheme showed the highest land productivity for onion and tomato with the magnitude of 14.55 and 10.29 tonnes/ha respectively. For irrigated cereals (maize and wheat) LP values showed a similar trend as for vegetables. For example the LP value for maize range between 0.65 and 3.92 tonnes/ha and for wheat the range was narrower (0.6 and 1.56 tonnes/ha). Generally these values are less than the values reported as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regional average suggesting the need to address yield limiting factors in smallholder schemes in Ethiopia. Water productivity by water supplied at field levels (WPf) for cereals was generally on the lower side; it is somewhat on the higher side for vegetables compared to observations from SSA. Schemes and reaches with higher land productivity do not necessarily shows higher WPf. Modern schemes and head irrigators have usually higher land productivity but low water productivity. The opposite holds true for the traditional irrigation and tail irrigators. The traditional schemes and tail irrigator normally suffer from water shortage and most often practicing forced deficit irrigation and also select crops with low water requirement. Hence they save water while trying to minimize impact on the yield through crop selection. Implicitly future direction of improving smallholder irrigation need to acknowledge this reality and put efforts to save water on head irrigators and increase land productivity under traditional and tail irrigators and promote sustainability and equitable share of water in smallholder irrigation. Probably alternatives such as valuation of water and a consumption-based water charge need to be taken into account in efforts to discourage over irrigation and enhance equitable water management by smallholders. It is also important to note that smallholder water management decisions are complex and so are the values for their performance indicators. Therefore, any development efforts dealing with smallholder irrigation need to disentangle and understand this diversity and ensure interventions are context specific.
15 Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Palanisami, Kuppanan; Ranganathan, C. R.; Haileslassie, Amare. 2016. Assessment of risk premium in farm technology adoption as a climate change adaptation strategy in the dryland systems of India. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 8(5):689-717. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-10-2015-0149]
Climate change adaptation ; Arid zones ; Farming systems ; Farmers ; Households ; Technology assessment ; Socioeconomic environment ; Irrigation systems ; Supplemental irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Investment / India / Karnataka / Rajasthan / Andhra Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047792)
Purpose: Changing climate has increasingly become a challenge for smallholder farmers. Identification of technical, institutional and policy interventions as coping and adaptation strategies, and exploring risks of their adoption for smallholder farms, are the important areas to consider. The present study carried out an in-depth analysis of adaptation strategies followed and the associated risk premium in technology adoption.
Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in the dryland systems of three Indian states - Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan, and was based on a survey of 1,019 households in 2013. The flexible moment-based approach was used for estimating the stochastic production function, which allowed estimation of the relative risk premium that farmers are willing to pay while adopting the technologies to avoid crop production risks.
Findings: In all three states, the risk premium (INR ha-1) was higher for farm mechanization compared to supplemental irrigation, except in the case of Andhra Pradesh. The higher the level of technology adoption, the higher the risk premium that households have to pay. This can be estimated by the higher investment needed to build infrastructure for farm mechanization and supplemental irrigation in the regions. The key determinants of technology adoption in the context of smallholder farmers were climatic shocks, investment in farm infrastructure, location of the farm, farm size, household health status, level of education, married years, expected profit and livestock ownership.
Originality/value: Quantification of the risk premium in technology adoption, and conducting associated awareness programs for farmers and decision makers are important to strengthen evidence-based adoption decisions in the dryland systems of India.
Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in the dryland systems of three Indian states - Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan, and was based on a survey of 1,019 households in 2013. The flexible moment-based approach was used for estimating the stochastic production function, which allowed estimation of the relative risk premium that farmers are willing to pay while adopting the technologies to avoid crop production risks.
Findings: In all three states, the risk premium (INR ha-1) was higher for farm mechanization compared to supplemental irrigation, except in the case of Andhra Pradesh. The higher the level of technology adoption, the higher the risk premium that households have to pay. This can be estimated by the higher investment needed to build infrastructure for farm mechanization and supplemental irrigation in the regions. The key determinants of technology adoption in the context of smallholder farmers were climatic shocks, investment in farm infrastructure, location of the farm, farm size, household health status, level of education, married years, expected profit and livestock ownership.
Originality/value: Quantification of the risk premium in technology adoption, and conducting associated awareness programs for farmers and decision makers are important to strengthen evidence-based adoption decisions in the dryland systems of India.
16 Biazin, B.; Haileslassie, Amare; Zewdie, T.; Mekasha, Y.; Gebremedhin, B.; Fekadu, A.; Shewage, T. 2018. Smallholders’ avocado production systems and tree productivity in the southern highlands of Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems, 92(1):127-137. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-0020-2]
Agricultural production ; Fruit trees ; Avocados ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Highlands ; Agroforestry ; Harvesting ; Canopy ; Coffee industry ; Land ownership ; Households / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047783)
Ethiopia is one of the top five avocado producers in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite increasing recognition for its nutritional value and economic importance, information on smallholder avocado production systems across agro-climatic zones and determinants for tree productivity are literally lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to examine the determinants for avocado tree holdings by smallholder farmers and investigate the effect of avocado production systems and management conditions on fruit yield by individual avocado trees in Southern Ethiopia. Data required for the study was collected through a combination of focus group discussions, household survey and field tree inventories. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, analyses of variance and linear regression methods using statistical software for social sciences (SPSS version 20). In the study region, avocado is mainly grown as an integral component of the coffee- and enset-based agroforestry systems. The number of avocado trees owned by smallholder producers was related to district, sex of household head, age of household head, educational status, land holding size, pest and disease damage and access to extension services. Productivity of avocado was significantly (p < 0.05) different between production systems. The highest avocado fruit yield was observed from trees grown in the coffee and enset-based agroforestry systems. However, the smallholder producers complain that the yields of coffee and enset grown under avocado trees could be very low. The total height of avocado trees was significantly (p < 0.05) different across the different production systems. The mean heights of matured (21–25 years old) avocado trees were 17.57 ± 0.86 m (±SE; N = 20) under coffee-based agroforestry system and 14.93 ± 1.24 m when grown as individual trees around homes. Proper extension support is needed to disseminate improved production techniques: encompassing proper tree spacing, tree training, pruning, soil amendments, growing optimum number of trees for successful pollination and improved harvesting.
17 Assefa, S.; Biazin, B.; Muluneh, A.; Yimer, F.; Haileslassie, Amare. 2016. Rainwater harvesting for supplemental irrigation of onions in the southern dry lands of Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management, 178:325-334. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.10.012]
Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Irrigation systems ; Supplemental irrigation ; Vegetables ; Onions ; Arid zones ; Dry season ; Wet season ; Dry spells ; Water productivity ; Water supply ; Water requirements ; Irrigation water ; Soil properties ; Runoff ; Planting ; Rainfed farming / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Halaba District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047784)
18 Schmitter, Petra; Haileslassie, Amare; Desalegn, Y.; Tilahun, S.; Langan, Simon; Barron, Jennie. 2016. Improving on-farm water management by introducing wetting front detectors to small scale irrigators in Ethiopia [Abstract only] Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on Solidarity in a Competing World - Fair Use of Resources, Vienna, Austria, 18-21 September 2016. 1p.
Water management ; Water productivity ; Water distribution ; Water user associations ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation scheduling ; Irrigation equipment ; Wetting front ; Crop production ; Cereal crops ; Vegetables ; Agroecology ; Farmers ; Soil conditioners ; Farm management / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047872)
Smallholder irrigation to improve food security in the dry season as well as economic and demographic growth within Ethiopia is developing rapidly. However, the long term sustainability of increased irrigated production, together with degradation of soils (and associated water bodies) may be irreparably damaged by inappropriate watering schedules. In irrigation schemes, over-irrigation results in periodic water scarcity issues and in some cases sodicity. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether using wetting front detectors (WFD), a simple mechanical irrigation advice tool, would give farmers the right knowledge on when and how much to irrigate. Therefore, improving sustainable on-farm water management without negatively affecting crop and water productivity while fostering a more equitable water distribution within the scheme. The study, conducted in different regions of Ethiopia, covered various agro-ecological zones and soil conditions with over 200 farmers irrigating cereals or vegetables. Farmers and water user associations were trained on using the WFD to irrigate and distribute water within the scheme. Irrigation and crop performance was evaluated against control plots, having the same crop variety and management but traditional irrigation practices. Reduction in applied irrigation volume due to the WFD differed within and between sites due to furrow length, soil texture and farmer experience. Although yield increases were highly variable between farmers due to differences in farm management and crop variety cultivated, there was a positive effect of WFD on water productivity. Water productivity on average increased by 9 % whereas yields for the different crops increased between 13 and 17 %. In some cases the volume of water saved could double the cropped area. The reduction of irrigation events, when using the WFD, led to labour saving (up to 11 working days per ha) and fuel saving (between 50 and 150 US$ per ha). In both sites, farmers positively evaluated the scheduling tool, acknowledging that they learned to save water without negatively impacting crop productivity. The study showed that by providing access to when and how much to irrigate, farmers can positively adjust their on-farm water management resulting in more sustainable usage of their natural resources.
19 Dessalegn, Y.; Assefa, H.; Derso, T.; Haileslassie, Amare. 2016. Assessment of fruit postharvest handling practices and losses in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(52):5209-5214. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.11731]
Market policy ; Retail marketing ; Retail prices ; Fruit growing ; Fruit crops ; Postharvest systems ; Postharvest losses ; Best practices ; Nutrition security / Ethiopia / Bahir Dar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047949)
http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-full-text-pdf/1C0F7F162231
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047949.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047949.pdf
(424 KB)
Demand for fresh fruit is steadily increasing in big cities of Northwestern Ethiopia. As a result, fruits are transported from nearby as well as long distance sources to urban centers such as Bahir Dar. The type of fruit crops available in the market and number of fruit retailers are increasing from time to time. However, the key challenge facing the sector is loss across the supply chain. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze fruit marketing practices, document causes and extent of postharvest losses in Bahir Dar fruit market. The study was conducted in June 2016 using semi structured questionnaire. Thirty-one fruit retailers were randomly selected and interviewed to obtain information on their socio-economic characteristics, fruit marketing practices and postharvest losses. Data analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results revealed that, 77.4% fruit retailers are less than 31 years old, 67.8% attended above primary school education, and 83.9% have less than six years fruit trading experience. Therefore, fruit retailers are young and educated but have very limited fruit trading experience. Of the seven fruit crops commonly sold in Bahir Dar market; mango, banana and avocado were the most prevalent. The average shelf life of fruits in retailers’ hand is only 3 to 4 days and about 20% of the fruits purchased by retailers lost before reaching to consumers mainly due to inappropriate handling and lack of proper storage facility. Therefore, multifaceted interventions such as capacity development, improved fruit production and harvesting practice, and proper storage and transportation facilities establishment are required to reduce postharvest loss and extend fruit shelf-life.
20 Yayeh, S. G.; Alemayehu, M.; Haileslassie, Amare; Dessalegn, Y. 2017. Economic and agronomic optimum rates of NPS fertilizer for irrigated garlic (Allium sativum L) production in the highlands of Ethiopia. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 3(1):1-10. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2017.1333666]
Economic analysis ; Agronomy ; Fertilizer application ; Crop production ; Plantation crops ; Garlic ; Highlands ; Irrigation systems ; Biomass ; Living standards ; Productivity ; Nutrients / Ethiopia / Yilmana Densa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048178)
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23311932.2017.1333666?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048178.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048178.pdf
(548 KB)
Field experiment has been conducted in Yilmana Densa District during the 2014/2015 irrigation season with the objective of identifying the economical and agronomically optimum rate of the newly introduced NPS fertilizer for garlic production under irrigated smallholder farming system in the Highlands of Northwestern Ethiopia. Twelve NPS fertilizer rates, laid down on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications were tested on local garlic variety. Accordingly, most of the growth and yield parameters were significantly affected by NPS fertilizer rates where non-fertilized plants were inferior in all parameters. Significantly highest plant height (69.23 cm) and above ground biomass (25.33 g) were recorded on garlic plants supplied with N:P2O5:S at the rate of 105:122.6:22.6 kg ha-1. Similarly, the biggest bulb diameter (4.27 cm) and the highest leaf number (13.4) as well as marketable (17.42 t ha-1) and total bulb yields (17.8 t ha-1) were recorded on plants which were supplied with 140:122.6:22.6 kg ha-1 N:P2O5:S that were similar with the effects of N:P2O5:S at the rate of 140:92:17 kg ha-1. N:P2O5:S at the rate of 140:92:17 kg ha-1 recorded the highest marginal rate of return that can be recommended to increase the yield of garlic and thus to improve the livelihoods of farmers in the study area.
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