Your search found 14 records
1 Al Sidairi, S. K. A. 2007. Evaluation of locally manufactured and commercial greywater treatment systems. Thesis. Thesis submitted to the Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Soil and Water Management. 76p.
Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Pollutant load ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Chemical compounds ; Water supply ; Water management ; Households / Oman / Muscat / Al Hail South
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: D 363.7284 G728 ALS Record No: H046500)
(0.06 MB)
2 Chen, Y.; Takara, K.; Cluckie, I. D.; de Smedt, F. H. 2004. GIS and remote sensing in hydrology, water resources and environment. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). 422p. (IAHS Publication 289)
GIS ; Remote sensing ; Hydrology ; Water resources ; Water management ; Environmental effects ; Flood control ; Flood plains ; Models ; Forecasting ; Watersheds ; Stream flow ; River basins ; Reservoirs ; Catchment areas ; Lakes ; Land use ; Water power ; Dams ; Management information systems ; Wetlands ; Water quality ; Coastal waters ; Ecology ; Pollutant load ; Runoff ; Sediment ; Precipitation ; Desertification ; Soil erosion ; Urban areas ; Irrigation ; Phytoplankton ; Chlorophylls ; Evapotranspiration ; Carbon / China / Netherlands / Croatia / Hungary / Malaysia / USA / England / Wales / Feilaixia Reservoir / Guangdong / Wei River Basin / Upper Yellow River / Meuse Basin / Drava River / Mura River / Pearl River Delta / Taihu Basin / Danube River Basin / Longyangxia Reservoir / Everglades / Three Gorges Area
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 526.0285 G000 CHE Record No: H046621)
(0.41 MB)
3 Gunawardena, J.; Muthuwatta, Lal; Fernando, M. J. J.; Rathnayake, S.; Rodrigo, T. M. A. S. K.; Gunawardena, A. (Eds.) 2015. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Environment Management and Planning, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka, 23-24 February 2015. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Central Environmental Authority (CEA). 55p.
Environmental management ; Forest plantations ; Drug plants ; Tea ; Rubber industry ; Agroforestry ; Biodiversity ; Wildlife ; Freshwater ; Water quality ; Groundwater pollution ; Water deficit ; Land use ; Paddy fields ; Constructed wetlands ; Carbon ; Meteorology ; Models ; Satellite surveys ; GIS ; Remote sensing ; Maps ; Soil salinity ; Erosion ; Sand ; Solar radiation ; Watersheds ; Aquifers ; River basins ; Tanks ; Energy generation ; Bioremediation ; Waste management ; Performance evaluation ; Toxic substances ; Pollutant load ; Noise pollution ; Denitrification ; Leachates ; Biofertilizers ; Aquatic insects ; Food production ; Fishing ; Farmers ; Vegetable growing ; Vermicomposting ; Health hazards ; Malaria ; Case studies ; Arid zones ; Coastal area ; Coral reefs / Sri Lanka / India / Tangalle / Vavuniya / Jaffna / Killinochchi / Mullaitivu / Mannar / Kalpitiya / Colombo / Kalutara / Matara / Weligama / Badulla / Upper Mahaweli Catchment / Paraviwella Reef / Vairavapuliyankulam Tank / Kelani River / Himalayan Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046899)
(1.32 MB)
4 Amarathunga, A. A. D.; Sureshkumar, N. 2013. An assessment of the water quality in major streams of the Madu Ganga catchment and pollution loads draining into the Madu Ganga from its own catchment. Journal of the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency of Sri Lanka, 42:27-46.
Water quality ; Rivers ; Water pollution ; Pollutant load ; Freshwater ; Catchment areas ; Lagoons ; Surface water ; Nutrients ; Nitrate nitrogen ; Ammonia nitrogen ; Phosphates ; Turbidity ; Sedimentary materials ; Rain ; Land use / Sri Lanka / Galle / Madu Ganga / Lenagala Ela / Arawavilla Ela / Bogaha Ela / Magala Ela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8157 Record No: H047151)
(2.87 MB)
The Madu Ganga Lagoon is located in the Southern Coast, Northwest of the city of Galle within the Galle District. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pollution status of the lagoon and the contribution of the land base pollutants from the catchment of the Madu Ganga. Selected water quality parameters were measured at monthly intervals at twelve sampling locations in the catchment. Certain parameters such as salinity (2.2 ± 1.7 ppt), oil & grease (8.5 ± 6.5 mg/L), total suspended solids (16.1 ± 12.3 mg/L), and turbidity (20.1 ± 12.5 NTU) are found to be elevated levels when compared with water quality standards. The study revealed that the Lenagala Ela brought a high nutrient load (426.7 kg/day) into Madu Ganga and Arawavilla Ela, Magala Ela and Bogaha Ela also contributed significantly. The highest nutrient loads were found with the onset of the Northeast Monsoon during November to January. The increase in nutrient loads is attributed to the fertilizers added to the soil with the commencement of the major paddy cultivation season.
5 Libhaber, M.; Orozco-Jaramillo, A. 2012. Sustainable treatment and reuse of municipal wastewater: for decision makers and practicing engineers. London, UK: IWA Publishing. 557p.
Urban wastes ; Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Effluents ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water scarcity ; Sustainability ; Appropriate technology ; Organic matter ; Degradation ; Aerobic treatment ; Anaerobic treatment ; Pollutant load ; Chemical control ; Lagoons ; Reservoirs ; Wetlands ; Flow discharge ; Filtration ; Climate change ; Greenhouse gases ; Emission ; Decision making ; Case studies ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.3 G000 LIB Record No: H047417)
(0.67 MB)
6 Gunawardhana, W. D. T. M.; Jayawardhana, J. M. C. K.; Udayakumara, E. P. N. 2016. Impacts of agricultural practices on water quality in Uma Oya catchment area in Sri Lanka. Procedia Food Science, 6:339-343. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2016.02.068]
Water quality ; Agricultural practices ; Catchment areas ; Habitats ; Invertebrates ; Species ; Chemical compounds ; Pollutant load ; Ecological factors ; Farmland ; Land use ; Principal component analysis / Sri Lanka / Uma Oya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047770)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211601X16000699/pdf?md5=4576562be7b258c1f31fbba8a85dc634&pid=1-s2.0-S2211601X16000699-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047770.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047770.pdf
(0.24 MB) (240 KB)
Sustainability of global food production is highly depending on the quality of the environment. In many parts of the world increase of agricultural production heavily depend on intensive agricultural practices which are having negative impact on the environment. The impacts of agricultural practices on surface water quality is given special attention currently since the safe and ample supply of freshwater is fundamental to humans and for the sustainability of ecosystem function. Intensive agricultural practices in river catchments often pose threat to the ecological integrity of river ecosystems. Uma Oya watershed in the upper Mahaweli watershed in Sri Lanka is an intensively cultivated landscape. In most parts of the catchment previously forested lands have been cleared and converted to agricultural lands. However, the empirical evidence on quantitative assessment of such land use conversion impacts on stream ecological health is lacking in the context of river catchments in Sri Lanka. Therefore the present study was aimed at evaluating the agricultural land use impacts on stream physical habitat quality, water quality and macroinvertebrate indices in the Uma Oya catchment at different spatial scales. The relationship between catchment and site scale % agricultural lands, water quality and macroinvertebrate indices were evaluated using univariate and multivariate approaches. The results indicated that stream physical habitat quality, water quality parameters and macroinvertebrate indices are significantly (p<0.05) affected by catchment scale % agricultural land cover. Among the water quality variables that were tested NO2-N, NH3-N, PO4-P and BOD5 level in sites with higher percentage of agricultural land cover exceeded the drinking water quality standards during dry season. PO4-P and BOD5 level in those sites exceeded the proposed ambient water quality standards for inland waters in Sri Lanka for aquatic life and for irrigation purposes. Findings of the present study suggest that catchment scale interventions are crucial for the management of Uma Oya watershed and for the improvement of water quality and sustainable agricultural production.
7 Muller, K.; Cornel, P. 2017. Setting water quality criteria for agricultural water reuse purposes. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 7(2):121-135. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.194]
Water quality ; Agriculture ; Water reuse ; Irrigation water ; Water storage ; Wastewater treatment ; Guidelines ; Standards ; Sanitation ; Projects ; Monitoring ; Chemicophysical properties ; Pollutant load ; Metallic elements ; Alkali metals ; Alkaline earth metals ; Heavy metals ; Nonmetals ; Boron ; Biological properties / Namibia / Outapi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048068)
(0.37 MB) (376 KB)
The use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation is practiced worldwide and will increase in the future. The definition of water quality limits is a useful instrument for the assessment of water quality regarding its suitability for irrigation purposes and the performance of wastewater treatment steps. This study elaborates water quality objectives for a water reuse project in a setting where national guidelines do not exist. Internationally established guidelines are therefore applied to the local context. Additional limits for turbidity, total suspended solids, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and potassium are suggested to meet the requirements of water reuse projects. Emphasis is put on water quality requirements prior to UV disinfection and nutrient requirements of cultivated crops. The presented values can be of assistance when monitoring reclaimed water quality. To facilitate the realization of water reuse projects, comprehensive and more detailed information, in particular on water quality requirements prior to disinfection steps, should be provided as well as regarding the protection of the irrigation infrastructure.
8 Bassi, N.; Kumar, M. D. 2017. Water quality index as a tool for wetland restoration. Water Policy, 19(3):390-403. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.099]
Water quality ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Wetlands ; Lake restoration ; Water resources ; Anthropogenic factors ; Wastewater ; Pollutant load ; Faecal coliforms ; Temperature ; pH ; Dissolved oxygen ; Turbidity ; Total dissolved solids ; Phosphates ; Nitrates ; Urban areas ; Land use / India / Delhi / Lake Bhalswa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048185)
(0.31 MB)
Worldwide, wetlands are subjected to increasing anthropogenic pressures resulting in loss of their hydrological and ecological functions. Such impacts are more pronounced in the case of wetlands in urban areas which are exposed to land use changes and increased economic activities. In many Indian cities, natural water bodies such as lakes are heavily polluted due to runoff from farmlands in urban and peri-urban areas and discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. The major constraint for restoring such water bodies is difficulty in devising a concrete action plan for analysing different sets of water quality parameters. Hence, a water quality index (WQI), which is a tool to analyse large amounts of data on different water quality parameters, is computed for one of the biggest natural lakes in the metropolitan city of Delhi. The mean WQI of the lake was estimated to be 46.27, which indicates a high level of water pollution. The paper discusses how these findings can be used for informing policies on management of wetlands. The paper also suggests establishment of a community based water quality monitoring and surveillance system, backed by infrastructural support from the State, in order to restore the wetlands in urban areas.
9 Mishra, B. K.; Regmi, R. K.; Masago, Y.; Fukushi, K.; Kumar, P.; Saraswat, C. 2017. Assessment of Bagmati River pollution in Kathmandu Valley: scenario-based modeling and analysis for sustainable urban development. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 9-10:67-77. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2017.06.001]
Rivers ; Water pollution ; Sustainability ; Urban development ; Hydrology ; Models ; Performance evaluation ; Stream flow ; Water quality ; Assessment ; Wastewater management ; Waste water treatment plants ; Chemicophysical properties ; Pollutant load ; Dissolved oxygen / Nepal / Kathmandu Valley / Bagmati River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048440)
(1.29 MB)
Water pollution remains a challenging issue for the sustainable development of Kathmandu Valley despite several infrastructural, awareness-raising and policy measures. The paper assesses the sustainability of the surface water resources of Kathmandu valley by analyzing the water quality parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The case study of Bagmati River pollution is analyzed for current and future wastewater production and treatment scenario based on the two important indicators of aquatic health. The DO and BOD were simulated to assess river pollution along a 25 km stretch between Sundarijal and Chovar. Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) model was used to simulate the current (year 2014) and future (year 2020 and 2030) river water quality conditions. The results showed that the water quality of the Bagmati River is relatively better during monsoon season due to higher river flow in comparison to the dry season. A comparison of simulated DO and BOD values for 2020 and 2030 with 2014 values indicated that the water quality of the Bagmati River within Kathmandu Valley will not significantly improve as a result of the planned wastewater treatment plants requiring additional countermeasures. The study pointed out the inefficiencies of the current practice of discharging untreated sewage into the surface water and causing largely in the river water and unsuitability of river water of water from the Gaurighat to the Chovar area. It is recommended to integrate river water pollution management and maintain ecologically to achieve the healthy urban development.
10 Bakare, B. F.; Mtsweni, S.; Rathilal, S. 2017. Characteristics of greywater from different sources within households in a community in Durban, South Africa. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 7(4):520-528. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.092]
Wastewater treatment ; Biological treatment of pollutants ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Chemicophysical properties ; Pollutant load ; Turbidity ; pH ; Total solids ; Communities ; Households / South Africa / Durban
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048444)
(0.25 MB) (260 KB)
The reuse of greywater is steadily gaining importance in South Africa. Greywater contains pollutants that could have adverse effects on the environment and public health if the water is not treated before reuse. Successful implementation of any greywater treatment process depends largely on its characteristics in terms of the pollutant strength. This study investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of greywater from different sources within 75 households in a community in Durban, South Africa. The study was undertaken to create an understanding of greywater quality from different sources within and between households. Greywater samples were collected from the kitchen, laundry and bathing facilities within each of the households. The samples were analysed for: pH, conductivity, turbidity, total solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). There was a significant difference in the parameters analysed between the greywater from the kitchen compared with the greywater from the bathtub/shower and laundry. It was also observed that the characteristics of greywater from the different households varied considerably. The characteristics of the greywater obtained in this study suggest that the greywater generated cannot be easily treatable using biological treatment processes and/or technologies due to the very low mean BOD : COD ratio (<0.5).
11 Zandaryaa, S.; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2018. Organic matter, pathogens and emerging pollutants. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H. (Eds.). More people, more food, worse water?: a global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.125-138.
Water pollution ; Organic matter ; Pathogens ; Pollutant load ; Agricultural wastes ; Wastewater ; Surface water ; Water quality ; Public health ; Aquatic environment ; Livestock
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048861)
(680 KB)
12 Abunaser, S. G.; Abdelhay, A. 2020. Performance of a novel vertical flow constructed wetland for greywater treatment in rural areas in Jordan. Environmental Technology, 29p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2020.1841832]
Waste management ; Wastewater treatment ; Constructed wetlands ; Rural areas ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Chemicophysical properties ; Water quality ; Biological properties ; Pollutant load ; Total suspended solids ; Turbidity ; Heavy metals ; Households / Jordan / Zarqaa / Irbid / Dulail / Berein / Bani Obaid / Taibeh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050022)
(1.31 MB)
Jordan is facing severe challenges in terms of water scarcity and wastewater management. Thus, there is a growing need for adopting innovative approaches to overcome these challenges. Within the framework of this study, a pilot project was implemented to treat household greywater in rural areas in Jordan with a purpose of reuse for irrigation. The project consists of designing and developing four vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) systems located in different sites and integrating them in a decentralized treatment system. The project work aims particularly to present a model of an innovative, compact and effective modified VFCW system. The performance of the systems was assessed by analyzing the quality of the influent and effluent streams through testing 19 water quality parameters. The results revealed that the design was adequate and efficient in treating greywater as exemplified by removal efficiencies of 90%, 90% and 92% for BOD, COD and TSS respectively. Moreover, the other physico-chemical parameters (T-N, T-P, N-NO3-, Turbidity, Ca, Mg, SO4-, and heavy metals) measured in the effluent streams complied all with the Jordanian standards for unrestricted irrigation. Therefore, the outcomes of the current study can be invested to support the use of constructed wetlands in Jordan as a sustainable technology to improve the wastewater management practices and reinforce the decentralized wastewater treatment approach in rural areas.
13 Cheng, F.; Dai, Z.; Shen, S.; Wang, S.; Lu, X. 2021. Characteristics of rural domestic wastewater with source separation. Water Science and Technology, 83(1):233-246. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.557]
Wastewater treatment ; Domestic water ; Rural areas ; Pollutant load ; Waste management ; Water reuse ; Sewage ; Septic tanks ; Villages ; Households / China / Taihu Lake Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050161)
(0.62 MB)
Rural domestic wastewater (RDW), one of the non-point pollution sources, has become a significant object related to sanitation improvement and water pollution control in Taihu Lake Basin, China. Current research on RDW characteristics and management with source separation is limited. In this study, a source-separated investigation into the characteristics of RDW was conducted, and the management suggestions were proposed. The results showed that the average RDW production coefficient was 94.1 ± 31.6 (range: 71.8–143.0) liters per capita (person) per day. Household-level wastewater generation peaked two or three times daily, and the synchronous fluctuation could cause hydraulic loading shocks to treatment facilities. The population equivalents of chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in RDW were 78.7, 3.7, 4.12, and 0.8 g/(cap·d), respectively. Blackwater from water closet source accounted for 30.4% of the total wastewater amount, contributing 93.0%, 81.7%, and 67.3% to loads of NH4+-N, TN, and TP, respectively. Graywater from the other sources with low nutrient-related pollutant concentrations and loads, accounting for 69.6% of the total wastewater amount, was a considerable alternative water resource. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics indicated that GW and BW had the potential of being reused in relation to water and nutrients, respectively.
14 Gehring, T.; Deineko, E.; Hobus, I.; Kolisch, G.; Lubken, M.; Wichern, M. 2021. Effect of sewage sampling frequency on determination of design parameters for municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Science and Technology, 84(2):284-292. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.588]
Municipal wastewater ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sewage ; Pollutant load ; Temperature ; Estimation ; Datasets ; Uncertainty / Germany / Switzerland
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050515)
https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/84/2/284/914986/wst084020284.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050515.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050515.pdf
(0.59 MB) (600 KB)
The uncertainty associated with the determination of load parameters, which is a key step in the design of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), was investigated on the basis of data sets from 58 WWTPs. A further analysed aspect was the organic load variations associated with variable sewage temperatures. Data from 26 WWTPs with a high inflow sampling frequency was used to simulate scenarios to investigate the effect of lower sampling frequencies through a Monte Carlo approach. The calculation of 85-percentile values for chemical oxygen demand (COD) loadings based on only 26 samples per year is associated with a variability of up to ±18%. Approximately 90 samples per year will be necessary to reduce this uncertainty for estimation of COD loadings below 10%. Hence, a low sampling frequency can potentially lead to under- or overestimation of design parameters. Through an analogous approach, it was possible to identify uncertainties of ±11% in COD loading when weekly average data was used with four samples per week. Finally, a tendency to lower COD input loads with increasing temperatures was identified, with a reduction of about 1% of the average loading per degree Celsius.
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