Your search found 8 records
1 Arabameri, A.; Pal, S. C.; Rezaie, F.; Nalivan, O. A.; Chowdhuri, I.; Saha, A.; Lee, S.; Moayedi, H. 2021. Modeling groundwater potential using novel GIS-based machine-learning ensemble techniques. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 36:100848. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100848]
Groundwater potential ; Modelling ; Geographical information systems ; Machine learning ; Techniques ; Neural networks ; Remote sensing ; River basins ; Land use ; Land cover ; Landslides / Iran (Islamic Republic of) / Tabriz River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050645)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221458182100077X/pdfft?md5=008d5c28c1313c1b111fb09896b85615&pid=1-s2.0-S221458182100077X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050645.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050645.pdf
(14.10 MB) (14.1 MB)
Study region: The present study has been carried out in the Tabriz River basin (5397 km2) in north-western Iran. Elevations vary from 1274 to 3678 m above sea level, and slope angles range from 0 to 150.9 %. The average annual minimum and maximum temperatures are 2 °C and 12 °C, respectively. The average annual rainfall ranges from 243 to 641 mm, and the northern and southern parts of the basin receive the highest amounts.
Study focus: In this study, we mapped the groundwater potential (GWP) with a new hybrid model combining random subspace (RS) with the multilayer perception (MLP), naïve Bayes tree (NBTree), and classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms. A total of 205 spring locations were collected by integrating field surveys with data from Iran Water Resources Management, and divided into 70:30 for training and validation. Fourteen groundwater conditioning factors (GWCFs) were used as independent model inputs. Statistics such as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and five others were used to evaluate the performance of the models.
New hydrological insights for the region: The results show that all models performed well for GWP mapping (AUC > 0.8). The hybrid MLP-RS model achieved high validation scores (AUC = 0.935). The relative importance of GWCFs was revealed that slope, elevation, TRI and HAND are the most important predictors of groundwater presence. This study demonstrates that hybrid ensemble models can support sustainable management of groundwater resources.
Study focus: In this study, we mapped the groundwater potential (GWP) with a new hybrid model combining random subspace (RS) with the multilayer perception (MLP), naïve Bayes tree (NBTree), and classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms. A total of 205 spring locations were collected by integrating field surveys with data from Iran Water Resources Management, and divided into 70:30 for training and validation. Fourteen groundwater conditioning factors (GWCFs) were used as independent model inputs. Statistics such as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and five others were used to evaluate the performance of the models.
New hydrological insights for the region: The results show that all models performed well for GWP mapping (AUC > 0.8). The hybrid MLP-RS model achieved high validation scores (AUC = 0.935). The relative importance of GWCFs was revealed that slope, elevation, TRI and HAND are the most important predictors of groundwater presence. This study demonstrates that hybrid ensemble models can support sustainable management of groundwater resources.
2 Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, M.; Baumann, J. 2022. Water reuse to free up freshwater for higher-value use and increase climate resilience and water productivity. Irrigation and Drainage, 71(S1):100-109. (Special issue: Achieving Climate Resilience Through Improved Irrigation Water Management from Farm to Basin Scale) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2694]
Water reuse ; Wastewater ; Climate change adaptation ; Resilience ; Water productivity ; Freshwater ; Water transfer ; Rural urban relations ; Water allocation ; Water scarcity ; Water conservation ; Desalination ; Agriculture ; Farmers / Iran (Islamic Republic of) / Spain / Mexico / Mashhad Plain / Llobregat Delta / Durango
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050955)
(2.28 MB) (2.28 MB)
The impact of climate change on the availability of water affects all types of land use and sectors. This complexity calls for integrated water resources management and negotiations between sectors on the most important, cost-effective, and productive allocation of water where it is a limited resource. This reflection paper shows examples of adaptation efforts to water scarcity at a scale where gains in water productivity can be derived from intersectoral water reuse and wastewater–freshwater swaps, complementing other water scarcity coping strategies (water savings, long-distance transfer, and desalination). Wastewater treatment for reuse offers opportunities across scales as it allows, for example, donor regions to be compensated with reclaimed water for the release of freshwater for higher-value use, increasing overall economic water productivity in this way. In such water swaps, farmers are compensated with higher water volumes in exchange for higher quality. The reuse of water between sectors offers opportunities to (i) expand the traditional (agricultural) water productivity concept and (ii) significantly increase water productivity at the system level. While rural–urban water reallocation can help mitigate the impacts of climate change, compensating farmers with reclaimed water remains limited for the reasons discussed in the paper.
3 Karandish, F.; Nouri, H.; Schyns, J. F. 2022. Agricultural adaptation to reconcile food security and water sustainability under climate change: the case of cereals in Iran. Earth’s Future, 10(9):e2021EF002095. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002095]
Agricultural practices ; Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Food security ; Sustainability ; Cereals ; Crop yield ; Water footprint ; Water conservation ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Water availability ; Water productivity ; Crop production ; Soil water content ; Evapotranspiration ; Precipitation / Iran (Islamic Republic of)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051465)
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021EF002095
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051465.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051465.pdf
(4.19 MB) (4.19 MB)
In this study, we simulate the crop yield and water footprint (WF) of major food crops of Iran on irrigated and rainfed croplands for the historical and the future climate. We assess the effects of three agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change in terms of potential blue water savings. We then evaluate to what extent these savings can reduce unsustainable blue WF. We find that cereal production increases under climate change in both irrigated and rainfed croplands (by 2.6–3.1 and 1.4–2.3 million t yr-1, respectively) due to increased yields (6.6%–78.7%). Simultaneously, the unit WF (m3 t-1) tends to decrease in most scenarios. However, the annual consumptive water use increases in both irrigated and rainfed croplands (by 0.3–1.8 and 0.5–1.7 billion m3 yr-1, respectively). This is most noticeable in the arid regions, where consumptive water use increases by roughly 70% under climate change. Off-season cultivation is the most effective adaptation strategy to alleviate additional pressure on blue water resources with blue water savings of 14–15 billion m3 yr-1. The second most effective is WF benchmarking, which results in blue water savings of 1.1–3.5 billion m3 yr-1. The early planting strategy is less effective but still leads to blue water savings of 1.7–1.9 billion m3 yr-1. In the same order of effectiveness, these three strategies can reduce blue water scarcity and unsustainable blue water use in Iran under current conditions. However, we find that these strategies do not mitigate water scarcity in all provinces per se, nor all months of the year.
4 Pournabi, N.; Janatrostami, S.; Ashrafzadeh, A.; Mohammadi, K. 2022. Comparison of bankruptcy methods in the operation management of the Karkheh River Basin to allocate more water to the Hawr-Al-Azim Wetland. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 71(11):1263-1277. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.126]
Water resources ; Water management ; Bankruptcy ; River basins ; Water allocation ; Wetland restoration ; Water supply ; Water requirements ; Water demand ; Irrigation schemes ; Stakeholders ; Conflicts / Iran (Islamic Republic of) / Karkheh River Basin / Hawr-Al-Azim Wetland / Karkheh Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051471)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/71/11/1263/1139282/jws0711263.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051471.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051471.pdf
(0.71 MB) (730 KB)
Bankruptcy methods are straightforward practical methods to address the problem of allocating limited sources of water to different users in regions where claims exceed assets. In the present study, three levels of restoration for the Hawr-Al-Azim wetland (35, 50, and 100%) and two agricultural-related scenarios, maintaining the current cultivation area and decreasing the area under cultivation, were considered and assessed using classical bankruptcy methods. The results showed that, because of climatic conditions and agricultural demands, full wetland restoration was out of reach and led to minimum satisfaction levels for agricultural beneficiaries. The results also showed that the modified bankruptcy method led to the highest satisfaction levels for beneficiaries in the scenario of maintaining the current cultivation area. In addition, the percentage of the water supply was increased by applying the scenario of crop restriction in the conditions of the full restoration of the wetland; for example, in the Abbas Plain region, this increase was achieved by almost 10–15% in all methods. On the other hand, decreasing the area under cultivation shifted the allocation problem in the basin to a non-bankruptcy one.
5 Pahl-Wostl, C.; Lukat, E.; Stein, U.; Troltzsch, J.; Yousefi, A. 2022. Improving the socio-ecological fit in water governance by enhancing coordination of ecosystem services used. Environmental Science and Policy, 139:11-21. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.10.010]
Water governance ; Ecosystem services ; Social aspects ; Water security ; Sustainability ; Water management ; River basins ; Water supply ; Stakeholders ; Case studies / Germany / South Africa / Iran (Islamic Republic of) / Emscher Catchment / Weser-Ems Basin / uMngeni / Zayandeh-Rud Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051483)
(1.46 MB)
Water governance systems have evolved around the exploitation of provisioning ecosystem services. The overexploitation of provisioning and the degradation of regulating services have led to a decline in the capacity of ecosystems to provide any services at all. Decisions affecting water-related ecosystem services are often not made in the water sector. Governance that does not take into account ecological interdependencies lead to unsustainable use of resources. In such situations, one can speak of a misfit between interdependencies of ecosystem services and coordination processes that would allow addressing them. The article introduces an approach to identify such misfits and potential solutions to overcome them and applies the approach to case studies in Germany, South Africa and Iran. The context-sensitive analyses highlight factors that contribute to or even determine prevailing practices in water management. The fit with the pattern of ecosystem service uses was found to be higher for governance processes in practice (formal and informal) than for formal coordination instruments on paper. Actors may not lack opportunities to exchange but these are not translated into tangible coordination outcomes. To reduce trade-offs between the uses of ecosystem service, improved synergies are needed between formal and informal institutional settings. Instruments need to be tailored to local circumstances. Scope and effectiveness of local action may be limited by higher governance levels. The analyses have demonstrated that the path from improving social-ecological fit to achieving sustainability is long. Addressing institutional deficits requires transformational change rather than short-term measures for addressing isolated problems or crisis situations.
6 Laderach, P.; Merrey, D. J.; Schapendonk, F.; Dhehibi, B.; Ruckstuhl, Sandra; Mapedza, Everisto; Najjar, D.; Dessalegn, B.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Nangia, V.; Al-Zu'bi, Maha; Biradar, C.; Pacillo, G.; Govind, A.; Hakhu, A.; Yigezu, Y. A.; Gupta, T. D.; Madurga-Lopez, I.; Lahham, Nisreen; Cosgrove, B.; Joshi, Deepa; Grosjean, G.; Hugh, B.; Elmahdi, Amgad; Frija, A.; Udalagama, Upandha; Nicol, Alan. 2022. Strengthening climate security in the Middle East and North Africa Region. CGIAR FOCUS Climate Security. 80p. (Position Paper No. 2022/3)
Climate change ; Risk ; Agriculture ; Livelihoods ; Migration ; Food prices ; Transboundary waters ; Water management ; Water security ; Water scarcity ; Financing ; Monitoring ; Governance ; Gender equality ; Women's empowerment ; Capacity development / Middle East / North Africa / Morocco / Iran (Islamic Republic of) / Egypt / Jordan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051658)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/117616/MENA%20Position%20Paper.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051658.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051658.pdf
(5.27 MB) (5.27 MB)
7 Shah, Tushaar. 2023. Water-energy-food-environment nexus in action: global review of precepts and practice. Cambridge Prisms: Water, 1:e5. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/wat.2023.6]
Groundwater irrigation ; Energy consumption ; Food security ; Environmental factors ; Nexus approaches ; Water governance ; Water scarcity ; Integrated water resources management ; Solar powered irrigation systems ; Tube wells ; Pumps ; Subsidies ; Electricity ; Policies ; Climate change ; Groundwater depletion ; Water use ; Farmers / Iran (Islamic Republic of) / Saudi Arabia / Mexico / China / Bangladesh / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052151)
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/B80431BE788D3F87AEEE82E19216FA48/S2755177623000060a.pdf/water-energy-food-environment-wefe-nexus-in-action-global-review-of-precepts-and-practice.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052151.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052151.pdf
(0.73 MB) (748 KB)
Using water-energy-food-environment (WEFE) nexus as the prism, this review explores evolution of groundwater governance in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, China, Bangladesh and India – which together account for two-thirds of the global groundwater-irrigated area. Global discourse has blamed widespread water scarcity squarely on supply-side policymaking and advocated a broader template of water governance instruments. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) presented just such a template – with pricing, participation, rights and entitlements, laws, regulations, and river basin organizations – as additional water governance tools. However, the IWRM template faced disillusionment and pushback in many emerging economies. WEFE nexus, the new paradigm, prioritizes system-level optima over sectoral maxima by harnessing synergies and optimizing trade-offs between food, water, energy, soil, and eco-system sustainability within planetary boundaries. Realizing this vision presents a complex challenge in groundwater governance. Global groundwater economy comprises three sub-economies: (a) diesel-powered unregulated, as in Nepal terai, eastern India, Bangladesh, Pakistan Punjab and Sind, and much of Sub-Saharan Africa, where use-specific energy subsidies are impractical; (b) electricity-powered regulated, as in North America and Europe, where tubewells are authorized, metered and subject to consumption-linked energy charges; and (c) electricity-powered unregulated, as in geographies covered by our review – barring China, Bengal and Bangladesh – where unmeasured electricity subsidies have created a bloated groundwater economy. This last sub-economy represents the heartland of global groundwater malgovernance, least equipped to meet the sustainability challenge. It has an estimated 300 million horsepower of grid-connected electric pumps that are either unauthorized and/or unmetered and/or use free or heavily subsidized or pilfered power for irrigating 50–52 million hectares, nearly half of global groundwater-irrigated area. In (a) and (b), groundwater scarcity inspires water-energy saving behavior via increased energy cost of pumping. In sub-economy (c), users are immune to energy costs and impervious to groundwater depletion. Here, the WEFE nexus has remained blind to the irrigation realpolitik that catalyzes or constrains policy action. We explore why the political costs of rationalizing subsidies are prohibitive and exemplify how a smart transition from fossil to solar energy for pumping may offer an opportunity to turn the perverse WEFE nexus into a virtuous one.
8 Saray, M. H.; Haghighi, A. T. 2023. Energy analysis in water-energy-food-carbon nexus. Energy Nexus, 11:100223. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100223]
Energy consumption ; Renewable energy ; Analysis ; Carbon ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Fossil fuels ; Water resources ; Nexus approaches ; Land use ; Land allocation ; Sustainable development ; Food production ; Food security ; Cropping patterns ; Crop rotation ; Wheat ; Barley ; Maize ; Rapeseed ; Potatoes ; Medicago sativa ; Sugar beet ; Silage ; Conservation tillage / Iran (Islamic Republic of)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052228)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772427123000530/pdfft?md5=39360593a8e1f30b8cddb341cbb9d2e0&pid=1-s2.0-S2772427123000530-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052228.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052228.pdf
(4.62 MB) (4.62 MB)
This study evaluated the comprehensive Water-Energy-Food-Carbon Nexus (WEFC) by focusing on energy assessment in northwest Iran. The energy evaluation indices for different products were calculated by estimating the total input and output energies. Multi-objective optimization based on five individual objectives and WEFC Nexus policies was used to identify the optimal land-use allocation of wheat, barley, rapeseed, and sugar beet, silage corn, and potato while minimizing water and energy consumption and CO2 emissions, and maximizing food production and profit. The results indicate that the suggested framework provides a practical methodology for determining the optimal land-use allocation considering quantitative WEFC Nexus. To increase economic efficiency and reduce energy consumption, agricultural practices and policy recommendations should be adopted, including promoting renewable energy sources, implementing energy-saving technologies, improving fertilizer management, improving crop rotation practices, conservation tillage, and improving water management and adoption of sustainable farming practices. The results allow policymakers to optimize multiple resources and recommend the best resource allocation under recommendation policy, technology, and constraints to achieve sustainable development in agriculture.
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