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1 Idike, F. I.; Campling, P.; Gobin, A. M. L. 1992. Water resources for rural communities in Enugu and Anambra States, Nigeria: Problems and potentials. In Feyen, J.; Mwendera, E.; Badji, M. (Eds.), Advances in planning, design and management of irrigation systems as related to sustainable land use: Proceedings of an International Conference organized by the Center for Irrigation Engineering of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in cooperation with the European Committee for Water Resources Management, Leuven, Belgium, 14-17 September 1992. Vol. 2. Leuven, Belgium: Center for Irrigation Engineering. pp.697-705.

Water resources ; Rural welfare ; Policy ; Groundwater ; Agriculture ; Water harvesting ; Water delivery / Nigeria / Enugu / Anambra

(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G000 FEY Record No: H014450)

2 Breitenmoser, L.; Quesada, G. C.; Anshuman, N.; Bassi, N.; Dkhar, N. B.; Phukan, M.; Kumar, S.; Babu, A. N.; Kierstein, A.; Campling, P.; Hooijmans, C. M. 2022. Perceived drivers and barriers in the governance of wastewater treatment and reuse in India: insights from a two-round Delphi study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 182:106285. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106285]

Wastewater treatment ; Water governance ; Water reuse ; Water scarcity ; Water supply ; Water resources ; Governmental organizations ; Financing ; Monitoring ; Infrastructure ; Sewage ; Policies ; Case studies / India / Uttar Pradesh / Telangana / Maharashtra / Tamil Nadu / Kanpur / Hyderabad / Nagpur / Chennai

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051103)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344922001331/pdfft?md5=ab13d7064ea96ce034c0d4bb2b04c2bd&pid=1-s2.0-S0921344922001331-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051103.pdf

(1.94 MB) (1.94 MB)

Wastewater treatment and reuse practices are limited in India despite the known benefits of preventing water resources pollution and contributing to sustainable production and consumption systems. We identify the perceived key drivers and barriers to wastewater treatment and reuse governance in a two-round Delphi study, including literature and case study analyses and consultation with 75 panelists. Panelists indicated that the most significant driver for wastewater treatment and water reuse is persistent water scarcity that necessitates diversification to alternative water supplies. In contrast, the most significant barriers are the lack of enforcement of pollution monitoring and control, the lack of an umbrella directive for integrated water resources management, and insufficient collaboration between responsible governmental organizations, central and state water authorities. Given the absence of central guidelines, only a few Indian states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat or Punjab have adopted effective governance structures. These states showcase that defined reuse standards can create successful wastewater treatment and reuse practices but require target-based regulations which are enforced and regularly monitored and financing mechanisms for their long-term operation. The new effluent discharge standards by the National Green Tribunal, the government support programmes, and increasing water scarcity in many parts of India will supposedly drive innovative wastewater treatment and reuse structures. Panelists agreed that efforts are needed to develop technology guiding frameworks following the fit-for-purpose principle and that strengthening institutional and monitoring capacity is crucial to increase confidence in the quality of recovered water resources, create demand, and ultimately safeguard human health and the environment.