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1 Makin, Ian W.. 2004. Sustainable irrigation development. In Wijayaratna, C. M. (Ed.). Asian Productivity Organization (APO) Seminar on Linking Main System Management for Improved Irrigation Management, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3-8 June 2002. Tokyo, Japan: Asian Productivity Organization (APO). pp.39-47.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044530)
(0.14 MB)
This paper explores the issues that face irrigation in the future, drawing on recent experiences in Asia and elsewhere to illustrate some cases where interventions have fallen short of sustainable development targets. The paper argues that sustainable development is often misinterpreted and that incremental development is a more realistic model to achieve the objectives of sustainability and poverty alleviation. In the paper the focus is on irrigation as a means of achieving food security. However, effective utilization of water to achieve high productivity is a major objective, and this is now widely recognized to include enhanced rainfed agriculture and agricultural system. Therefore, the boundaries between rainfed and irrigated agriculture are becoming increasingly blurred requiring practitioners in agricultural development to have a broader perspective. The use of sustainable livelihood concepts has also changed the development canvas by bringing the analysis of the entire socioeconomic setting into focus.
2 Makin, Ian W.; Parks, Y. P.; Arriens, W. L. 2004. Supporting the development of effective and efficient river basin arganizations in Asia: a discussion of the application of organizational benchmarking approaches. Draft. Paper presented at the NARBO Consultation Workshop, Batu-Malang, Indonesia, 29-30 November 2004. 34p.
River basin development ; Development projects ; Organizations ; Performance indexes ; Stakeholders ; Water resources ; Water management / Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046365)
http://igad-hycos.org/index.php/training-materials/integrated-water-resources-management/capnet/item/download/41_57def6e5c2715df29a2b47f038f4ae00
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046365.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046365.pdf
(0.23 MB) (237 KB)
The initial work plan for the newly formed Network of Asian River Basin Organizations (NARBO) identified the development of systematic methods to support the development of effective stakeholder driven river basin organizations as one of NARBO’s priority activities. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) agreed to lead the investigation and development of appropriate supporting tools in collaboration with members of NARBO. This document is presented to facilitate discussions at stakeholder workshops amongst NARBO members. The paper is structured with a brief overview of the rapid development of river basin organizations in response to the international efforts to increase stakeholder involvement in river basin management (section 1); an introduction to the concepts and approaches to performance management introducing benchmarking and peer review (section 2); an expanded discussion of benchmarking approaches proposed as applicable to river basin organizations (section 3); and a model for the development and implementation of a comprehensive benchmarking service for use by river basin organizations that seeks to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their service delivery (section 4). Section five summarizes the discussions and presents brief conclusions. The draft report includes three annexes. Annex 1 discusses the objectives of the inclusion of Peer Review as a core component of the Benchmarking initiative. Annex 2 presents a outline functional specification for a demonstration implementation of a web-enabled benchmarking service. Annex 3 presents examples of Performance indicators used in the Irrigation benchmarking service and also the Common Assessment Framework.
3 Makin, Ian W.; Manthrithilake, Herath. 2015. Sustainable intensification of agriculture with sustainable irrigated agroecosystem services. Paper presented at the International Network for Water and Ecosystems in Paddy Fields (INWEPF) Symposium 2015 on Achieving the Goals of Food security in Sustainable Paddy Water Ecosystems, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3-5 November 2015. 13p.
Sustainable agriculture ; Agroecosystems ; Ecosystem services ; Intensification ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigated land ; Irrigation systems ; Landscape ; Investment ; Food security ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Rice
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047277)
(0.26 MB)
Irrigated agriculture is undeniably a significant modification to natural ecosystems, and one which has not been without significant adverse impacts on the ecology and hydrology of the landscapes and river basins in which irrigation systems are located. A lack of consideration for broader ecosystem service values during planning, implementation and subsequent operation of irrigation projects may explain the underperformance of investments in irrigation systems. In many cases, this has arisen because irrigation schemes have been designed for a single purpose (intensification or increase) of agricultural production without due consideration being given to other ecosystem functions, and in isolation from the landscape of the entire catchment.
Large-scale irrigation systems (LSIS) and smaller, often community managed, systems have been a central component in the food security of the population in much of Asia3, and these systems are expected to make increased contributions to food security and improved livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Irrigation has been an essential input to agriculture to meet the fast-increasing demand for food and is also a contributor to poverty reduction. Future population growth and economic development means that the increasing demand for food must be expected to continue, and it is projected that intensified irrigated agriculture will have to provide about 60% of the extra food needed (World Bank, 2007). Yet, the expansion of irrigated areas has slowed, rates of productivity improvement are slowing, and water availability for irrigation is being constrained by alternate demands for water. Simultaneously, concerns over loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems have increased, resulting in the increasing examination of the sustainability of agricultural value chains and the role of agriculture in the landscape.
The core objective of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), is to promote the sustainable intensification of agriculture through evidence-based research and policy development. Fundamental to the achievement of this goal is the application and uptake of an ecosystem services and resilience-based approach.
This paper presents an ecosystem service-based approach to sustainable intensification of irrigated agriculture, highlighting approaches to guide research, policy development and strategies to stimulate ecosystem-inclusive management of irrigated agriculture. The concepts of ecosystem services are reasonably well established. However, attempts to develop ecosystem-inclusive management of LSIS is new.
Large-scale irrigation systems (LSIS) and smaller, often community managed, systems have been a central component in the food security of the population in much of Asia3, and these systems are expected to make increased contributions to food security and improved livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Irrigation has been an essential input to agriculture to meet the fast-increasing demand for food and is also a contributor to poverty reduction. Future population growth and economic development means that the increasing demand for food must be expected to continue, and it is projected that intensified irrigated agriculture will have to provide about 60% of the extra food needed (World Bank, 2007). Yet, the expansion of irrigated areas has slowed, rates of productivity improvement are slowing, and water availability for irrigation is being constrained by alternate demands for water. Simultaneously, concerns over loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems have increased, resulting in the increasing examination of the sustainability of agricultural value chains and the role of agriculture in the landscape.
The core objective of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), is to promote the sustainable intensification of agriculture through evidence-based research and policy development. Fundamental to the achievement of this goal is the application and uptake of an ecosystem services and resilience-based approach.
This paper presents an ecosystem service-based approach to sustainable intensification of irrigated agriculture, highlighting approaches to guide research, policy development and strategies to stimulate ecosystem-inclusive management of irrigated agriculture. The concepts of ecosystem services are reasonably well established. However, attempts to develop ecosystem-inclusive management of LSIS is new.
4 Makin, Ian W.. 2016. Irrigation infrastructure for sustainable and improved agricultural productivity. Topic Guide. Hertfordshire, UK: Evidence on Demand. 64p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.12774/eod_tg.september2016.makinIW]
Irrigation management ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation efficiency ; Irrigated farming ; Sustainable agriculture ; Productivity ; Investment ; Population growth ; Food production ; Food security ; Food supply ; Gender ; Water resources ; Climate change ; Multiple use ; Smallholders ; Stakeholders ; Solar energy ; Participatory management ; Land ownership ; Land resources ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Case studies / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047802)
http://www.evidenceondemand.info/Core/DownloadDoc.aspx?documentID=1063&contentID=5313
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047802.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047802.pdf
(1.61 MB)
5 Aheeyar, Mohamed; Manthrithilake, Herath; Pathmarajah, S.; Makin, Ian W.. 2016. Groundwater development through sprinkler irrigation: consequences of a lack of a governance structure in Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka. In Pathmarajah, S. (Ed.). Symposium Proceedings of Groundwater Availability and Use in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 22 July 2016. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: Cap-Net Lanka; University of Peradeniya. Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA). pp.115-127.
Groundwater development ; Groundwater depletion ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water resources ; Water use efficiency ; Water demand ; Water scarcity ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Irrigation efficiency ; Irrigation water ; Governance ; Farmers ; Farming systems ; Cropping systems ; Intensification ; Living standards ; Arid zones ; Cultivated land ; Aquifers / Sri Lanka / Kalpitiya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048018)
Groundwater provides nearly 100 % of the water supplies in some districts of Sri Lanka and is a major source of domestic water in all other districts. However, the resource remains largely neglected and invisible to society and policymakers. Groundwater offers the advantage of being a more reliable and readily available resource for agriculture, and offers the basis for a ‘silent revolution’ in many areas. A groundwater-supported agricultural boom has, while imparting a large number of benefits, created its own set of obstinate problems, including over-exploitation and depletion of groundwater resources. In some districts, over-exploitation is putting the livelihoods of farmers that have come to depend on groundwater resources in jeopardy.
Micro-irrigation technologies have been widely promoted as a means of reducing water demand by enhancing farm-level water-use efficiency. These technologies are proven to improve irrigation uniformity; increase irrigation application efficiency, by reducing soil evaporation and seepage losses; and increase crop productivity. It is assumed that using these technologies will enable water to be reallocated for other uses. The Government of Sri Lanka has made repeated attempts to promote micro-irrigation as a means of improving irrigation performance to minimize water scarcity in areas of the Dry Zone. These attempts have involved providing substantial heavy subsidies, but have met with little success in terms of adoption of ‘professionally designed’ installations. However, in Kalpitiya, farmers have adopted a locally designed sprinkler technology within a short period of time without subsidies and professional design inputs.
This paper reviews the evolving agricultural boom as a result of groundwater and sprinkler irrigation that has occurred on the Kalpitiya peninsula. The development of a farmer-led sprinkler technology is assessed with reference to improving livelihoods of the people, and the potential consequences on sustainable management of groundwater resources. The experiences in Kalpitiya show that, in the absence of effective groundwater governance and policies, supported with appropriate institutions, micro-irrigation has enabled the expansion of the cultivated area and crop intensification. This has increased, rather than decreased, net water use on the peninsula. The estimated increase in water withdrawals is 14,490 m3/ha /y. This indicates that promoting efficient technologies alone is not sufficient to achieve water savings, which requires control of overall abstractions and recharge levels to stabilize aquifer storage. In the absence of an appropriate regulatory framework and lack of political will to manage groundwater, it is recommended that the social framework and community governance arrangements are developed and strengthened to enable sustainable use of groundwater resources.
Micro-irrigation technologies have been widely promoted as a means of reducing water demand by enhancing farm-level water-use efficiency. These technologies are proven to improve irrigation uniformity; increase irrigation application efficiency, by reducing soil evaporation and seepage losses; and increase crop productivity. It is assumed that using these technologies will enable water to be reallocated for other uses. The Government of Sri Lanka has made repeated attempts to promote micro-irrigation as a means of improving irrigation performance to minimize water scarcity in areas of the Dry Zone. These attempts have involved providing substantial heavy subsidies, but have met with little success in terms of adoption of ‘professionally designed’ installations. However, in Kalpitiya, farmers have adopted a locally designed sprinkler technology within a short period of time without subsidies and professional design inputs.
This paper reviews the evolving agricultural boom as a result of groundwater and sprinkler irrigation that has occurred on the Kalpitiya peninsula. The development of a farmer-led sprinkler technology is assessed with reference to improving livelihoods of the people, and the potential consequences on sustainable management of groundwater resources. The experiences in Kalpitiya show that, in the absence of effective groundwater governance and policies, supported with appropriate institutions, micro-irrigation has enabled the expansion of the cultivated area and crop intensification. This has increased, rather than decreased, net water use on the peninsula. The estimated increase in water withdrawals is 14,490 m3/ha /y. This indicates that promoting efficient technologies alone is not sufficient to achieve water savings, which requires control of overall abstractions and recharge levels to stabilize aquifer storage. In the absence of an appropriate regulatory framework and lack of political will to manage groundwater, it is recommended that the social framework and community governance arrangements are developed and strengthened to enable sustainable use of groundwater resources.
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