Your search found 66 records
1 Lal, R.; Kimble, J.M.; Follett, R.F.; Cole, C.V. 1998. The potential for U.S. cropland to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. USA: Ann Arbor Press. xv, 128p. :ill ;26 cm.
(Location: IWMI-SEA Call no: 574.52 G430 LAL Record No: BKK-306)
2 Pretty, J. N.; Noble, Andrew; Bossio, Deborah; Dixon, J.; Hine, R. E.; Penning de Vries, Frits; Morison, J. I. L. 2006. Resource-conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(4):1114 -1119.
Sustainable agriculture ; Developing countries ; Crop yield ; Farming systems ; Water use efficiency ; Ecosystems ; Environmental effects ; Carbon ; Tillage ; Pesticides
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 338.1 G000 PRE Record No: H038192)
3 Telmer, K. H.; Costa, M. P. F. 2007. SAR-based estimates of the size distribution of lakes in Brazil and Canada: A tool for investigating carbon in lakes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 17(3):289-304.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 7887 Record No: H040097)
4 Rumpel, C.; Gonzalez-Perez, J. A.; Bardoux, G.; Largeau, C.; Gonzalez-Vila, F. J.; Valentin, Christian. 2007. Composition and reactivity of morphologically distinct charred materials left after slash-and- burn practices in agricultural tropical soils. Organic Geochemistry, 38:911–920.
Forest soils ; Nitrogen ; Carbon ; Shifting cultivation ; Forest fires ; Wildfires / Laos / Houay Pano watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 630 G708 RUM Record No: H040753)
The composition of black carbon (BC) was studied up to now using laboratory experiments, which often fail to reproduce conditions occurring in natural fires. We sampled plant material and two BC fractions produced during slash and burn agriculture from two adjacent sites. A coarse fraction (CF), most probably derived from twigs and stems, was differentiated from lighter, fluffy fine material (FF). The samples were analysed for elemental and isotopic composition and their reactivity using acid hydrolysis and acid dichromate oxidation. The chemical composition of the samples was studied by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy and analytical pyrolysis. The lignin content of the samples was determined after CuO oxidation. The two BC fractions were higher in carbon than the plant material. On an ash-free basis the CF and FF sampled from the two different sites had remarkably similar elemental contents. Stable isotope ratios of carbon showed enrichment or depletion depending on the morphological fraction under C3 vegetation. The ratios tended to be depleted in 13C with regards to the plant material in both fractions for samples taken under C4 vegetation. The reactivity of BC towards dichromate oxidation and acid hydrolysis was lower for CF compared to FF. 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy showed that BC fractions were aromatic but could also show substantial contribution from alkyl and O-alkyl C. Analytical pyrolysis and CuO oxidation indicated that part of the lignin backbone was remaining in all BC
5 Phan, Ha Hai An; Orange, Didier; Huon, S.; Henry des Tureaux, Thierry; Pham Van Rinh; Tran, Thi My Linh; Podwojewski Pascal. 2007. Evolution des teneurs en carbone organique et azote dans les matieres en suspension des eaux de surface d’un petit bassin versant agricole sur pente dans le Nord Vietnam. In French. [Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in the suspended matters of surface waters within a small agricultural watershed on sloping lands in Northern Vietnam]. Gestion integree des eaux et des sols : ressources, amenagements et risques en milieux ruraux et urbains, Editions AUF et IRD, Hanoi, Actes des Premieres Journees Scientifiques Inter-Reseaux de l’AUF, Hanoi, 6-9 novembre 2007. 6p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H040805)
This study deals with the organic carbon concentration and nitrogen concentration inside the suspended particulate matter transported by the small rivers with a watershed area below 10 ha and totally enclosed on sloping lands. The scientific purpose is to determine if these two components of soil losses from erosion process on topsoil could be used as tracers for the organic matter to point out the surface water pathway during one peak flow. The fluctuations in POC content, in C/N rate and in ?13C isotopic rate are no linked with the vegetation species on the sloping land during the process of surface runoff until the runoff collect in the small stream. However their absolute values are characteristic of each kind of vegetation cover. Then our results allow assuming that the mix of chemical tracers such as pH, water conductivity, organic carbon and nitrogen content in sediment with the associate measurements of ?13C isotopic component can be used to analyze the surface water pathway within a small sloping watershed during one peak flow. The next step will be the calculation of hydrological components of the hydrogram in relationship with the water pathway by the mixed equation use applied to the ?13C isotopic component of the organic matter form the sediments and from their corresponding soils.
6 Noble, Andrew; Suzuki, S.; Soda, Wannipa; Ruaysoongnern, S.; Berthelsen, S. 2008. Soil acidification and carbon storage in fertilized pastures of Northeast Thailand. Geoderma, 144: 248–255.
Soil texture ; Soil properties ; Sandy soils ; Acidification ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Carbon ; Pastures ; Feeds ; Andropogon gayanus ; Stylosanthes guianensis / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.4 G750 NOB Record No: H040921)
7 Zomer, R. J.; Trabucco, Antonio; Bossio, Deborah A.; Verchot, L. V. 2008. Climate change mitigation: a spatial analysis of global land suitability for clean development mechanism afforestation and reforestation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 126: 67-80.
Climate change ; Land degradation ; Afforestation ; Reforestation ; Land use ; Models ; Trees ; Forests ; Carbon
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.75152 G000 ZOM Record No: H041201)
Within the Kyoto Protocol, the clean development mechanism (CDM) is an instrument intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while assisting developing countries in achieving sustainable development, with the multiple goals of poverty reduction, environmental benefits and cost-effective emission reductions. The CDM allows for a small percentage of emission reduction credits to come from afforestation and reforestation (CDM-AR) projects. We conducted a global analysis of land suitability for CDM-AR carbon ‘sink’ projects and identified large amounts of land (749 Mha) as biophysically suitable and meeting the CDM-AR eligibility criteria. Forty-six percent of all the suitable areas globally were found in South America and 27% in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Asia, despite the larger land mass, relatively less land was available. In South America and Sub-Saharan Africa the majority of the suitable land was shrubland/grassland or savanna. In Asia the majority of the land was low-intensity agriculture. The sociologic and ecological analyses showed that large amounts of suitable land exhibited relatively low population densities. Many of the most marginal areas were eliminated due to high aridity, which resulted in a generally Gaussian distribution of land productivity classes. If the cap on CDM-AR were raised to compensate for a substantially greater offset of carbon emission through sink projects, this study suggests that it will be increasingly important to consider implications on local to regional food security and local community livelihoods.
8 Matine, A.; Andres, E.; Rodriguez, C. 2008. A plan for redressing climatic change. AGPME info, Zaragoza, Spain: Asociación General de Productores de Maíz de España (AGPME) April 2008: 11p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8009 Record No: H041306)
9 Boye, A.; Albrecht, A. 2005. Runoff and erosion control under improved fallows in western Kenya. In Swallow, B.; Okono, N.; Achouri, M.; Tennyson, L. (Eds.). Preparing for the next generation of watershed management programmes and projects: Africa. Proceedings of the African Regional Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 8-10 October 2003. Rome, Italy: FAO. pp.71-81.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 100 SWA Record No: H041312)
10 Mitra, S.; Wassmann, R.; Vlek, P. L. G. 2003. Global inventory of wetlands and their role in the carbon cycle. Bonn, Germany: Center for Development Research. 44p. (ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy 64)
Wetlands ; Classification ; Surveys ; Climate change ; Carbon Cycle ; Water storage ; Groundwater recharge ; Soil properties ; Carbon ; Databases
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041352)
http://www.zef.de/fileadmin/webfiles/downloads/zef_dp/zef_dp64.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041352.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041352.pdf
11 Mastny, L. (Comp.) 2009. State of the world 2009: into a warming world. Washington, DC, USA: Worldwatch Institute. 204p.
Climate change ; Risks ; Environmental policy ; Public policy ; Sea level ; Drought ; Water supply ; Farming ; Soils ; Cropping systems ; Livestock ; Forest management ; Land use ; Environmental effects ; Carbon ; Women ; Technology transfer ; Energy ; Employment ; Glossaries ; Term list
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041838)
12 Scherr, S. J.; Sthapit, S. 2009. Mitigating climate change through food and land use. Washington, D.C., USA: Worldwatch Institute. 50p. (Worldwatch Report 179)
Climate change ; Land use ; Greenhouse gases ; Carbon ; Methane ; Deforestation ; Habitats ; Organic fertilizers ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Cropping systems ; Farming systems ; Livestock
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042175)
(1.18 MB)
13 Jouquet, Pascal; Henry des Tureaux, Thierry; Mathieu, J.; Doan Thu, Thuy; Toan, Tran Duc; Orange, Didier. 2010. Utilization of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantify the impact of earthworms on soil and carbon erosion in steep slope ecosystem: a study case in northern Vietnam. Catena, 81(2):113-116. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.01.010]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042814)
(0.65 MB)
This work focuses on a new approach to quantify the effects of above-ground earthworm's activity on soil erosion in steep slope ecosystems such as in Northern Vietnam. In these areas and in many others in the world, soil erosion becomes a major issue while the factors that determine it are still misunderstood. Earthworm's activity is believed to influence soil erosion rate, but we are still unable to precisely quantify their contribution to soil erosion. In this study, we used Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantify the proportion of soil aggregate in eroded soil coming from earthworm activity. This was done by generating NIRS signatures corresponding to different soil surface aggregates (above-ground soil casts produced by earthworms vs. surrounding topsoil). In order to test the proposed approach, we compared the NIRS-signature of eroded soil sediments to those of earthworms' casts and of the surrounding soils. Our results strongly supported that NIRS spectra might be used as “fingerprints” to identify the origin of soil aggregates. Although earthworms are generally assumed to play a favorable role in promoting soil fertility and ecosystem services, this method shows that cast aggregates constitute about 36 and 77% of sediments in two tropical plantations, Paspalum atratumand Panicum maximum plantations, respectively. In light with these results, we estimated that earthworms led to an annual loss of 3.3 and 15.8 kg of carbon ha-1 yr-1, respectively in P. atratum and P. maximum agroecosystems.
14 Leal Filho, W. (Ed.) 2011. Experiences of climate change adaptation in Africa. London, UK: Springer. 315p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Mapping ; Economic value ; Wildlife ; Rain ; Rainfed farming ; Disasters ; Risk reduction ; Policy ; Case studies ; Indigenous knowledge ; Food security ; Pastoralism ; Grazing lands ; Lowland ; Decentralization ; Drought ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Ecosystems ; Solar energy ; Soil analysis ; Erosion ; Carbon ; Statistical analysis ; Research projects ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Environmental effects ; Ecosystems ; Models / Africa / Tanzania / Kenya / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara / Zambia / Nigeria / Kilombero Ramsar Site / Nandi District / Keiyo District / Samburu East District / Tigray / Zanzibar / Mount Kenya Ecosystem
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G100 LEA Record No: H044413)
(0.34 MB)
15 Leal Filho, W. (Ed.) 2011. Experiences of climate change adaptation in Africa. London, UK: Springer. 315p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Mapping ; Economic value ; Wildlife ; Rain ; Rainfed farming ; Disasters ; Risk reduction ; Policy ; Case studies ; Indigenous knowledge ; Food security ; Pastoralism ; Grazing lands ; Lowland ; Decentralization ; Drought ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Ecosystems ; Solar energy ; Soil analysis ; Erosion ; Carbon ; Statistical analysis ; Research projects ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Environmental effects ; Ecosystems ; Models / Africa / Tanzania / Kenya / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara / Zambia / Nigeria / Kilombero Ramsar Site / Nandi District / Keiyo District / Samburu East District / Tigray / Zanzibar / Mount Kenya Ecosystem
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G100 LEA c2 Record No: H044416)
(0.35 MB)
16 Wichelns, Dennis. 2011. Virtual water and water footprints compelling notions, but notably flawed. Reaction to two articles regarding the virtual water concept by E. Gawel; K. Bernsen, GAIA 20(3):162-167 and A. Biewald, GAIA 20(3):168-170. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 20(3):171-175.
Water management ; Virtual water ; Water footprint ; Carbon ; Ecology ; International trade ; Water scarcity ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects ; Water policy
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044488)
http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/oekom/09405550/v20n3/s7.pdf?expires=1320733349&id=65501192&titleid=6690&accname=Guest+User&checksum=F829ED18C3BAFB9BC32823A4A8D3C634
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044488.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044488.pdf
(0.12 MB) (121.52KB)
The notions of virtual water and water footprints appear frequently in the popular literature and also in scholarly journals. Many authors describe the “flows of virtual water” around the planet in the form of internationally traded goods and services. Some authors calculate the national “water savings” or “water losses” that occur through “virtual water trade” (Oki and Ka - nae 2004, Chapagain et al. 2006 a, Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007, Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2010), while others assign responsibil - ity for environmental degradation in one country to residents of the importers of that country’s agricultural exports (Chapagain et al. 2006 b,Van Oel et al. 2009). Often the importers are located thousands of miles away. A natural extension of the virtual water literature has been the calculation of internal and external water footprints. Some authors suggest these provide useful insight regarding the impacts of consumers in one country on the water resources of another. While water can be viewed as an international resource, partic - ularly in areas where countries share rivers, aquifers, and water - sheds, water scarcity is largely a local and regional phenomenon. Water scarcity arises when the demands on local and regional re sources exceed the available supply.While acknowledging im - por tant issues regarding transboundary resources, generally there is little relationship between water consumption in one region and water scarcity in another. For example, changes in water con sump tion habits in New York will have little impact, if any, on water scarcity conditions in Beijing. Comparing or summing the water footprints of consumers in each city provides no helpful insight regarding the causes of water scarcity or the policies that might be implemented to improve resource management in either location. It is not helpful to suggest that consumers in New York are consuming an unfair portion of the world’s water resources simply because their per capita water footprint exceeds that of the residents of Beijing or any other city.
17 Reed, C. 2009. Where sinking land meets rising water. Global Change, 74:32-35.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044708)
http://www.igbp.net/download/18.1b8ae20512db692f2a680007108/NL74-deltas.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044708.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044708.pdf
(0.35 MB) (354.47 KB)
18 Lewandrowski, J.; Jones, C. 2006. Is carbon sequestration in agriculture economically feasible? Amber Waves, July:36.
Carbon ; Agriculture ; Economic aspects ; Greenhouse gases ; Vegetation ; Land use ; Tillage ; Forests
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044775)
http://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/april04/pdf/findingsResourcesEnvironment.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044775.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044775.pdf
(0.31 MB) (522.97 KB)
19 Karimi, Poolad; Qureshi, Asad Sarwar; Bahramloo, R.; Molden, David. 2012. Reducing carbon emissions through improved irrigation and groundwater management: a case study from Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 108:52-60. (Special issue on "Irrigation efficiency and productivity: scales, systems and science" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.09.001]
Water resources ; Water management ; Groundwater management ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water use ; Water productivity ; Water balance ; Pumping ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Carbon ; Case studies ; Crops ; Yields ; River basins ; Energy consumption ; Models / Iran / Gamasiab River Basin / Karkheh River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044810)
(0.93 MB)
Groundwater irrigation consumes considerable energy as well as water resources across the globe. Using a case study from Iran, this paper explores how enhanced farm water management can help in reducing groundwater exploitation and subsequently limiting energy consumption and the carbon footprint of the groundwater economy. Groundwater use for irrigated agriculture in Iran has increased vastly over the last three decades. We estimate that groundwater pumping consumes 20.5 billion kWh electricity and 2 billion liters of diesel and contributes to 3.6% of the total carbon emission of the country. Thus there is an opportunity to reduce energy use and carbon emissions by pumping less water. However, groundwater use remains important for food security. To identify opportunities for water conservation within agricultural elds, the SWAP model was applied to simulate crop growth and eld water balance for three major irrigated crops, i.e. wheat, maize, and sugar beet in the Gamasiab River Basin, one of the highest groundwater using irrigated areas of Iran. The model simulations showed that by adopting improved irrigation schedules and improving farm application ef ciencies, water productivity will increase, and irrigation water withdrawals from groundwater can be reduced signi cantly with no reduction in yields. While these improvementsmay ormay not resultinwater saving and retarding the groundwater decline, depending on the fate of excess application, they will have signi cant water quality, energy, and carbon implications. Such reduction in irrigation application can result in 40% decline in energy consumption and subsequently carbon emission of groundwater use.
20 Hanjra, M. A.; Blackwell, J.; Carr, G.; Zhang, F.; Jackson, T. M. 2012. Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: implications for water governance and public policy. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 215(3):255-269. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.003]
Wastewater irrigation ; Risks ; Environmental health ; Water governance ; Public policy ; Water demand ; Climate change ; Carbon ; Urbanization ; Poverty ; Crop production ; Nutrients ; Public health ; Economic analysis ; Social aspects ; Soil salinity ; Aquaculture
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045598)
(0.24 MB)
Climate change is a large-scale and emerging environmental risk. It challenges environmental health and the sustainability of global development. Wastewater irrigation can make a sterling contribution to reducing water demand, recycling nutrients, improving soil health and cutting the amount of pollutants discharged into the waterways. However, the resource must be carefully managed to protect the environment and public health. Actions promoting wastewater reuse are every where, yet the frameworks for the protection of human health and the environment are lacking in most developing countries. Global change drivers including climate change, population growth, urbanization, income growth, improvements in living standard, industrialization, and energy intensive lifestyle will all heighten water management challenges. Slowing productivity growth, falling investment in irrigation, loss of biodiversity, risks to public health, environmental health issues such as soil salinity, land degradation, land cover change and water quality issues add an additional layer of complexity. Against this backdrop, the potential for wastewater irrigation and its benefits and risks are examined. These include crop productivity, aquaculture, soil health, groundwater quality, environmental health, public health, infrastructure constraints, social concerns and risks, property values, social equity, and poverty reduction. It is argued that, wastewater reuse and nutrient capture can contribute towards climate change adaptation and mitigation. Benefits such as avoided freshwater pumping and energy savings, fertilizer savings, phosphorous capture and prevention of mineral fertilizer extraction from mines can reduce carbon footprint and earn carbon credits. Wastewater reuse in agriculture reduces the water footprint of food production on the environment; it also entails activities such as higher crop yields and changes in cropping patterns, which also reduce carbon footprint. However, there is a need to better integrate water reuse into core water governance frameworks in order to effectively address the challenges and harness the potential of this vital resource for environmental health protection. The paper also presents a blueprint for future water governance and public policies for the protection of environmental health.
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