Your search found 13 records
1 Dorea, C. C.; Clarke, B. A. 2006. Performance of a water clarifier in Gonaives, Haiti. Waterlines, 24(3):22-24.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H038509)
2 Wijenayake, N. A. J.; Alahakoon, P. M. K. 2005. Development of a cost-effective turbidimeter. In Galagedara, L. W. (Ed.). Water resources research in Sri Lanka: Symposium Proceedings of the Water Professional’s Day 2005. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: PGIA. pp.53-62.
Water quality ; Monitoring ; Turbidity ; Measuring instruments ; Water pollution ; Soil erosion / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G744 GAL Record No: H040705)
3 Sengupta, M. E.; Keraita, Bernard; Olsen, A.; Boateng, Osei K.; Thamsborg, S. M.; Palsdottir, G. R.; Dalsgaard, A. 2012. Use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water. Water Research, 46(11):3646-3656. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.011]
Irrigation water ; Wastewater ; Moringa oleifera ; Helminths ; Turbidity ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Statistical methods / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044902)
(0.85 MB)
Water from wastewater-polluted streams and dug-outs is the most commonly used water source for irrigation in urban farming in Ghana, but helminth parasite eggs in the water represent health risks when used for crop production. Conventional water treatment is expensive, requires advanced technology and often breaks down in less developed countries so low cost interventions are needed. Field and laboratory based trials were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extracts in reducing helminh eggs and turbidity in irrigation water, turbid water, wastewater and tap water. In medium to high turbid water MO extracts were effective in reducing the number of helminth eggs by 94e99.5% to 1e2 eggs per litre and the turbidity to 7e11 NTU which is an 85e96% reduction. MO is readily available in many tropical countries and can be used by farmers to treat high turbid water for irrigation, however, additional improvements of water quality, e.g. by sand filtration, is suggested to meet the guideline value of 1 helminth egg per litre and a turbidity of 2 NTU as recommended by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for water intended for irrigation. A positive correlation was established between reduction in turbidity and helminth eggs in irrigation water, turbid water and wastewater treated with MO. This indicates that helminth eggs attach to suspended particles and/or flocs facilitated by MO in the water, and that turbidity and helminth eggs are reduced with the settling flocs. However, more experiments with water samples containing naturally occurring helminth eggs are needed to establish whether turbidity can be used as a proxy for helminth eggs.
4 Amarathunga, A. A. D.; Sureshkumar, N. 2013. An assessment of the water quality in major streams of the Madu Ganga catchment and pollution loads draining into the Madu Ganga from its own catchment. Journal of the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency of Sri Lanka, 42:27-46.
Water quality ; Rivers ; Water pollution ; Pollutant load ; Freshwater ; Catchment areas ; Lagoons ; Surface water ; Nutrients ; Nitrate nitrogen ; Ammonia nitrogen ; Phosphates ; Turbidity ; Sedimentary materials ; Rain ; Land use / Sri Lanka / Galle / Madu Ganga / Lenagala Ela / Arawavilla Ela / Bogaha Ela / Magala Ela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8157 Record No: H047151)
(2.87 MB)
The Madu Ganga Lagoon is located in the Southern Coast, Northwest of the city of Galle within the Galle District. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pollution status of the lagoon and the contribution of the land base pollutants from the catchment of the Madu Ganga. Selected water quality parameters were measured at monthly intervals at twelve sampling locations in the catchment. Certain parameters such as salinity (2.2 ± 1.7 ppt), oil & grease (8.5 ± 6.5 mg/L), total suspended solids (16.1 ± 12.3 mg/L), and turbidity (20.1 ± 12.5 NTU) are found to be elevated levels when compared with water quality standards. The study revealed that the Lenagala Ela brought a high nutrient load (426.7 kg/day) into Madu Ganga and Arawavilla Ela, Magala Ela and Bogaha Ela also contributed significantly. The highest nutrient loads were found with the onset of the Northeast Monsoon during November to January. The increase in nutrient loads is attributed to the fertilizers added to the soil with the commencement of the major paddy cultivation season.
5 Khadse, G. K.; Patni, P. M.; Labhasetwar, P. K. 2016. Water quality assessment of Chenab River and its tributaries in Jammu Kashmir (India) based on WQI [Water Quality Index]. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2(2):121-126. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-016-0046-7]
Water quality ; Water pollution ; Assessment ; Rivers ; Tributaries ; Bacteriological analysis ; Chemicophysical properties ; Faecal coliforms ; pH ; Turbidity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Nitrates ; Total dissolved solids ; Phosphates / India / Jammu and Kashmir / Chenab River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047910)
(1.06 MB)
An assessment of the water quality has been carried out to explore the water quality index (WQI) of Chenab river and its tributaries in Jammu Kashmir (India). Fourteen water samples from Chenab river and its tributaries at various locations were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. Nine parameters i.e. BOD, DO, fecal coliforms, nitrate, pH, temperature change, TDS, total phosphate and turbidity were considered for calculating the WQI based on National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) information system. The WQI showed good water quality, except Bichleri stream water indicating that water of Chenab river and its tributaries are least polluted and is suitable for drinking after conventional treatment. The WQI rating of Bichleri stream water is medium as it carries wastewater and may not be useful for domestic use without treatment.
6 Bassi, N.; Kumar, M. D. 2017. Water quality index as a tool for wetland restoration. Water Policy, 19(3):390-403. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.099]
Water quality ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Wetlands ; Lake restoration ; Water resources ; Anthropogenic factors ; Wastewater ; Pollutant load ; Faecal coliforms ; Temperature ; pH ; Dissolved oxygen ; Turbidity ; Total dissolved solids ; Phosphates ; Nitrates ; Urban areas ; Land use / India / Delhi / Lake Bhalswa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048185)
(0.31 MB)
Worldwide, wetlands are subjected to increasing anthropogenic pressures resulting in loss of their hydrological and ecological functions. Such impacts are more pronounced in the case of wetlands in urban areas which are exposed to land use changes and increased economic activities. In many Indian cities, natural water bodies such as lakes are heavily polluted due to runoff from farmlands in urban and peri-urban areas and discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. The major constraint for restoring such water bodies is difficulty in devising a concrete action plan for analysing different sets of water quality parameters. Hence, a water quality index (WQI), which is a tool to analyse large amounts of data on different water quality parameters, is computed for one of the biggest natural lakes in the metropolitan city of Delhi. The mean WQI of the lake was estimated to be 46.27, which indicates a high level of water pollution. The paper discusses how these findings can be used for informing policies on management of wetlands. The paper also suggests establishment of a community based water quality monitoring and surveillance system, backed by infrastructural support from the State, in order to restore the wetlands in urban areas.
7 Bakare, B. F.; Mtsweni, S.; Rathilal, S. 2017. Characteristics of greywater from different sources within households in a community in Durban, South Africa. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 7(4):520-528. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.092]
Wastewater treatment ; Biological treatment of pollutants ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Chemicophysical properties ; Pollutant load ; Turbidity ; pH ; Total solids ; Communities ; Households / South Africa / Durban
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048444)
(0.25 MB) (260 KB)
The reuse of greywater is steadily gaining importance in South Africa. Greywater contains pollutants that could have adverse effects on the environment and public health if the water is not treated before reuse. Successful implementation of any greywater treatment process depends largely on its characteristics in terms of the pollutant strength. This study investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of greywater from different sources within 75 households in a community in Durban, South Africa. The study was undertaken to create an understanding of greywater quality from different sources within and between households. Greywater samples were collected from the kitchen, laundry and bathing facilities within each of the households. The samples were analysed for: pH, conductivity, turbidity, total solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). There was a significant difference in the parameters analysed between the greywater from the kitchen compared with the greywater from the bathtub/shower and laundry. It was also observed that the characteristics of greywater from the different households varied considerably. The characteristics of the greywater obtained in this study suggest that the greywater generated cannot be easily treatable using biological treatment processes and/or technologies due to the very low mean BOD : COD ratio (<0.5).
8 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Albers, J. 2018. Sediment. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H. (Eds.). More people, more food, worse water?: a global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.111-123.
Sediment pollution ; Agriculture ; Soils ; Erosion ; Surface water ; Aquatic environment ; Sediment yield ; Turbidity ; Chemical contamination ; Reservoirs ; Rivers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048860)
(604 KB)
9 Muoio, R.; Caretti, C.; Rossi, L.; Santianni, D.; Lubello, C. 2020. Water safety plans and risk assessment: a novel procedure applied to treated water turbidity and gastrointestinal diseases. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 223(1):281-288. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.008]
Drinking water treatment ; Risk assessment ; Public health ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Water quality ; Turbidity ; Water treatment plants ; Water supply ; Filtration / Italy / Tuscany
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049489)
(1.42 MB)
Water Safety Plans (WSPs), as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), can help drinking water suppliers to identify potential hazards related to drinking water and enable improvements in public health outcomes. In this study we propose a procedure to evaluate the health risk related to turbidity in finished water by determining the cases of drinking water-related gastrointestinal diseases. The results of several epidemiological studies and three-year time series turbidity data, coming from three different drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) located in Tuscany (Italy), have been used to determine the relationship between drinking water turbidity and gastroenteritis incidence and to assess the health risk attributable to the turbidity of tap water. The turbidity variation occurring in the treated water during the monitored period showed an incremental risk compared to the baseline value from 9% to 27% in the three WTPs.
Risk reduction due to each treatment step was also evaluated and it was found that a complete treatment train (clari-flocculation, sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and multi-step disinfection) reduces risk by over 600 times. Our approach is a useful tool for water suppliers to quantify health risks by considering time series data on turbidity at WTPs and to make decisions regarding risk management measures.
Risk reduction due to each treatment step was also evaluated and it was found that a complete treatment train (clari-flocculation, sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and multi-step disinfection) reduces risk by over 600 times. Our approach is a useful tool for water suppliers to quantify health risks by considering time series data on turbidity at WTPs and to make decisions regarding risk management measures.
10 Abunaser, S. G.; Abdelhay, A. 2020. Performance of a novel vertical flow constructed wetland for greywater treatment in rural areas in Jordan. Environmental Technology, 29p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2020.1841832]
Waste management ; Wastewater treatment ; Constructed wetlands ; Rural areas ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Chemicophysical properties ; Water quality ; Biological properties ; Pollutant load ; Total suspended solids ; Turbidity ; Heavy metals ; Households / Jordan / Zarqaa / Irbid / Dulail / Berein / Bani Obaid / Taibeh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050022)
(1.31 MB)
Jordan is facing severe challenges in terms of water scarcity and wastewater management. Thus, there is a growing need for adopting innovative approaches to overcome these challenges. Within the framework of this study, a pilot project was implemented to treat household greywater in rural areas in Jordan with a purpose of reuse for irrigation. The project consists of designing and developing four vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) systems located in different sites and integrating them in a decentralized treatment system. The project work aims particularly to present a model of an innovative, compact and effective modified VFCW system. The performance of the systems was assessed by analyzing the quality of the influent and effluent streams through testing 19 water quality parameters. The results revealed that the design was adequate and efficient in treating greywater as exemplified by removal efficiencies of 90%, 90% and 92% for BOD, COD and TSS respectively. Moreover, the other physico-chemical parameters (T-N, T-P, N-NO3-, Turbidity, Ca, Mg, SO4-, and heavy metals) measured in the effluent streams complied all with the Jordanian standards for unrestricted irrigation. Therefore, the outcomes of the current study can be invested to support the use of constructed wetlands in Jordan as a sustainable technology to improve the wastewater management practices and reinforce the decentralized wastewater treatment approach in rural areas.
11 Elagib, N. A.; Saad, S. A. G.; Basheer, M.; Rahma, A. E.; Gore, E. D. L. 2021. Exploring the urban water-energy-food nexus under environmental hazards within the Nile. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 35(1):21-41. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01706-x]
Water resources ; Energy generation ; Food security ; Nexus ; Environmental factors ; Hazards ; Urban agriculture ; Irrigated farming ; Hydrology ; Hydropower ; Water treatment plant ; Drought ; Rain ; Flooding ; Sediment ; Turbidity ; Case studies / Sudan / Nile River Basin / Khartoum / Jebel Aulia Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050197)
(10.70 MB)
The integrative approach of water, energy, and food nexus (WEF nexus) is now widely accepted to offer better planning, development, and operation of these resources. This study presents a first attempt towards understanding the WEF nexus of urban environments in the Nile River Basin under conditions of hydrological droughts and fluvial floods. A case study was conducted for the capital of Sudan, Khartoum, at the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile for illustration. The results were based on analyses of river flow and water turbidity data, field observations, a printed questionnaire and an interview of farmers practicing irrigated agriculture, and hydropower modeling. The study analyzes indicators for the association of the river water resources environment (intra-annual regime, quantity, and quality), the status of urban irrigated agriculture, water treatment for domestic use, and hydropower generation under hydrological extremes, i.e. droughts and fluvial floods. It additionally examines the consequent interactions between the impacts on three sectors. The present study shows how floods and droughts impose impacts on seasonal river water quality and quantity, water treatment for domestic use, irrigated agriculture, and hydro-energy supply in an urban environment. The results demonstrate how the two hydrological phenomena determine the state of hydropower generation from dams, i.e. high energy production during floods and vice versa during droughts. Hydropower dams, in turn, could induce cons in the form of low fertile soils in the downstream due to sediment retention by the reservoir. Finally, present and potential options to minimize the above risks are discussed. This study is hoped to offer good support for integrated decision making to increase the resource use efficiency over the urban environment within the Nile Basin.
12 Kolothumthodi, S. A.; Pulikkal, A. K. 2022. Water quality assessment of open wells in Malappuram District, Kerala, India. AQUA -Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 71(12):1325-1331. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.095]
Water quality ; Wells ; Assessment ; Pollution ; Drinking water ; Alkalinity ; Turbidity / India / Kerala / Malappuram
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051588)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/71/12/1325/1155212/jws0711325.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051588.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051588.pdf
(0.67 MB) (684 KB)
Most of the open well water is of low pH and polluted by an excess of turbidity, acidity, and iron in the district of Malappuram, Kerala, India. In this work, water samples were collected in a random manner from 15 blocks of Malappuram in between the post- and pre-monsoon seasons and their quality was studied using standard analytical procedures. Based on the experimental analysis, various physicochemical characteristics, namely turbidity, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, and iron have been evaluated. It is found that all samples under investigation were of low pH and some samples were contaminated by turbidity, acidity, and iron. However, total dissolved solids and total alkalinity are within the desirable limit in all samples. Samples having excess turbidity and iron show a reddish brown color that causes coloration and stain to sanitary fittings, clothes, etc. Excess iron also give an unpalatable metallic taste to the drinking water.
13 Leggesse, E. S.; Zimale, F. A.; Sultan, D.; Enku, T.; Srinivasan, R.; Tilahun, Seifu A. 2023. Predicting optical water quality indicators from remote sensing using machine learning algorithms in tropical highlands of Ethiopia. Hydrology, 10(5):110. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10050110]
Water quality ; Indicators ; Prediction ; Remote sensing ; Machine learning ; Algorithms ; Neural networks ; Modelling ; Total dissolved solids ; Turbidity ; Chlorophyll A ; Landsat ; Satellite imagery ; Monitoring ; Highlands ; Lakes / Ethiopia / Lake Tana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051963)
https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/10/5/110/pdf?version=1684396571
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051963.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051963.pdf
(3.60 MB) (3.60 MB)
Water quality degradation of freshwater bodies is a concern worldwide, particularly in Africa, where data are scarce and standard water quality monitoring is expensive. This study explored the use of remote sensing imagery and machine learning (ML) algorithms as an alternative to standard field measuring for monitoring water quality in large and remote areas constrained by logistics and finance. Six machine learning (ML) algorithms integrated with Landsat 8 imagery were evaluated for their accuracy in predicting three optically active water quality indicators observed monthly in the period from August 2016 to April 2022: turbidity (TUR), total dissolved solids (TDS) and Chlorophyll a (Chl-a). The six ML algorithms studied were the artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine regression (SVM), random forest regression (RF), XGBoost regression (XGB), AdaBoost regression (AB), and gradient boosting regression (GB) algorithms. XGB performed best at predicting Chl-a, with an R2 of 0.78, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.78, mean absolute relative error (MARE) of 0.082 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 9.79 µg/L. RF performed best at predicting TDS (with an R2 of 0.79, NSE of 0.80, MARE of 0.082, and RMSE of 12.30 mg/L) and TUR (with an R2 of 0.80, NSE of 0.81, and MARE of 0.072 and RMSE of 7.82 NTU). The main challenges were data size, sampling frequency, and sampling resolution. To overcome the data limitation, we used a K-fold cross validation technique that could obtain the most out of the limited data to build a robust model. Furthermore, we also employed stratified sampling techniques to improve the ML modeling for turbidity. Thus, this study shows the possibility of monitoring water quality in large freshwater bodies with limited observed data using remote sensing integrated with ML algorithms, potentially enhancing decision making.
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