Your search found 8 records
1 Padmasiri, J. P. 2004. Community based defluoridation of fluoride rich water in dry zone of Sri Lanka. In Herath, S.; Pathirana, A.; Weerakoon, S. B. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Changing Environment of the Monsoon Region. Bandaranaika Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 17-19 November 2004. Vol.II. Colombo, Sri Lanka: National Water Resources Secretariat. pp.493-498.
Drinking water ; Domestic water ; Water quality ; Fluorides ; Fluorosis ; Diseases ; Public health ; Wells ; Water purification / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 HER Record No: H039535)
2 Dharmagunawardhane, H. A. 2009. Fluoride problem in the groundwater of Sri Lanka. Economic Review, 35(3-4):46-48.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8029 Record No: H043748)
(0.29 MB)
3 Sapur, S. 2012. Strategies of sustainable nutrition to address fluorosis and malnutrition in children. IWMI-Tata Water Policy Research Highlight, 41. 5p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045488)
(269.2KB)
4 Amirthanathan, G. E. 2001. A model for simulation of the performance of low cost domestic defluoridators used in areas of endemic fluorosis in Sri Lanka. In University of Peradeniya. Department of Civil Engineering. 2001. Environment: a challenge to engineers in the 21st century - Proceedings of the Annual Seminar 2000/01, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 31 March 2001. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: University of Peradeniya. Department of Civil Engineering. pp.35-41.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7 G744 UNI Record No: H046046)
5 Kravchenko, J.; Rango, T.; Akushevich, I.; Atlaw, B.; McCornick, Peter G.; Merola, R. B; Paul, C; Weinthal, E.; Harrison, C.; Vengosh, A.; Jeuland, M. 2014. The effect of non-fluoride factors on risk of dental fluorosis: evidence from rural populations of the Main Ethiopian Rift. Science of the Total Environment, 488-489:595-606. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.087]
Rural population ; Dental caries ; Fluorides ; Fluorosis ; Drinking water ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Pollutants ; Health hazards ; Household consumption ; Milk consumption / Ethiopia / Main Ethiopian Rift
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046313)
(0.34 MB)
Elevated level of fluoride (F-) in drinking water is a well-recognized risk factor of dental fluorosis (DF). While considering optimization of region-specific standards for F-, it is reasonable, however, to consider how local diet, water sourcing practices, and non-F- elements in water may be related to health outcomes. In this study, we hypothesized that non-F- elements in groundwater and lifestyle and demographic characteristics may be independent predictors or modifiers of the effects of F- on teeth. Dental examinations were conducted among 1094 inhabitants from 399 randomly-selected households of 20 rural communities of the Ziway–Shala lake basin of the Main Ethiopian Rift. DF severity was evaluated using the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI). Household surveys were performed and water samples were collected from community water sources. To consider interrelations between the teeth within individual (in terms of DF severity) and between F- and non-F- elements in groundwater, the statistical methods of regression analysis, mixed models, and principal component analysis were used. About 90% of study participants consumed water from wells with F- levels above theWHO recommended standard of 1.5 mg/l. More than 62% of the study population had DF. F- levels were a major factor associated with DF. Age, sex, and milk consumption (both cow's and breastfed)were also statistically significantly (p b 0.05) associated with DF severity; these associations appear both independently and as modifiers of those identified between F- concentration and DF severity. Among 35 examined elements in groundwater, Ca, Al, Cu, and Rb were found to be significantly correlated with dental health outcomes among the residents exposed to waterwith excessive F- concentrations. Quantitative estimates obtained in our study can be used to explore new water treatment strategies, water safety and quality regulations, and lifestyle recommendations which may be more appropriate for this highly populated region.
6 Rango, T.; Vengosh, A.; Jeuland, M.; Tekle-Haimanot, R.; Weinthal, E.; Kravchenko, J.; Paul, C.; McCornick, Peter G. 2014. Fluoride exposure from groundwater as reflected by urinary fluoride and children's dental fluorosis in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. Science of the Total Environment, 496:188-197. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.048]
Groundwater ; Fluorides ; Health hazards ; Dental caries ; Fluorosis ; Urine ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Risk assessment / Ethiopia / Main Ethiopian Rift
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046570)
This cross-sectional study explores the relationships between children's F- exposure from drinking groundwater and urinary F- concentrations, combined with dental fluorosis (DF) in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) Valley.We examined the DF prevalence and severity among 491 children (10 to 15 years old) who are life-long residents of 33 rural communities in which groundwater concentrations of F- cover a wide range. A subset of 156 children was selected for urinary F- measurements. Our results showed that the mean F- concentrations in groundwater were 8.5 ± 4.1 mg/L (range: 1.1–18 mg/L), while those in urine were 12.1 ± 7.3 mg/L (range: 1.1–39.8 mg/L). The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe DF in children's teeth was 17%, 29%, and 45%, respectively, and the majority (90%; n = 140) of the children had urinary F- concentrations above 3 mg/L. Below this level most of the teeth showed mild forms of DF. The exposure–response relationship between F- and DF was positive and non-linear, with DF severity tending to level off above a F- threshold of ~6 mg/L, most likely due to the fact that at ~6 mg/L the enamel is damaged as much as it can be clinically observed in most children. We also observed differential prevalence (and severity) of DF and urinary concentration, across children exposed to similar F- concentrations in water, which highlights the importance of individual-specific factors in addition to the F- levels in drinking water. Finally, we investigated urinary F- in children from communities where defluoridation remediation was taking place. The lower F- concentration measured in urine of this population demonstrates the capacity of the urinary F- method as an effective monitoring and evaluation tool for assessing the outcome of successful F- mitigation strategy in relatively short time (months) in areas affected with severe fluorosis.
7 Ndambiri, H.; Rotich, E. 2018. Valuing excess fluoride removal for safe drinking water in Kenya. Water Policy, 20(5):953-965. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.078]
Drinking water ; Fluorides ; Water quality ; Contingent valuation ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Willingness to pay ; Water policy ; Health hazards ; Fluorosis ; Econometric models / Kenya / Baringo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048951)
(0.18 MB)
The study uses contingent valuation framework to assess the welfare benefits of removing excess fluoride from drinking water among households in Baringo County, Kenya. A conventional payment card is used to draw preferences from households in order to estimate the mean and median willingness to pay for excess fluoride removal from drinking water in the county. Through interval regression analysis, the study found that households were, on average, willing to pay Kshs. 202.25 ($2.02) and a median of Kshs. 162.50 ($1.63) to remove excess fluoride from drinking water. The mean and median welfare values of removing excess fluoride from water were estimated at Kshs. 112.4 ($1.12) and Kshs. 90.3 ($0.90) million, respectively. These amounts were significantly found to increase with male gender, education, household income, living in own house, type of water source, perceived water quality, distance to nearest water source, payment vehicle used and whether household members had suffered from fluorosis. However, these amounts declined with age and household size. On the whole, the study found significant public support towards the removal of excess fluoride in drinking water among the concerned households, which is vital for effective formation and implementation of water quality improvement policies for the county.
8 Araya, D.; Podgorski, J.; Kumi, M.; Mainoo, P. A.; Berg, M. 2022. Fluoride contamination of groundwater resources in Ghana: country-wide hazard modeling and estimated population at risk. Water Research, 212:118083. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118083]
Groundwater pollution ; Fluorides ; Contamination ; Population ; Public health ; Risk ; Fluorosis ; Drinking water ; Uncertainty ; Modelling / Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051362)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313542200046X/pdfft?md5=f5a0b06c5352c9788f7edfef65b0700e&pid=1-s2.0-S004313542200046X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051362.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051362.pdf
(11.70 MB) (11.7 MB)
Most people in Ghana have no or only basic access to safely managed water. Especially in rural areas, much of the population relies on groundwater for drinking, which can be contaminated with fluoride and lead to dental fluorosis. Children under the age of two are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of fluoride and can retain 80–90% of a fluoride dose, compared to 60% in adults. Despite numerous local studies, no spatially continuous picture exists of the fluoride contamination across Ghana, nor is there any estimate of what proportion of the population is potentially exposed to unsafe fluoride levels. Here, we spatially model the probability of fluoride concentrations exceeding 1.0 mg/L in groundwater across Ghana to identify risk areas and estimate the number of children and adults exposed to unsafe fluoride levels in drinking water. We use a set of geospatial predictor variables with random forest modeling and evaluate the model performance through spatial cross-validation. We found that approximately 15% of the area of Ghana, mainly in the northeast, has a high probability of fluoride contamination. The total at-risk population is about 920,000 persons, or 3% of the population, with an estimated 240,000 children (0–9 years) in at-risk areas. In some districts, such as Karaga, Gushiegu, Tamale and Mion, 4 out of 10 children are potentially exposed to fluoride poisoning. Geology and high evapotranspiration are the main drivers of fluoride enrichment in groundwater. Consequently, climate change might put even greater pressure on the area's water resources. Our hazard maps should raise awareness and understanding of geogenic fluoride contamination in Ghana and can advise decision making at local levels to avoid or mitigate fluoride-related risks.
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