Your search found 66 records
1 Benin, S. (Ed.) 2016. Agricultural productivity in Africa: trends, patterns, and determinants. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 359p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896298811]
Agricultural production ; Land productivity ; Agricultural development ; Growth rate ; Trends ; Development policies ; Farming systems ; Crop production ; Intensification ; Labour productivity ; Fertilizer application ; Technological changes ; Farmland ; Typology ; Spatial variation ; Development projects ; Performance evaluation ; Sustainability ; Farmers ; Population density ; Market access ; Forests ; Case studies / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.16 G100 BEN Record No: H047988)
http://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/130468/filename/130679.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047988.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047988.pdf
(5.03 MB) (5.03 MB)
2 Ash, N.; Blanco, H.; Brown, C.; Garcia, K.; Henrichs, T.; Lucas, N.; Raudsepp-Hearne, C.; Simpson, R. D.; Scholes, R.; Tomich, T. P.; Vira, B.; Zurek, M. (Eds.) 2010. Ecosystems and human well-being: a manual for assessment practitioners. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press. 264p.
Ecosystem services ; Living standards ; Assessment ; Manuals ; Decision making ; Participatory approaches ; Participatory communication ; Stakeholders ; Governance ; Valuation ; Trends ; Frameworks ; Ownership ; Indicators ; Intervention ; Strategies ; Outreach
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.714 G000 ASH Record No: H048954)
(0.37 MB)
3 Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) Consulting; Nanjing University Ecological Research Institute of Changshu; China. National Forestry and Grassland Administration. Department of Wetlands Management. 2018. Good practices handbook for integrating urban development and wetland conservation. Slimbridge, UK: Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT). WWT Consulting. 49p.
Wetlands ; Urban development ; Good practices ; Handbooks ; Urban planning ; Integrated development ; Trends ; Environmental protection ; International cooperation ; Conventions ; Treaties ; Case studies / USA / UK / Panama / China / Republic of Korea / Japan / Australia / Singapore / Hong Kong (China) / Philippines / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048972)
https://www.wwtconsulting.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Good-practices-urban-wetlands-handbook-181004-FOR-WEBSITE.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048972.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048972.pdf
(7.10 MB) (7.10 MB)
4 Seyoum, W. M. 2018. Characterizing water storage trends and regional climate influence using GRACE observation and satellite altimetry data in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 566:274-284. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.09.025]
Water storage ; Trends ; Satellite observation ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Drought ; Climate change ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Water resources ; River basins ; Lakes / Ethiopia / Upper Blue Nile River Basin / Lake Tana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048988)
(2.49 MB)
Climate variability along with increase in the demand for water resources highlights the need for better understanding of the link between regional climate and terrestrial water storage. This paper examined the variation of terrestrial water storage in relation to climatic influences over the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) River Basin from GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA), satellite altimetry, rainfall, and Multivariate El NiñoSouthern Oscillation Index (MEI) anomaly data. Although there is no statistically significant (a = 0.05) longterm trend in terrestrial water variation and rainfall in the basin (lake storage, TWSA, and rainfall, pvalue = 0.45, 0.48, and 0.55, respectively), in the last decade, two visible droughts occurred between 2002 and 2004, and 2009 and 2010, which resulted in water deficit in the basin, where below average rainfall, TWSA, and lake height (storage) were observed during these periods. Extreme rainfall analysis from Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and strong connection between wet season rainfall, lake height, and TWSA, respectively, indicate interannual terrestrial water storage dynamics in the UBN Basin is strongly influenced by climate. Further, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences rainfall in the UBN Basin, specifically the peak rainfall season (June-September), which shows negative correlation (r = -0.62) with MEI anomaly values, which indicates that the El Niño case (positive MEI values) is linked to the dry conditions in the basin. The findings of this study, combined with studies such as socioeconomic impact of drought, will facilitate better planning and management of water resources in water stressed regions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the application of a combination of satellite and other hydrologic data in understanding the hydro-climatic condition of a remote basin.
5 Rahman, K. S.; Islam, Z.; Navera, U. K.; Ludwig, F. 2019. A critical review of the Ganges water sharing arrangement. Water Policy, 21(2):259-276. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.164]
International waters ; River basins ; International agreements ; Treaties ; International cooperation ; Conflicts ; Water allocation ; Stream flow ; Trends ; Rain ; Forecasting ; Dry season ; Economic aspects / India / Bangladesh / Ganges Basin / Farakka Barrage / Hardinge Bridge
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049207)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/21/2/259/553585/021020259.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049207.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049207.pdf
(0.64 MB) (652 KB)
The 1996 Ganges Water Sharing Treaty was an important breakthrough in solving disputes over sharing Ganges water between India and Bangladesh. This study evaluates cooperation reflected in the Treaty by performing a quantitative analysis on available water sharing data. The study recognized that inaccurate projection of future flow and the obligation of allocating guaranteed 991 m3 /s flows perpetuate the ongoing water sharing conflicts. The provision of guaranteed minimal flow alternately to India and Bangladesh during critical periods leads to frequent occurrences of low-flow events. Results indicated that the Treaty underestimated the impact of climate variability and possibly increasing upstream water abstraction. Statistical analysis of the post-Treaty data (1997–2016) also indicated that 65% of the time Bangladesh did not receive its guaranteed share during critical dry periods with high water demand. It is advised to project the reliable water availability using a combination of modelling and improved observation of river flows. In addition, the condition of minimum guaranteed share should be removed to reduce the frequency of low-flow events in future. Although our analyses show a number of weaknesses, the Treaty could still enhance the future regional cooperation if some adjustments are made to the current terms and conditions.
6 Olagunju, A.; Thondhlana, G.; Chilima, J. S.; Sene-Harper, A.; Compaore, W. R. N.; Ohiozebau, E. 2019. Water governance research in Africa: progress, challenges and an agenda for research and action. Water International, 44(4):382-407. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2019.1594576]
Water governance ; Research and development ; Trends ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water policy ; Corporate culture ; Capacity building ; Developing countries ; Social aspects ; Environmental effects / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049230)
(2.17 MB)
Africa has not received adequate attention in the growing number of studies on water governance. Using the Scopus database, 492 peer-reviewed articles published since 2000 on water governance across the continent were reviewed and informed the perspectives presented in this study. In addition to characterizing temporal and topical trends, our analysis highlights three dominant conceptual themes in existing studies – institutional, discursive and technical – and three crosscutting challenges of systemic, socio-environmental and research–policy divides. The study provides baseline information that can stimulate the development of scale-appropriate and policy-relevant research in the context of Africa’s unique water challenges.
7 Burchi, S. 2019. The future of domestic water law: trends and developments revisited, and where reform is headed. Water International, 44(3):258-277. (Special issue: Legal Perspectives on Bridging Science and Policy) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2019.1575999]
Domestic water ; Water law ; Legislation ; Regulations ; Trends ; Reforms ; Water resources development ; Water rights ; Human rights ; Equity ; Water allocation ; Water use efficiency ; Ecosystems ; Land use ; Wastewater ; Environmental effects ; Communities
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049275)
(1.49 MB)
A re-visitation of trends and developments in water legislation in the light of experience and new legislation from selected countries confirms the findings of prior stocktaking, while bearing out advances in many areas: achieving adaptability of regulatory water-allocation mechanisms; blending efficiency and equity of allocation; ‘greening’ of water laws; bridging the land–water divide; and giving customary and de minimis water rights their due. The human right to water, and access to justice, are emerging new trends. These, and the advances listed earlier, show the likely direction of future water law reform.
8 McCartney, Matthew P.; Whiting, L.; Makin, Ian; Lankford, B. A.; Ringler, C. 2019. Rethinking irrigation modernisation: realising multiple objectives through the integration of fisheries. Marine and Freshwater Research, 70(9):1201-1210. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19161]
Inland fisheries ; Irrigation systems ; Modernization ; Integrated management ; Aquaculture ; Ecosystems ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Sustainable agriculture ; Frameworks ; Trends ; Infrastructure ; Farmers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049311)
(0.25 MB) (256 KB)
Irrigation has been, and will remain, instrumental in addressing water security (Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6), food insecurity (SDG 2) and poverty (SDG 1) goals. However, the global context in which irrigation takes place is changing rapidly. A call for healthier and more sustainable food systems is placing new demands on how irrigation is developed and managed. Growing pressures from competing water uses in the domestic and industrial sectors, as well increasing environmental awareness, mean irrigation is increasingly called on to perform better, delivering acceptable returns on investment and simultaneously improving food security, rural livelihoods and nutrition, as well as supporting environmental conservation. Better integration of fisheries (including aquaculture) in irrigation planning, investment and management can contribute to the modernisation of irrigation and the achievement of the multiple objectives that it is called on to deliver. A framework illustrating how fisheries can be better integrated with irrigation, and how the two can complement each other across a range of scales, from scheme to catchment and, ultimately, national level, is presented.
9 Dyer, E.; Washington, R.; Taye, Meron Teferi. 2020. Evaluating the CMIP5 [Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5] ensemble in Ethiopia: creating a reduced ensemble for rainfall and temperature in Northwest Ethiopia and the Awash Basin. International Journal of Climatology, 40(6):2964-2985. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6377]
Climate change ; Models ; Evaluation ; Rain ; Temperature ; Climatic data ; Trends ; Observation ; Seasonality ; Simulation ; Forecasting ; River basins ; Policies / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049591)
https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.6377
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049591.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049591.pdf
(8.09 MB) (8.09 MB)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the historical skill of models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in two regions of Ethiopia: northwestern Ethiopia and the Awash, one of the main Ethiopian river basins. An ensemble of CMIP5 models was first selected so that atmosphere-only (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, AMIP) and fully coupled simulations could be directly compared, assessing the effects of coupled model sea surface temperature (SST) biases. The annual cycle, seasonal biases, trends, and variability were used as metrics of model skill. In the Awash basin, both coupled and AMIP simulations had late Belg or March-May (MAM) rainy seasons. In connection to this, most models also missed the June rainfall minimum entirely. Northwest Ethiopia, which has a unimodal rainfall cycle in observations, is shown to have bimodal seasonality in models, even in the AMIP simulations. Significant AMIP biases in these regions show that model biases are not related to SST biases alone. Similarly, a clear connection between model resolution and skill was not found. Models simulated temperature with more skill than rainfall, but trends showed an underestimation in Belg (MAM/April-May (AM)) trends, and an overestimation in Kiremt or July-September (JAS/June-September (JJAS)) trends. The models which were shown to have the most skill in a range of categories were HadGEM2-AO, GFDL-CM3, and MPI-ESM-MR. The biases and discrepancies in model skill for different metrics of rainfall and temperature found in this study provide a useful basis for a process-based analysis of the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia.
10 Wang, R.; Liu, Y. 2020. Recent declines in global water vapor from MODIS products: artifact or real trend? Remote Sensing of Environment, 247:111896. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111896]
Water vapour ; Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ; Models ; Evaluation ; Remote sensing ; Satellites ; Climate change ; Trends ; Observation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049758)
(6.62 MB)
Atmospheric water vapor plays a key role in the global water and energy cycles. Accurate estimation of water vapor and consistent representation of its spatial-temporal variation are critical to climate analysis and model validation. This study used ground observational data from global radiosonde and sunphotometer networks to evaluate MODIS (MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) precipitable water vapor (PWV) products for 2000–2017. The products included the thermal-infrared (TIR) (Collection 6, C006) and its updated version (Collection 061, C061), and near-infrared (NIR) products (C061). Our results demonstrated that compared to its earlier version subject to sensor crosstalk problem, the C061_TIR data showed improved accuracy in terms of bias, standard deviation, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and coefficient of determination, regression slope and intercept. Among the PWV products, C061_NIR data achieved the best overall performance in accuracy evaluation. The C061_NIR revealed the PWV had a multi-year average of 2.50 ± 0.08 cm for the globe, 2.03 ± 0.06 cm for continents, and 2.70 ± 0.09 cm for oceans in 2000–2017. The PWV values yielded an increasing rate of 0.015 cm/year for the globe, 0.010 cm/year for continents, and 0.017 cm/year for oceans. Nearly 98.95% of the globe showed an increasing trend, 80.74% of statistical significance, mainly distributed within and around the tropical zones. The findings should be valuable for understanding of global water and energy cycles.
11 Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Mukuyu, Patience. 2020. Knowledge review and agenda setting for future investments in research on water governance in South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission (WRC). 43p. (WRC Report No. 2911/1/20)
Water governance ; Research and development ; Investment ; Knowledge level ; Assessment ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water policy ; Water law ; Data mining ; Trends ; Research projects ; Funding ; Stakeholders ; Institutions ; Government / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049797)
http://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2911_final.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049797.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049797.pdf
(1.06 MB) (1.06 MB)
12 Konapala, G.; Mishra, A. 2020. Dynamics of virtual water networks: role of national socio-economic indicators across the world. Journal of Hydrology, 589:125171. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125171]
Virtual water ; Water resources ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Economic growth ; Indicators ; Gross national product ; National income ; Population ; Trends ; Sustainability ; Water use ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049926)
(6.10 MB)
Intensified water usage due to rapid industrialization is often dictated by economic policies based on monetary growth rather than sustainable use of environmental resources. In addition, interdependence within economic sectors further interweaves water usage through product transactions, which further makes it difficult to quantify the dynamics of hydro-economic systems at regional, national and global scale. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of domestic virtual water networks (VWN) of 189 countries based on concept of information theory by quantifying network metrics that describes VWN flow capacity, robustness, efficiency and flexibility. These networks represent virtual water interconnected through economic sectors within a specified country built based on environmentally extended multi region input output (EE-MRIO) approach. We further estimated trends associated with network metrics, as well as coupling intensity between metrics with respect to socio-economic indicators, such as, population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI). It was observed that capacity and flexibility of VWNs are strongly and positively correlated indicating that a high capacity VWN can be more flexible. Our results also indicate that, in general a higher percentage of developing countries (i.e. both least developing and developing nations) have exhibited increasing trends in capacity, robustness, efficiency and flexibility of VWN compared to developed nations. It was revealed that the dynamics of VWNs are positively coupled with socio-economic growth for few countries, which indicates the sustainable behavior of VWN with socio-economic growth. Our results argue that the information theory-based metrics by embedding water footprints can holistically capture sustainability aspect of the VWN dynamics.
13 Doeffinger, T.; Borgomeo, E.; Young, W. J.; Sadoff, Claudia; Hall, J. W. 2020. A diagnostic dashboard to evaluate country water security. Water Policy, 22(5):825-849. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.235]
Water security ; Evaluation ; Indicators ; Databases ; Case studies ; Water resources ; Water stress ; Sustainable Development Goals ; International waters ; Socioeconomic environment ; Environmental effects ; Gross national product ; Trends ; Groundwater / Pakistan / Afghanistan / Tajikistan / Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049944)
(0.59 MB)
While water security is widely regarded as an issue of global significance and concern, there is not yet a consensus on a methodology for evaluating it. The difficulty in operationalizing the concept comes from its various interpretations and characteristics at different spatial and temporal scales. In this paper, we generate a dashboard comprised of 52 indicators to facilitate a rapid assessment of a country’s water security and to focus the first step of a more comprehensive water security diagnostic assessment. We design the dashboard around a conceptualization of water security that builds upon existing framings and metrics. To illustrate its usefulness, we apply the dashboard to a case study of Pakistan and a regional cross-country comparative analysis. The dashboard provides a rapid view of the water security status, trends, strengths, and challenges for Pakistan. The cross-country comparative analysis tentatively identifies relationships between indicators such as water stress and the transboundary dependency ratio, with countries exhibiting high values in both variables being especially vulnerable to transboundary water risk. Overall, this dashboard (1) provides quantitative information on key water-related variables at the country level in a consistent manner and (2) helps to design and focus more in-depth water security diagnostic studies.
14 Mechiche-Alami, A.; Abdi, A. M. 2020. Agricultural productivity in relation to climate and cropland management in West Africa. Scientific Reports, 10:3393. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59943-y]
Agricultural productivity ; Farmland ; Land management ; Crop production ; Climate change ; Rain ; Temperature ; Land degradation ; Remote sensing ; Solar radiation ; Normalized difference vegetation index ; Trends ; Policies / West Africa / Nigeria / Burkina Faso / Mali / Niger / Benin / Gambia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049962)
(3.33 MB) (3.33 MB)
The climate of West Africa is expected to become more arid due to increased temperature and uncertain rainfall regimes, while its population is expected to grow faster than the rest of the world. As such, increased demand for food will likely coincide with declines in agricultural production in a region where severe undernutrition already occurs. Here, we attempt to discriminate between the impacts of climate and other factors (e.g. land management/degradation) on crop production across West Africa using satellite remote sensing. We identify trends in the land surface phenology and climate of West African croplands between 2000 and 2018. Using the combination of a an attribution framework and residual trend anlaysis, we discriminate between climate and other impacts on crop productivity. The combined effect of rainfall, land surface temperature and solar radiation explains approximately 40% of the variation in cropland productivity over West Africa at the 95% significance level. The largest proportions of croplands with greening trends were observed in Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso, and the largest proportions with browning trends were in Nigeria, The Gambia and Benin. Climate was responsible for 52% of the greening trends and 25% of the browning trends. Within the other driving factors, changes in phenology explained 18% of the greening and 37% of the browning trends across the region, the use of inputs and irrigation explained 30% of the greening trends and land degradation 38% of the browning trends. These findings have implications for adaptation policies as we map out areas in need of improved land management practices and those where it has proven to be successful.
15 Singh, R.; Pandey, Vishnu Prasad; Kayastha, S. P. 2021. Hydro-climatic extremes in the Himalayan watersheds: a case of the Marshyangdi Watershed, Nepal. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 143(1-2):131-158. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03401-2]
Watersheds ; Hydroclimatology ; Extreme weather events ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Forecasting ; River basins ; Stream flow ; Climate change ; Spatial distribution ; Trends ; Models ; Hydrological factors ; Meteorological stations / Nepal / Himalayan Region / Marshyangdi Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050018)
(5.06 MB)
Climate change/variability and subsequent exacerbation of extremes are affecting human and ecological health across the globe. This study aims at unpacking hydro-climatic extremes in a snow-fed Marshyangdi watershed, which has a potential for water infrastructure development, located in Central Nepal. Bias-corrected projected future climate for near (2014–2033) and mid-future (2034–2053) under moderate and pessimistic scenarios were developed based on multiple regional climate models. Historical (1983–2013) and future trends of selected climatic extreme indices were calculated using RClimDex and hydrological extremes using Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration tool. Results show that historical trends in precipitation extremes such as number of heavy and very heavy precipitation days and maximum 1-day precipitation are decreasing while the temperature-related extremes have both increasing and decreasing trends (e.g., warm spell duration index, warm days and summer days are increasing whereas cold spell duration index, cool days and warm nights are decreasing). These results indicate drier and hotter conditions over the historical period. The projected future temperature indices (hot nights, warm days) reveal increasing trend for both the scenarios in contrast with decreasing trends in some of the extreme precipitation indices such as consecutive dry and wet days and maximum 5-day precipitation. Furthermore, the watershed has low mean hydrological alterations (27.9%) in the natural flow regime. These results indicate continuation of wetter and hotter future in the Marshyangdi watershed with likely impacts on future water availability and associated conflicts for water allocation, and therefore affect the river health conditions.
16 Amarasinghe, Upali; Amarnath, Giriraj; Alahacoon, Niranga; Ghosh, Surajit. 2020. How do floods and drought impact economic growth and human development at the sub-national level in India? Climate, 8(11):123. (Special issue: Climate Change and Water-Related Agricultural Risks) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8110123]
Flooding ; Drought ; Natural disasters ; Economic growth ; Gross national product ; Climate change adaptation ; Mitigation ; Monsoon climate ; Rain ; Trends ; Satellite observation ; Estimation ; River basins ; Groundwater recharge ; Investment ; Population / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050046)
(3.66 MB) (3.66 MB)
This paper tries to shift the focus of research on the impact of natural disasters on economic growth from global and national levels to sub-national levels. Inadequate sub-national level information is a significant lacuna for planning spatially targeted climate change adaptation investments. A fixed-effect panel regression analyses of 19 states from 2001 to 2015 assess the impacts of exposure to floods and droughts on the growth of gross state domestic product (GSDP) and human development index (HDI) in India. The flood and drought exposure are estimated using satellite data. The 19 states comprise 95% of the population and contribute 93% to the national GDP. The results show that floods indeed expose a large area, but droughts have the most significant impacts at the sub-national level. The most affected GSDPs are in the non-agriculture sectors, positively by the floods and negatively by droughts. No significant influence on human development may be due to substantial investment on mitigation of flood and drought impacts and their influence on better income, health, and education conditions. Because some Indian states still have a large geographical area, profiling disasters impacts at even smaller sub-national units such as districts can lead to effective targeted mitigation and adaptation activities, reduce shocks, and accelerate income growth and human development.
17 Elzopy, K. A.; Chaturvedi, A. K.; Chandran, K. M.; Gopinath, G.; Naveena, K.; Surendran, U. 2020. Trend analysis of long-term rainfall and temperature data for Ethiopia. South African Geographical Journal, 15p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1835699]
Rainfall patterns ; Temperature data ; Trends ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Drought ; Autocorrelation / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050023)
(1.69 MB)
Trend analysis for the long-term average temperature and rainfall of Ethiopia during 1901 to 2015 has been performed to understand the pattern of these important meteorological features under climate change. The rainfall characterizations viz., precipitation concentration index (PCI), seasonality index (SI), rainfall anomaly index (RAI) and departure analysis of rainfall (DAR) have been calculated and interpreted. The annual rainfall recorded for the whole period was 816.3 ± 90.82 mm/year. During kiremt (long rainy) season, maximum seasonal rainfall of 453.2 mm were recorded while, its minimum value (39.6 mm) were received in bega (dry) season, respectively. The analysis of probability distribution for the time series data showed slightly positive skewness and kurtosis in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall from the normal distribution. The results of Modified Mann–Kendall trend analysis for average temperature revealed a significant increasing trend from 1961 to 2015. Conversely, dry season (bega) rainfall, showed an increasing trend while kiremt season rainfall with decreasing trend for the period of 1901–2015. However, annual and other seasonal rainfall did not show any statistically significant trend. Study concludes that there is an increase in the average temperature in Ethiopia but, it constitutes a high degree of stability in rainfall rate and distribution.
18 Banerjee, S.; Biswas, B. 2020. Assessing climate change impact on future reference evapotranspiration pattern of West Bengal, India. Agricultural Sciences, 11(9):793-802. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2020.119051]
Climate change ; Evapotranspiration ; Weather forecasting ; Trends ; Rain ; Temperature ; Irrigation water ; Rivers ; Deltas / India / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050036)
(2.77 MB) (2.77 MB)
Considering the importance of reference evapotranspiration (RET) in agriculture, hydrology and meteorology, the research problem was taken to assess the RET during winter season under projected climatic situation of West Bengal, India. The Penman-Monteith method was used in the study as it is the most accurate method of estimating RET. However, validation of the output of the equation was done with the help of observed data set. The data analysis was carried out using NCAR Command Language (NCL). The result clearly shows that the reference ET of the study area will be increased in the tune of 13% to 32% in the year 2050 compared to present RET level. Analysis of actual rainfall data shows a decreasing trend of winter rainfall in the study region. The projected rainfall data also follows the same pattern. Thus, the combination of low rainfall and higher ET value will demand more irrigation requirement for winter crops in West Bengal. The temporal changes of RET on decadal basis and spatial variation of RET for each decade have been observed and discussed in the paper.
19 Nguyen-Khoa, S.; McCartney, Matthew; Funge-Smith, S.; Smith, L.; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Dubois, M. 2020. Increasing the benefits and sustainability of irrigation through the integration of fisheries: a guide for water planners, managers and engineers. Rome, Italy: FAO; Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 92p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4060/cb2025en]
Fishery production ; Sustainability ; Irrigation systems ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Guidelines ; Irrigation management ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Habitats ; Aquaculture ; Irrigated farming ; Infrastructure ; Livelihoods ; Food security ; Nutrition security ; Socioeconomic environment ; Monitoring and evaluation ; Environmental Impact Assessment ; Trends ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Community management ; Participatory approaches ; Water governance ; Institutions ; Stakeholders ; Conflicts ; Rural areas ; Water reservoirs ; Rivers ; Floodplains / Africa / Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050111)
(2.84 MB)
There is increasing recognition of the need to bring about changes across the full spectrum of agricultural practices to ensure that, in future, food production systems are more diverse, sustainable and resilient. In this context, the objectives of irrigation need to be much more ambitious, shifting away from simply maximizing crop yields to maximizing net benefits across a range of uses of irrigation water, including ecosystems and nature-based solutions. One important way to achieve this is by better integrating fisheries into the planning, design, construction, operation and management of irrigation systems. Irrigation – a major contributor to the Green Revolution – has significantly improved agricultural production worldwide, with consequent benefits for food security, livelihoods and poverty alleviation. Today, irrigated agriculture represents about 21 percent of cultivated land, but contributes approximately 40% of the total global crop production. Many governments continue to invest in irrigation as a cornerstone of food security and rural development. Investments in irrigation often represent a pragmatic form of adaptation to changing climatic conditions. This guide focuses on how to sustainably optimize and broaden the range of benefits from irrigation development - not only economic but also social and environmental benefits. It emphasizes the opportunities that fisheries could provide to increase food production and economic returns, enhance livelihoods and public health outcomes, and maintain key ecosystem services. The guide considers possible trade-offs between irrigation and fisheries, and provides recommendations on how these could be minimized.
20 Molla, T.; Tesfaye, K.; Mekibib, F.; Tana, T.; Taddesse, T. 2020. Rainfall variability and its impact on rice productivity in Fogera Plain, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(2):67-79.
Crop production ; Rice ; Rainfall patterns ; Agricultural productivity ; Crop yield ; Growth period ; Temperature ; Dry spells ; Trends / Ethiopia / Fogera Plain / Bahir Dar / Woreta / Maksegnit / Gondar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050066)
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejas/article/view/195132/184317
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050066.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050066.pdf
(0.62 MB) (636 KB)
The objective of this study was to analyze rainfall variability and its impact on rice production in the Fogera Plain. The analysis used historical rainfall and yield data from four stations. Historical daily rainfall and yield data were obtained from the National Meteorology Agency (NMA) and Amhara Regional State Bureau of Agriculture, respectively. The rainfall data were subjected to trend and variability analysis. Partial correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to determine the relationship and impact of rainfall characteristics on rice yield. Results showed a decreasing trend of rainfall amount, shortening of the length of the growing period (LGP), increased the variability of rainfall onset date and dry spell length in the study area. The analysis revealed that dry spell lengths of 5 days (sp5), 7 days (sp7), 10 days (sp10) and 15 days (sp15) varied over the study areas with dry spells getting more prevalent in Woreta and Maksegnit compared to Bahir Dar and Gondar stations. Rice yield was positively and significantly correlated with annual rainfall amount (0.69**), LGP (0.61**), and a number of rainy days (0.59*). On the other hand, rice yield was negatively and significantly correlated with rainfall onset date (-0.693**) and length of a dry spell (-0.62**). Rainfall parameters explained 69% of the rice yield variability. The study indicated the need for managing rainfall variability to increase the productivity of rice in the Fogera Plain.
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