Your search found 8 records
1 Hussain, M. 2004. Poverty among farming community in marginal areas of Punjab. In Jehangir, Waqar A.; Hussain, Intizar (Eds.). Poverty reduction through improved agricultural water management. Proceedings of the Workshop on Pro-poor Intervention Strategies in Irrigated Agriculture in Asia, Islamabad, Pakistan, 23-24 April 2003. Lahore, Pakistan: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.137-144.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.3 G730 JEH Record No: H043766)
Land resources having low productive potential than those in normal areas are treated as marginal areas. These marginal areas are mainly due to lack of irrigation facilities, uneven topography and bad soil structure. Due to low agricultural productivity, farmers are poor in the marginal areas. There are 1.8 million hectares of Potohar Plateau, 4.48 million hectares of Desert areas (Thal and Cholishtan), 3.31 million hectares of Hilly areas (Muree, Salt range, Siwalik range, D.G. Khan) and 1.23 million hectares of Riverine areas classified as marginal areas in Punjab (ABAD 1988). Agriculture is totally dependent on rainfall in these areas. The present study was carried out in Potohar Plateau to assess poverty situation among farming community. Two villages were selected from each of the tehsils (Jand, Gujar Khan and Attock) based on their location, one near the road and other at least 10 kilometers away from the main road. Ten farmers and five non-farmers from each village were chosen for this study. A relatively lower poverty incidence was measured for Jand tehsil in Attock district as compared to Gujar Khan tehsil of Rawalpindi district. Family size, dependency ratio, education of the household head, landholding and noncrop income were found as the major determinants of the poverty in marginal areas of Punjab, Pakistan
2 Denmark. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2006. Water supply and sanitation in low-income urban areas: good practice paper. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danida. 25p.
Water supply ; Sanitation ; Urbanization ; Urban areas ; Less favoured areas ; Poverty ; Development aid ; Capacity building
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044504)
http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/0F7DF357-2C54-444B-8FEB-F3EFF3DDDF14/0/FinalGPPWSSLowincomeUrbanAreas.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044504.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044504.pdf
(1.61 MB) (1.61MB)
3 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, Bernard; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Nikiema, Josiane. 2015. Productive and safe use of urban organic wastes and wastewater in urban food production systems in low-income counties. In de Zeeuw, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Cities and agriculture: developing resilient urban food systems. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.162-191.
Waste treatment ; Urban wastes ; Organic wastes ; Solid wastes ; Liquid wastes ; Excreta ; Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Water pollution ; Food production ; Developing countries ; Less favoured areas ; Composting ; Public health ; Farmers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047225)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/cities_and_agriculture-developing_resilient_urban_food_systems.pdf
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/7.%20Productive%20and%20safe%20use-min.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047225.pdf
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/7.%20Productive%20and%20safe%20use-min.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047225.pdf
(1.98 MB) (50.6 MB)
4 Keraita, B.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Agricultural water reuse in low-income settings: health risks and risk management strategies. In Eslamian, S. (Ed.). Urban water reuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 505-512.
Agriculture ; Water reuse ; Income ; Less favoured areas ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Farmers ; Crops ; Pathogens ; Organic compounds ; Pollutants ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Helminthoses ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047362)
(0.83 MB)
Wastewater may be defined as the combination of liquid wastes discharged from domestic households, farms, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments eventually mixed with groundwater, surface water, and stormwater. Wastewater is increasingly receiving global attention as it is seen as one of the alternative solutions to increasing global water scarcity. Indeed, wastewater is globally being reused in many applications including groundwater recharge, industrial reuse like for cooling, environmental and recreational uses, nonpotable urban uses, and indirect or direct potable reuse.
However, agricultural irrigation and landscaping is by far the largest wastewater use sector. Indeed, millions of farmers worldwide are involved in wastewater irrigation activities. However, wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and contaminants, which may pose health risks if not well managed. These pollutants include salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products. The kind and extent of health risks depend on many factors including the types and levels of contaminants as well as regional risk relevance. In low-income countries, risks from pathogens receive the most attention. This is because people in these countries are most affected by diseases caused by poor sanitation such as diarrheal diseases and helminth infections, so high loads of pathogenic microorganisms are often found in wastewater systems.
Focusing on low-income contexts, this chapter presents health risks posed by wastewater irrigation activities and some practical examples on how these risks could be managed.
However, agricultural irrigation and landscaping is by far the largest wastewater use sector. Indeed, millions of farmers worldwide are involved in wastewater irrigation activities. However, wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and contaminants, which may pose health risks if not well managed. These pollutants include salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products. The kind and extent of health risks depend on many factors including the types and levels of contaminants as well as regional risk relevance. In low-income countries, risks from pathogens receive the most attention. This is because people in these countries are most affected by diseases caused by poor sanitation such as diarrheal diseases and helminth infections, so high loads of pathogenic microorganisms are often found in wastewater systems.
Focusing on low-income contexts, this chapter presents health risks posed by wastewater irrigation activities and some practical examples on how these risks could be managed.
5 Douthwaite, B.; Apgar, J. M.; Schwarz, A.; McDougall, C.; Attwood, S.; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Clayton, T. 2015. Research in development: learning from the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems. Penang, Malaysia: CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems. 96p. (CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems Working Paper: AAS-2015-16)
Development theory ; Agricultural research ; Less favoured areas ; Partnerships ; Gender ; Equity ; Women's participation ; Men ; Households ; Aquatic environment ; Ownership ; Community involvement ; Stakeholders ; Empowerment ; Floodplains ; Reclaimed land ; Farmers ; Fish culture ; Participatory approaches ; Social aspects ; Ecology ; Resource management ; Capacity building ; Case studies / Zambia / Bangladesh / Solomon Islands / Philippines / Cambodia / Barotse / Malaita / Visayas-Mindanao / Tonle Sap
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047452)
(2.58 MB)
6 Boakye-Ansah, A. S.; Schwartz, K.; Zwarteveen, M. 2019. Unravelling pro-poor water services: what does it mean and why is it so popular?. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(2):187-197. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.086]
Water supply ; Less favoured areas ; Urban areas ; Poverty ; Financing ; Water users ; Small scale systems ; Appropriate technology ; Private sector ; Community involvement ; Social aspects ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049303)
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-pdf/9/2/187/583146/washdev0090187.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049303.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049303.pdf
(0.25 MB) (256 KB)
In dealing with the challenge of providing water services to urban low-income areas, the concept of ‘pro-poor water services’ is popular in the policy literature. Based on an extensive literature review, this article examines the relation between the implementation of pro-poor water services and the equity of access. Pro-poor water services comprise a set of technological, financial and organisational measures employed by utilities in developing countries to improve service provision to low-income areas. In practice, the combination of low-cost technologies which limit consumption, measures to enforce payment for services, and the use of community-based and private suppliers, means that pro-poor service often entails the utility delegating part of the responsibilities, costs and risks of providing services to those living in low-income areas. Indeed, it is by partially withdrawing from these areas that utilities succeed in reconciling the objective of improving service delivery with the realisation of their commercial objectives. Our analysis shows that in implementing pro-poor service delivery strategies, there is a risk that concerns about cost recovery and risk reduction on the part of the utility prevail over those about the quantity, quality and affordability of the service for the poor.
7 Occelli, M.; Mantino, A.; Ragaglini, G.; Dell’Acqua, M.; Fadda, C.; Pe, M. E.; Nuvolari, A. 2021. Traditional knowledge affects soil management ability of smallholder farmers in marginal areas. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 41(1):9. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00664-x]
Soil management ; Indigenous knowledge ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Less favoured areas ; Soil fertility ; Farming systems ; Food systems ; Cropping systems ; Highlands ; Households ; Villages ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models / Ethiopia / Amhara / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050189)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-020-00664-x.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050189.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050189.pdf
(1.30 MB) (1.30 MB)
Soil fertility is key to sustainable intensification of agriculture and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. However, when soil nutrients are not adequately managed, smallholder farming practices slowly erode soils to almost inert systems. This case study contributes to the understanding of such failures in marginal areas. We integrate agronomic and social sciences approaches to explore links between smallholder households’ farming knowledge and soil fertility in an ethnopedological perspective. We interview 280 smallholder households in two areas of the Ethiopian highlands, while collecting measures of 11 soil parameters at their main field. By analyzing soil compositions at tested households, we identify a novel measure of soil management ability, which provides an effective empirical characterization of the soil managing capacity of a household. Regression analysis is used to evaluate the effects of household knowledge on the soil management ability derived from laboratory analysis. Results highlight the complexity of knowledge transmission in low-input remote areas. We are able to disentangle a home learning and a social learning dimension of the household knowledge and appraise how they can result in virtuous and vicious cycles of soil management ability. We show that higher soil management ability is associated with farmers relying to a great extent on farming knowledge acquired within the household, as a result of practices slowly elaborated over the years. Conversely, lower soil management ability is linked to households valuing substantially farming knowledge acquired through neighbors and social gatherings. The present study is the first to formulate the concept of soil management ability and to investigate the effects of the presence and the types of farming knowledge on the soil management ability of smallholder farmers in remote areas. We show that farming knowledge has a primary role on soil fertility and we advise its consideration in agricultural development policies.
8 Azam-Ali, S.; Ahmadzai, H.; Choudhury, D.; Goh, E. V.; Jahanshiri, E.; Mabhaudhi, T.; Meschinelli, A.; Modi, A. T.; Nhamo, N.; Olutayo, A. 2023. Marginal areas and indigenous people priorities for research and action. In von Braun, J.; Afsana, K.; Fresco, L. O.; Hassan, M. H. A. (Eds.). Science and innovations for food systems transformation. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.261-279. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_14]
Less favoured areas ; Marginal land ; Indigenous Peoples' knowledge ; Communities ; Priorities ; Food systems ; Innovation ; Investment ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Policies ; Value chains ; Collective action ; Semiarid zones
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051675)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_14?pdf=chapter%20toc
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051675.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051675.pdf
(0.40 MB) (407 KB)
Marginal environments are characterized by constrained agricultural potential and resource degradation attributable to biophysical and politico-socio-economic factors. These environments and the indigenous people who cultivate them rarely attract academic interest, policy studies or investment. The agricultural expertise of indigenous communities is often overlooked by decision-makers. Interventions based on mainstream crops and external technologies may fail indigenous communities where a vast range of crops are cultivated in diverse production systems and in marginal environments. Hunger, malnutrition, and poverty in indigenous communities are high. The challenges should be approached from the perspectives and resources of indigenous people. In this chapter, we discuss four biogeographical regions, arid, semi-arid, humid and mountainous, representing large parts of marginal lands and innovations, investment opportunities, and proposed action for the transformation of food systems in these areas. Marginal areas and indigenous people can benefit from improved linkages between formal and indigenous knowledge systems, participatory and demand-driven technologies, integration of indigenous knowledge in research, improvements in local crops, integrated management and access to markets. Our recommendations for the transformation of food systems in these areas include (1) Efforts to mainstream diverse value chains, (2) Development of evidence-based policies (3) Awareness of under-utilized and forgotten crops (4) Collective action and (5) Coordinated public and private investment in research and development for the empowerment of indigenous people and the development of their land.
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