Your search found 19 records
1 Shortt, R.; Boelee, Eline; Matsuno, Yutaka; Madramootoo, C.; van der Hoek, Wim; Faubert, G. 2006. Cryptosporidium and Giardia as determinants for selection of an appropriate source of drinking-water in Southern Sri Lanka. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 24(1):64-70.
Drinking water ; Domestic water ; Water supply ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Diarrhoea ; Giardia ; Cryptosporidium ; Diseases ; Public health ; Wells ; Tube wells ; Irrigation systems ; Canals ; Reservoirs / Sri Lanka / Uda Walawe Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 628.1 G744 SHO Record No: H038774)
2 Heller, L.; Colosimo, E. A.; Antunes, M. F. 2005. Setting priorities for environmental sanitation interventions based on epidemiological criteria: A Brazilian study. Journal of Water and Health, 3:271-281.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7717 Record No: H039666)
3 Ayalew, D.; Boelee, Eline; Endeshaw, T.; Petros, B. 2008. Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection and drinking water sources among children in Lege Dini, Ethiopia. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13(4): 472–475.
Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Water pollution ; Drinking water ; Public health ; Helminths ; Protozoa ; Water resources ; Villages / Ethiopia / Lege Dini watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 362.1963 G136 AYA Record No: H041103)
We assessed the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections among children using protected and unprotected water sources in the Lege Dini watershed, Eastern Ethiopia, in November 2005 and May 2006. Of 655 children examined, 80 (12.2%) were infected with Cryptosporidium and 231 (35.3%) with Giardia. No difference was observed in the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis (P > 0.05) between children drinking water from protected and unprotected sources.
4 WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Promoting Water Management and Risk Communication; University of Bonn - IHPH Institute for Hygiene and Public Health. 2008. Water and risk. WHOCC Newsletter, 14. 13p.
Drinking water ; Domestic water ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Public health ; Risks ; Health hazards ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Malaria ; Water harvesting ; Groundwater ; Social participation ; Statistical analysis / Sri Lanka / Myanmar / Indonesia / India / Thailand / Rwanda / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041716)
5 Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay. 2010. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoeal disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.261-283. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Lettuces ; Leaf vegetables ; Diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042613)
(0.27 MB)
Interventions proposed and implemented for the mitigation of diarrhoeal diseases associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture have received little, if any, comparative assessment of their cost-effectiveness. This chapter assesses the costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the so-called ‘treatment’ and ‘non- or post-treatment’ interventions as well as a combination of these for wastewater irrigation in urban Ghana using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). The cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) for the treatment and non-treatment interventions assessed ranged from US$31/DALY to US$812/DALY averted. Risk-reduction measures targeting farming practices and the basic rehabilitation of local wastewater treatment plants were the most attractive interventions with a CER well below the threshold of US$150/DALY, sometimes considered as the upper limit for a health intervention to be cost-effective in developing countries. All combinations associated with the basic rehabilitation of the treatment plants, with either on-farm or post-harvest interventions or both, resulted in CERs within the range of US$40/DALY to US$57/DALY. However, the CERs for the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant either as an independent intervention or in combination with on-farm and post-harvest interventions were unattractive in view of health-risk reduction for wastewater irrigation. Although attractive, the CERs of non-treatment options are largely dependent on compliance (adoption) by farmers and food vendors. In this regard, the CER increased by almost fivefold when the adoption rate was only 25 per cent by farmers and food vendors; but was attractive as long as adoption rates did not fall below 70 per cent. On the other hand, the success of the treatment option depends on the functionality of the treatment plants which is not without challenges in a country like Ghana. Thus, this chapter stresses the need for a balanced risk-management approach through a combination of treatment and non-treatment interventions to hedge against failures that may affect CERs at any end. While this chapter provides a contribution to the debate on interventions for health-risk mitigation in wastewater irrigation, more case studies would be useful to verify the data presented here.
6 Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). 2010. 11th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 27-29 October 2010. IWRM for national and regional integration: where science, policy and practice meet: water for people. Harare, Zimbabwe: Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). 763p.
Wastewater treatment ; Filters ; Water quality ; Monitoring ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Rural areas ; Households ; Drinking water ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Cholera ; Poverty ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Groundwater ; Climate change ; Water harvesting / Africa / Malawi / Zimbabwe / Uganda / Tanzania / Rwanda / South Africa / Lesotho / Swaziland / Ghana / Nigeria / Gihira Water Treatment Plant / Mutshedzi Water Treatment Plant / Kwazulu-Natal Province / Ugu District / Chegutu District / Mpumalanga Province / Dar es Salaam / Temeke / Lilongwe / Maputo / Accra / Katsina State / Blantyre City / Chilobwe / Chatha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043409)
http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/11thSymposium/WaterSupplyandSanitationFullPapers2010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043409.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043409.pdf
(16.26 MB) (20.13 MB)
7 Drechsel, Pay; Seidu, R. 2011. Cost-effectiveness of options for reducing health risks in areas where food crops are irrigated with treated or untreated wastewater. Water International, 36(4):535-548. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594549]
Wastewater treatment ; Health hazards ; Diarrhoea ; Wastewater irrigation ; Risk assessment ; Economic aspects ; Costs ; Case studies / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044201)
(0.14 MB)
In this article the authors draw from a comparative assessment of different interventions, examining their costs, risk-reduction potential and cost-effectiveness. They consider a case study in Ghana, using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis. Most practices appear highly cost-effective, although only a few are likely to avert more than 80% of the DALY burden. As compliance will always be a challenge, the results support the need for a multi-barrier risk-management approach that, where possible, combines treatment and non-treatment interventions.
8 Hutton, G.; Haller, L. 2004. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 87p. (WHO/SDE/WSH/04.04)
Cost benefit analysis ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Economic aspects ; Health ; Diarrhoea ; Sensitivity analysis
Call no: 363.61 G000 HUT Record No: H044224)
(0.70 MB) (715.92KB)
The aim of this study was to estimate the economic costs and benefits of a range of selected interventions to improve water and sanitation services, with results presented for 17 WHO sub-regions and at the global level. Interventions evaluated include (1) improvements required to meet the millennium development goals (MDG) for water supply (by halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to safe drinking water), (2) meet the water MDG plus halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to adequate sanitation, (3)increasing access to improved water and sanitation for everyone, (4) providing disinfection at point-of-use over and above increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation (5) providing regulated piped water supply in house and sewage connection with partial sewerage for everyone. Predicted reductions in the incidence of diarrhoeal disease were calculated for each intervention based on the expected population receiving these interventions. The costs of the interventions included the full investment and annual running costs. The benefits of the interventions included time savings associated with better access to water and sanitation facilities, the gain in productive time due to less time spent ill, health sector and patients costs saved due to less treatment of diarrhoeal diseases, and the value of prevented deaths. The results show that all water and sanitation improvements were found to be cost-beneficial, and this applied to all world regions. In developing regions, the return on a US$1 investment was in the range US$5 to US$28 for intervention 1, remaining at similar levels for interventions 2, 3 and 4. The main contributor to benefits was the saving of time associated with better access to water supply and sanitation services. When different cost and benefit assumptions were used, the cost-benefit ratios changed considerably, but even under pessimistic scenarios the potential economic benefits generally outweighed the costs. Due to uncertainties in many of the data inputs, it is recommended to conduct detailed country case studies as a follow-up to this global analysis.
9 Jimenez Cisneros, B. E. 2011. Natural and human environments in areas undergoing wastewater irrigation. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 6(015):1-28. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20116015]
Natural environment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Sanitation ; Diseases ; Food security ; Diarrhoea ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Infiltration ; Helminthoses ; Soil ; Fertilizers ; Nutrients ; Reclamation ; Metals ; Salinity ; Yields ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044254)
(0.23 MB)
This paper is a review of the international literature concerning both the positive and negative effects on the environment and public health of the use of treated or non-treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. It includes not only physical but also social and economic aspects. The extent of the use of treated and non-treated wastewater for agriculture is discussed along with its drivers. The data clearly show that non-treated wastewater is used more commonly than treated wastewater. This occurs mainly in around urban and peri-urban areas where municipal wastewater is produced that is better suited to this practice. The impacts observed on agricultural production, human health, the quality of the irrigation water, groundwater and surface water sources, food security, animal health, the local economy, reduction of poverty and food exports are presented, considering especially developing countries. These factors are further discussed to gain an understanding of how the practice, if well managed, contributes to sustainable development. Barriers to increasing the reuse of wastewater to irrigate are explained, considering the social perception in both developed and developing countries. The importance of reusing wastewater to reclaim water and nutrients are summarized. The positive and negative impacts resulting from the expected increase in the practice are discussed, together with control measures to obtain maximum benefits.
10 Joshi, P. K.; Singh, T. P. 2011. Geoinformatics for climate change studies. New Delhi, India: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). 470p.
Remote sensing ; GIS ; Climate change ; Environmental temperature ; Global warming ; Models ; Mountains ; Glaciers ; Forests ; Ecosystems ; Phenology ; Mapping ; Sea level ; Water management ; Evapotranspiration ; Land degradation ; Satellite imagery ; Natural disasters ; Landslides ; Flooding ; Wildfires ; Risk reduction ; Research ; Greenhouse gases ; Vegetation ; Invasive species ; River basins ; Health hazards ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Malaria ; Land degradation ; Data analysis / South Africa / Nigeria / Bangladesh / Morocco / Germany / Thailand / Malaysia / Australia / Eastern Cape Province / Mooi River Basin / Weida River Basin / Murray Darling River Basin / Thuringia / Chang Mai / Kanchanaburi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 621.3678 G000 JOS Record No: H044290)
(0.33 MB)
11 Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip. 2011. Fecal exposure pathways in Accra: a literature review with specific focus on IWMI’s work on wastewater irrigated agriculture. Report submitted to the Centre for Global Safe Water, Emory University, Atlanta, USA. Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 43p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Faeces ; Faecal coliforms ; Health hazards ; Diarrhoea ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Pathogens ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban areas / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044338)
(1.16 MB)
12 Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay. 2011. Analyse cout-efficacite des interventions pour reduire les maladies diarrheiques chez les consommateurs de laitues irriguees avec des eaux usees au Ghana. In French. [Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoeal disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.281-305. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Lettuces ; Leaf vegetables ; Diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044470)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044470.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044470.pdf
(0.95 MB) (5.96MB)
Interventions proposed and implemented for the mitigation of diarrhoeal diseases associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture have received little, if any, comparative assessment of their cost-effectiveness. This chapter assesses the costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the so-called ‘treatment’ and ‘non- or post-treatment’ interventions as well as a combination of these for wastewater irrigation in urban Ghana using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). The cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) for the treatment and non-treatment interventions assessed ranged from US$31/DALY to US$812/DALY averted. Risk-reduction measures targeting farming practices and the basic rehabilitation of local wastewater treatment plants were the most attractive interventions with a CER well below the threshold of US$150/DALY, sometimes considered as the upper limit for a health intervention to be cost-effective in developing countries. All combinations associated with the basic rehabilitation of the treatment plants, with either on-farm or post-harvest interventions or both, resulted in CERs within the range of US$40/DALY to US$57/DALY. However, the CERs for the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant either as an independent intervention or in combination with on-farm and post-harvest interventions were unattractive in view of health-risk reduction for wastewater irrigation. Although attractive, the CERs of non-treatment options are largely dependent on compliance (adoption) by farmers and food vendors. In this regard, the CER increased by almost fivefold when the adoption rate was only 25 per cent by farmers and food vendors; but was attractive as long as adoption rates did not fall below 70 per cent. On the other hand, the success of the treatment option depends on the functionality of the treatment plants which is not without challenges in a country like Ghana. Thus, this chapter stresses the need for a balanced risk-management approach through a combination of treatment and non-treatment interventions to hedge against failures that may affect CERs at any end. While this chapter provides a contribution to the debate on interventions for health-risk mitigation in wastewater irrigation, more case studies would be useful to verify the data presented here.
13 UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC). 2012. Capacity Pool: quarterly magazine from the UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development. Interview with Partners of the UN-Water Project on the “Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture”. [Dr Pay Drechsel of IWMI interviewed ]. Capacity Pool: quarterly magazine from the UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development, 14(May):35p.
Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045014)
http://www.google.lk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=Capacity+Pool%3A+quarterly+magazine+from+the+UN-Water+Decade+Programme+on+Capacity+Development.&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CD8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unwater.unu.edu%2Ffile%2Fget%2F533&ei=pVQzUJCKLsrtrQeH74GACA&usg=AFQjCNEJFRJH1gr2IBWcyymE6ZCZiAQZpw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045014.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045014.pdf
(7.63 MB)
14 Seidu, R.; Lofman, O.; Drechsel, Pay; Stenstrom, T. A. 2013. Risk factor analysis of diarrhoeal disease incidence in faecal sludge-applying farmers’ households in Tamale, Ghana. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(2):134-143. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.042]
Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Agriculture ; Diarrhoea ; Risk analysis ; Households ; Farmers ; Statistical analysis ; Socioeconomic environment / Ghana / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045758)
(0.27 MB)
This study assesses the effect of risk factors and their inter-related mediation on diarrhoeal disease incidence in households applying faecal sludge in agricultural fields in Tamale, Ghana. Risk factors were assigned to three inter-related blocks: distal socio-economic, proximal public and domestic domains. The study involved 1,431 individuals living in 165 faecal sludge-applying households followed bi-weekly for 12 months. The incidence rate of diarrhoeal disease in the sludge-applying households was 1.09 (95% CI: 0.78–1.23) diarrhoeal episodes per person year at risk. Risk factors for diarrhoeal disease transmission in the public domain included sludge drying time (population attributable fraction (PAF) of 6%) and distance covered to collect water (PAF¼ 18%). The main distal socio-economic risk factor was wealth status (PAF¼ 15%). In the domestic domain, the risk factor significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease transmission was, not washing hands with soap after defecation (PAF ¼ 18%). About 17% of the effect of sludge drying time (including distance to water facilities) was mediated by the domestic domain risk factors. The study recommends risk management strategies in sludge-applying households that address public and domestic domain risk factors in addition to specific farm level interventions.
15 Barker, S. F.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay. 2014. A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in Kumasi, Ghana: evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality. Science of the Total Environment, 487:130-142. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.108]
Gastroenteritis ; Diarrhoea ; Rotavirus ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Food quality ; Food composition ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Sewage ; Faecal coliforms ; Health hazards / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI IHQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046442)
(0.68 MB)
With a rapidly growing urban population in Kumasi, Ghana, the consumption of street food is increasing. Raw salads, which often accompany street food dishes, are typically composed of perishable vegetables that are grown in close proximity to the city using poor quality water for irrigation. This study assessed the risk of gastroenteritis illness (caused by rotavirus, norovirus and Ascaris lumbricoides) associated with the consumption of street food salads using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Three different risk assessment models were constructed, based on availability of microbial concentrations: 1)Water — starting from irrigation water quality, 2) Produce — starting from the quality of produce at market, and 3) Street — using microbial quality of street food salad. In the absence of viral concentrations, published ratios between faecal coliforms and viruses were used to estimate the quality of water, produce and salad, and annual disease burdens were determined. Rotavirus dominated the estimates of annual disease burden (~10-3 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year (DALYs pppy)), although norovirus also exceeded the 10-4 DALY threshold for both Produce and Street models. The Water model ignored other on-farm and post-harvest sources of contamination and consistently produced lower estimates of risk; it likely underestimates disease burden and therefore is not recommended. Required log reductions of up to 5.3 (95th percentile) for rotavirus were estimated for the Street model, demonstrating that significant interventions are required to protect the health and safety of street food consumers in Kumasi. Estimates of virus concentrations were a significant source of model uncertainty and more data on pathogen concentrations is needed to refine QMRA estimates of disease burden.
16 Keraita, B.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Agricultural water reuse in low-income settings: health risks and risk management strategies. In Eslamian, S. (Ed.). Urban water reuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 505-512.
Agriculture ; Water reuse ; Income ; Less favoured areas ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Farmers ; Crops ; Pathogens ; Organic compounds ; Pollutants ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Helminthoses ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047362)
(0.83 MB)
Wastewater may be defined as the combination of liquid wastes discharged from domestic households, farms, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments eventually mixed with groundwater, surface water, and stormwater. Wastewater is increasingly receiving global attention as it is seen as one of the alternative solutions to increasing global water scarcity. Indeed, wastewater is globally being reused in many applications including groundwater recharge, industrial reuse like for cooling, environmental and recreational uses, nonpotable urban uses, and indirect or direct potable reuse.
However, agricultural irrigation and landscaping is by far the largest wastewater use sector. Indeed, millions of farmers worldwide are involved in wastewater irrigation activities. However, wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and contaminants, which may pose health risks if not well managed. These pollutants include salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products. The kind and extent of health risks depend on many factors including the types and levels of contaminants as well as regional risk relevance. In low-income countries, risks from pathogens receive the most attention. This is because people in these countries are most affected by diseases caused by poor sanitation such as diarrheal diseases and helminth infections, so high loads of pathogenic microorganisms are often found in wastewater systems.
Focusing on low-income contexts, this chapter presents health risks posed by wastewater irrigation activities and some practical examples on how these risks could be managed.
However, agricultural irrigation and landscaping is by far the largest wastewater use sector. Indeed, millions of farmers worldwide are involved in wastewater irrigation activities. However, wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and contaminants, which may pose health risks if not well managed. These pollutants include salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products. The kind and extent of health risks depend on many factors including the types and levels of contaminants as well as regional risk relevance. In low-income countries, risks from pathogens receive the most attention. This is because people in these countries are most affected by diseases caused by poor sanitation such as diarrheal diseases and helminth infections, so high loads of pathogenic microorganisms are often found in wastewater systems.
Focusing on low-income contexts, this chapter presents health risks posed by wastewater irrigation activities and some practical examples on how these risks could be managed.
17 Zambrana, C. S. 2016. Analyzing the institutional challenges for the agricultural (re)use of wastewater in developing countries. PhD Thesis. 274p.
Agricultural sector ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Water management ; Water rights ; Water policy ; Water stress ; Water law ; Water governance ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Water scarcity ; Developing countries ; Economic development ; Diarrhoea ; Institutions ; Sanitation ; Legal aspects ; Crop management ; Equity ; Farmer participation ; Socioeconomic environment ; Case studies / India / Bolivia / South Africa / Israel / Hyderabad / Cochabamba / Western Cape
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 ZAM Record No: H047470)
18 Hofstra, N.; Vermeulen, L. C.; Derx, J.; Florke, M.; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Rose, J.; Medema, G. 2019. Priorities for developing a modelling and scenario analysis framework for waterborne pathogen concentrations in rivers worldwide and consequent burden of disease. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 36:28-38. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.002]
Waterborne diseases ; Water quality ; Pathogens ; Concentrates ; Diarrhoea ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Environmental health ; Environmental impact assessment ; Rivers ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Risk reduction
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048983)
(1.71 MB)
Diarrhoea caused by waterborne pathogens still has a large burden of disease. We introduce a modelling and scenario analysis framework that enables better understanding of sources of and possible future changes in the disease burden due to environmental change and management implementation. The state-of-the-art research that can contribute to the development of the framework at the large scale is analysed, together with research gaps and opportunities for future research. Priorities have been identified and these include implementation of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and application of the models in scenario analyses. The credibility of the model outputs should be central in the analysis, for example by developing stochastic models. Implementation of the framework contributes towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
19 Ko, S. H.; Sakai, H. 2022. Water sanitation, hygiene and the prevalence of diarrhea in the rural areas of the delta region of Myanmar. Journal of Water and Health, 20(1):149-156. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.192]
Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Public health ; Diarrhoea ; Rural areas ; Developing countries ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Contamination ; Water treatment ; Water quality ; Health education ; Rainwater ; Households ; Villages / Myanmar / Yangon / Htantabin / Kaw Hmu / Kun Gyan Gon
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050893)
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article-pdf/20/1/149/997980/jwh0200149.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050893.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050893.pdf
(0.47 MB) (476 KB)
Myanmar is an agriculture-based country with 70% of the total population residing in rural areas. Around half of the total population in Myanmar has to consume water from unimproved sources. The prevalence of diarrhea due to contaminated drinking water is high even in urban areas. The urban community may expect the provision of municipal water supply in the near future if the current revolution against military dictatorship succeeds. However, the rural areas have less or no chance to get quality water because of a lot of other prioritized tasks. Household water treatment is encouraged to be implemented as one of the national water safety plans for rural water supply in Myanmar. This study explored the diarrhea prevention awareness of the rural community using a questionnaire survey. The microbial quality parameters of drinking water sources were also examined. Fecal coliform contamination was detected in all examined drinking water sources. A significant association was found between drinking untreated water and the occurrence of diarrhea. The percentage of people who applied the diarrhea preventive measures was low. Even if they knew how to prevent the disease, very few people applied the measures in reality. Therefore, measures to cause behavioral change should be initiated, together with awareness raising, to promote diarrhea prevention in the community.
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