Your search found 10 records
1 Mara, D.; Cairncross, S. 1989. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture: Measures for public health protection. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. vii, 187p.
Public health ; Water quality ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Policy ; Agriculture ; Fish farming ; Resource management ; Planning ; Economic aspects ; Financial planning
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.5 G000 MAR Record No: H017864)
2 Mara, D.; Bos, R. 2010. Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.51-62. (Also in French).
Risk analysis ; Epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Public health ; Guidelines ; Risk assessment ; Simulation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042603)
(0.13 MB)
This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of =10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.
3 Mara, D.; Hamilton, A. J.; Sleigh, A.; Karavarsamis, N.; Seidu, R. 2010. Tools for risk analysis: updating the 2006 WHO guidelines. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.89-100. (Also in French).
Risk analysis ; Guidelines ; Models ; Wastewater irrigation ; Diseases ; Public health ; Ascaris ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042605)
(0.23 MB)
This chapter reviews developments since the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture were published in 2006. The six main developments are: the recognition that the tolerable additional disease burden may be too stringent for many developing countries; the benefits of focusing on single-event infection risks as a measure of outbreak potential when evaluating risk acceptability; a more rigorous method for estimating annual risks; the availability of dose-response data for norovirus; the use of QMRA to estimate Ascaris infection risks; and a detailed evaluation of pathogen reductions achieved by produce-washing and disinfection. Application of the developments results in more realistic estimates of the pathogen reductions required for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture and consequently permits the use of simpler wastewater treatment processes.
4 Jimenez, B.; Mara, D.; Carr, R.; Brissaud, F. 2010. Wastewater treatment for pathogen removal and nutrient conservation: suitable systems for use in developing countries. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.149-169. (Also in French).
Wastewater treatment ; Ponds ; Control methods ; Filtration ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Nutrients ; Wastewater irrigation ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042608)
(0.17 MB)
This chapter summarizes the main characteristics of wastewater treatment processes, especially those suitable for use in developing countries, from the perspective of their potential to produce an effluent suitable for safe agricultural irrigation; it thus concentrates on pathogen removal and nutrient conservation. Wastewater treatment processes are divided into two principal categories: ‘natural’ systems which do not rely on the consumption of large amounts of electrical energy and which are therefore more suitable for use in developing countries; and conventional electromechanical systems which are wholly energy-dependent and which, if used in low income regions, require high levels of financial investment for their construction and skilled manpower for their successful operation and maintenance. The removal of viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminthic pathogens achieved by the most commonly used natural and conventional treatment processes are detailed, and recommendations are made for process selection.
5 Scott, C. A.; Drechsel, Pay; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Bahri, Akissa; Mara, D.; Redwood, M.; Jimenez, B. 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: challenges and outlook for mitigating risks in low-income countries. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.381-394. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Urban agriculture ; Risk assessment ; Wastewater management ; Governance
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042619)
(0.29 MB)
Wastewater irrigation is a widespread and growing phenomenon that carries varying degrees of risk. Whether spontaneously practiced in urban and periurban agriculture or planned as part of water reuse programmes, food and fodder production using untreated sewage or treated effluent can have serious human health implications for farmers and consumers, and can irreversibly degrade the environment. In low-income countries water pollution is often the result of inadequate wastewater collection and treatment, and unplanned release to receiving water bodies. Making wastewater irrigation safer depends on a location-specific combination of different pathogen barriers including, where possible, appropriate wastewater treatment. Ensuring that these strategies work in an integrated, mutually supportive manner requires a multi-sectoral paradigm shift in the common approach of wastewater management for disposal. Additionally, it is crucial to continue research (especially in developing countries) on the types and severity of risk, locally feasible mitigation options, the cost-effectiveness of safer wastewater irrigation practices compared to other interventions against diarrhoea and facilitating the adoption of ‘non-’ or ‘post-treatment’ options. This concluding chapter presents an outlook for wastewater irrigation by integrating the major findings of the present volume, synthesizing key elements of the current global status and challenges of sanitation and wastewater irrigation with emphasis on the WHO Guidelines. It also highlights wastewater-governance opportunities with the greatest potential to support safe wastewater irrigation that simultaneously address the combined challenges deriving from the global sanitation, water and food crises.
6 Bos. R.; Mara, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Jimenez, B.; Stenstroem, T. - A.; Huibers, F.; Redwood, M.; Kinane, M.; Hamilton, A.; Murray, A.; Nelson, K.; Abaidoo, R.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Tiongco, M.; Razak, S.; Ensink, J.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Kone, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Moe, C.; Buckley, C.; Niang, S.; Scott, C.; Amoah, Philip; Dalahmeh, S.; Cisse, G.; Kone, B.; LeJeune, J.; Karg, H.; Keraita, Bernard; Evans, Alexandra; Zwane, A.; Silverman, A.; Armstrong, J.; Awadzi, D.; Cofie, Olufunke; Schoeffler, M.; Van Rooijen, D.; Mensah, Ernest Abraham. 2008. Accra Consensus: Agenda for Research, Capacity Building and Action on the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture. [A public statement]. 2p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043803)
7 Scott, C. A.; Drechsel, Pay; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Bahri, Akissa; Mara, D.. 2011. Les defis et les perspectives pour attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. In French. [Wastewater irrigation and health: challenges and outlook for mitigating risks in low-income countries]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.413-428. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Urban agriculture ; Risk assessment ; Wastewater management ; Governance
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044476)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044476.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044476.pdf
(0.82 MB) (5.96MB)
8 Mara, D.; Bos, R. 2011. Analyse et epidemiologie des risques: les directives de 2006 de l’OMS pour l’utilisation sans risque des eaux usees en agriculture. In French. [Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.53-65. (Also in English).
Risk analysis ; Epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Public health ; Guidelines ; Risk assessment ; Simulation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044460)
(5.96MB)
This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of =10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.
9 Mara, D.; Hamilton, A. J.; Sleigh, A.; Karavarsamis, N.; Seidu, R. 2011. Outils pour l’analyse des risques: mise a jour des directives de 2006 de l’OMS. In French. [Tools for risk analysis: updating the 2006 WHO guidelines]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.95-108. (Also in English).
Risk analysis ; Guidelines ; Models ; Wastewater irrigation ; Diseases ; Public health ; Ascaris ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044462)
(5.96MB)
This chapter reviews developments since the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture were published in 2006. The six main developments are: the recognition that the tolerable additional disease burden may be too stringent for many developing countries; the benefits of focusing on single-event infection risks as a measure of outbreak potential when evaluating risk acceptability; a more rigorous method for estimating annual risks; the availability of dose-response data for norovirus; the use of QMRA to estimate Ascaris infection risks; and a detailed evaluation of pathogen reductions achieved by produce-washing and disinfection. Application of the developments results in more realistic estimates of the pathogen reductions required for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture and consequently permits the use of simpler wastewater treatment processes.
10 Jimenez, B.; Mara, D.; Carr, R.; Brissaud, F. 2011. Traitement des eaux usees pour l’elimination des agents pathogenes et la conservation des elements: nutritifs Des systemes adaptes aux pays en developpement. In French. [Wastewater treatment for pathogen removal and nutrient conservation: suitable systems for use in developing countries]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.161-184. (Also in English).
Wastewater treatment ; Ponds ; Control methods ; Filtration ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Nutrients ; Wastewater irrigation ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044465)
(5.96MB)
This chapter summarizes the main characteristics of wastewater treatment processes, especially those suitable for use in developing countries, from the perspective of their potential to produce an effluent suitable for safe agricultural irrigation; it thus concentrates on pathogen removal and nutrient conservation. Wastewater treatment processes are divided into two principal categories: ‘natural’ systems which do not rely on the consumption of large amounts of electrical energy and which are therefore more suitable for use in developing countries; and conventional electromechanical systems which are wholly energy-dependent and which, if used in low income regions, require high levels of financial investment for their construction and skilled manpower for their successful operation and maintenance. The removal of viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminthic pathogens achieved by the most commonly used natural and conventional treatment processes are detailed, and recommendations are made for process selection.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
