Your search found 15 records
1 Gonah, T. 2008. Marginal-quality water in agriculture: impact on the environment and opportunities for improving its use in the Jabbul Area of Syria. In Qadir, Manzoor (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.63-69.
Water quality ; Wastewater irrigation ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Health hazards ; Farmers ; Irrigation water ; Nutrients / Syria / Jabbul Area
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H042143)
http://www.icarda.org/Announcement/2009/Int_Workshop_on_Saline_Water/2008ProcFirstBridgingWorkshop.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
2 Qadir, Manzoor; Martius, C.; Khamzina, A.; Lamers, J. P. A. 2010. Harnessing renewable energy from abandoned salt-affected lands and saline drainage networks in the dry areas. In El-Beltagy, A.; Saxena, M. C. (Eds.). Sustainable development in drylands: meeting the challenge of global climate change. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Development of Drylands, Alexandria, Egypt, 7-10 November 2008. Theme 8 - Reducing greenhouse gas emission through harnessing renewable energy in the dry areas. Giza, Cairo, Egypt: International Dryland Development Commission (IDDC). pp.836-845.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043582)
(4.30 MB)
3 Bakhsh, A.; Kanwar, R.S. 2011. Land use and agricultural management systems: effects on subsurface drain water quality and crop yields. In Shukla, M. K. (Ed.) Soil hydrology, land use and agriculture: measurement and modelling. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.312-328.
Land use ; Subsurface drainage ; Drainage water ; Water quality ; Water resources ; Crop yield ; Crop rotation ; Cropping systems ; Maize ; Soyabeans ; Tillage ; Watersheds ; Fertilizers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H045786)
4 Ghazouani, Wafa; Molle, Francois; Swelam, A.; Rap, Edwin; Abdo, A. 2014. Understanding farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity: a case study from the western Nile Delta, Egypt. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 31p. (IWMI Research Report 160) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2015.200]
Water scarcity ; Water availability ; Deltas ; Canals ; Farmers ; Adaptation ; Conflict ; Crop management ; Yields ; Irrigation water ; Irrigated farming ; Food security ; Drainage water ; Pumps ; Cost benefit analysis ; Profitability ; Case studies / Egypt / Nile Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046836)
(2 MB)
This study was undertaken to analyze farmers’ adaption to water scarcity in the command area of a secondary canal in the Nile Delta of Egypt. The results revealed that farmers’ responses were driven by a multiplicity of factors, beyond water scarcity or profit maximization. These additional factors include food security of the family, risk management, social capital and history of farmers, and most unexpectedly the collective dimension of crop choice. The findings of this study expose the limitations of projects, modeling exercises or policy recommendations that are too often based on the oversimplified view of profit maximization as the basis of farming system dynamics.
5 Qadir, M.; Noble, Andrew D.; Karajeh, F.; George, B. 2015. Potential business opportunities from saline water and salt-affected land resources. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 29p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 05) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2015.206]
Land resources ; Land degradation ; Saline water ; Sodic soils ; Soil salinity ; Desalination ; Crop production ; Ecosystems ; Aquaculture ; Water resources ; Water productivity ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Recycling ; Freshwater ; Soil properties ; Magnesium ; Phosphogypsum ; Energy generation ; Solar energy ; Horticulture ; Greenhouses ; Irrigation ; Deltas ; Trees ; Case studies / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046996)
(1 MB)
6 Wahba, M. A. S. 2017. Assessment of options for the sustainable use of agricultural drainage water for irrigation in Egypt by simulation modelling. Irrigation and Drainage, 66(1):118-128. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2029]
Agriculture ; Drainage water ; Irrigation water ; Water use ; Water management ; Sustainability ; Simulation models ; Strategies ; Freshwater ; Water deficit ; Subsurface drainage ; Soil salinity ; Crop yield ; Wheat ; Maize ; Trifolium alexandrinum ; Cotton / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048014)
(2.67 MB)
The water management simulation model DRAINMOD-S was applied to simulate different strategies for using agricultural drainage water for irrigation over a 20-year period. The irrigation strategies considered were: (i) fresh/non-saline water as the baseline for comparison; (ii) drainage water of different salinities; (iii) cyclic use of fresh water and drainage water; (iv) deficit irrigation combined with controlled drainage; and (v) interseasonal cyclic use of drainage water and fresh water (2 years drainage/2years fresh).
The study area was in the North-West Delta of Egypt which already uses fresh canal water blended with agricultural drainage water for irrigation. The most common 2-year crop rotation in the area of wheat–maize–berseem–cotton was simulated. Four different drainage water salinities (4, 8, 12, 16 dS m 1 ) were simulated and three different options for the freshwater/drainage water cycle.
Better results were found, yields being maintained, for the strategies of deficit irrigation combined with controlled drainage, cyclic use of agricultural drainage water of 4–12 dS m 1 with fresh water and the inter-seasonal cycling of drainage and fresh water. These results provide a set of sustainable options for using agricultural drainage water for irrigation.
The study area was in the North-West Delta of Egypt which already uses fresh canal water blended with agricultural drainage water for irrigation. The most common 2-year crop rotation in the area of wheat–maize–berseem–cotton was simulated. Four different drainage water salinities (4, 8, 12, 16 dS m 1 ) were simulated and three different options for the freshwater/drainage water cycle.
Better results were found, yields being maintained, for the strategies of deficit irrigation combined with controlled drainage, cyclic use of agricultural drainage water of 4–12 dS m 1 with fresh water and the inter-seasonal cycling of drainage and fresh water. These results provide a set of sustainable options for using agricultural drainage water for irrigation.
7 Al-Agha, D. E.; Molle, Francois; El Baily, M.; El Desouqy, E.; El-Hassan, W. A. 2015. Spatial and temporal variability of water quality in the Nile delta. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 26p.
Water quality ; Water levels ; Drainage water ; Salinity ; Upstream ; Downstream ; Pumping ; Irrigation systems / Egypt / Nile delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048366)
(3.18 MB)
8 Molle, Francois; Gaafar, I.; El-Agha, D. E.; Rap, Edwin. 2018. The Nile Delta’s water and salt balances and implications for management. Agricultural Water Management, 197:110-121. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.11.016]
Water balance ; Salinity ; Water management ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Groundwater extraction ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Evaporation ; Evapotranspiration ; Irrigation efficiency ; Pumping ; Rivers ; Flow discharge ; Deltas ; Coastal area / Egypt / Nile Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048576)
(2.69 MB)
The Nile Delta and its 2.27 million ha of irrigated land makes up two thirds of Egypt’s agricultural land. It is also the terminal part of a river basin that spans and feeds 11 countries. Increases in dam and irrigation development in upstream parts of the basin is poised to conflict with agricultural expansion and population growth in Egypt. Understanding where and how waters comes into and leaves the delta is therefore a crucial question for the future of the country. This paper revisits the surface and groundwater balances of the delta, emphasizes the additional relevance of drainage water reuse and of the salt balance, and evidences a relative stability of the outflow to the sea over the past 30 years. Various reasons for such a phenomenon and the scope for saving water are explored and discussed. The confusion between plot-level and delta-level efficiency and the relatively limited gains possible are emphasized. Beyond the overall water balance and quantitative issues, water management in the delta remains a complex task of spatially distributing the resource over a complex ramified network. Finally, limitations in the analysis related to data availability and accuracy are emphasized.
9 Alkhawaga, A.; Zeidan, B.; Elshemy, M. 2022. Climate change impacts on water security elements of Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt. Agricultural Water Management, 259:107217. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107217]
Climate change ; Water security ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Freshwater ; Irrigation water ; Water requirements ; Water use ; Evapotranspiration ; Sea level ; Farmland ; Land use change ; Remote sensing ; Geographical information systems ; Food security / Egypt / Nile Delta / Kafr El-Sheikh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050778)
(3.34 MB)
Egypt faces great challenges to manage its limited freshwater resources. Shortage in freshwater, due to expected stresses of climatic changes and upper Nile projects, will have major impacts on Egypt's water and food security. About 85% of the annual total freshwater resource is consumed by agriculture. The objective of this work is to assess the future water security situation of Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Nile Delta, Egypt, under climate change and urbanization stresses, compared to the current situation. Main investigated water security elements for this study were the irrigation water requirements and agricultural land areas. Two different reference evapotranspiration equations were used to calculate the future irrigation water requirements under three different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) (2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios) for the period 2010–2100, based on the intergovernmental panel on climate change’s 5th assessment report. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) were used to generate a land use classification map, which was used to estimate the losses in each land use category of the study area under 0.5 and 1.0 m relative sea level rise (SLR) estimates. Combined scenarios of future changes in irrigation water consumption and agricultural land area were analysed. The results show that the future water security situation of the governorate is highly sensitive to projected climatic changes. Moreover, most future scenarios revealed that the agricultural land area would decrease, which will cause serious food security problems. The maximum decrease by about 55.9% of the agricultural land area for year 2095 compared to year 2016 is estimated, due to the current annual decreasing rate of 0.4% and 1.0 m SLR, whatever the applied RCP scenario. While the maximum increase in the required irrigation water would be about 6% due to the RCP85 scenario, assuming no change in the irrigation land area, with a mixing ratio of 1.34 (freshwater): 1 (drainage water) which would affect the crop yield productivity. A regular assessment of water security elements for each of the Egyptian governorates should be managed and an urgent integrated plan for food security to adapt with the future climate change impacts is essential.
10 Demerdash, D. E; Omar, M. E. D.; El-Din, M. N.; El-Badry, H.; Aly, E.; El-Molla, D. A. 2022. Development of a quality-based irrigation water security index. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(5):101735. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101735]
Irrigation water ; Water security ; Water quality ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Water treatment ; Adaptation ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Water scarcity ; Soil degradation ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Risk analysis ; Indicators / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050985)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447922000466/pdfft?md5=bcf40b0a5d901d6ffb17521e6c205813&pid=1-s2.0-S2090447922000466-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050985.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050985.pdf
(2.60 MB) (2.60 MB)
This paper introduces a new concept for water security, the Irrigation Water Security Quality-based Index. Through this concept, the irrigation water security is presented based on quantity and quality. The effect of water quality parameters on agriculture productivity, soil deterioration, and public health was evaluated. The probability of harm was used in the risk analysis and assessment. The developed index was applied to evaluate the Egyptian irrigation system, 10% reduction in the Nile’s supply, and four adaptation scenarios as an illustrative example. Drainage water reuse is adopted in Egypt to provide a sufficient supply and improve the water security. However, this improved water security doesn’t consider the water’s quality. The current Egyptian condition and 10% Nile reduction showed water insecurity. Expanding drainage and sewage water treatment improved the developed index to high security levels. This highlights the importance of drainage water treatment in attaining a sustainable high water security level.
11 Karimidastenaei, Z.; Avellan, T.; Sadegh, M.; Klove, B.; Haghighi, A. T. 2022. Unconventional water resources: global opportunities and challenges. Science of the Total Environment, 827:154429. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154429]
Water resources ; Water scarcity ; Water security ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Semiarid zones ; Wastewater treatment ; Drainage water ; Rainwater harvesting ; Virtual water ; Sustainability ; Socioeconomic environment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051007)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722015224/pdfft?md5=13c5cc5bcf583187bca4dcb36fab278f&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969722015224-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051007.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051007.pdf
(2.55 MB) (2.55 MB)
Water is of central importance for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. With predictions of dire global water scarcity, attention is turning to resources that are considered to be unconventional, and hence called Unconventional Water Resources (UWRs). These are considered as supplementary water resources that need specialized processes to be used as water supply. The literature encompasses a vast number of studies on various UWRs and their usefulness in certain environmental and/or socio-economic contexts. However, a recent, all-encompassing article that brings the collective knowledge on UWRs together is missing. Considering the increasing importance of UWRs in the global push for water security, the current study intends to offer a nuanced understanding of the existing research on UWRs by summarizing the key concepts in the literature. The number of articles published on UWRs have increased significantly over time, particularly in the past ten years. And while most publications were authored from researchers based in the USA or China, other countries such as India, Iran, Australia, and Spain have also featured prominently. Here, twelve general types of UWRs were used to assess their global distribution, showing that climatic conditions are the main driver for the application of certain UWRs. For example, the use of iceberg water obviously necessitates access to icebergs, which are taken largely from arctic regions. Overall, the literature review demonstrated that, even though UWRs provide promising possibilities for overcoming water scarcity, current knowledge is patchy and points towards UWRs being, for the most part, limited in scope and applicability due to geographic, climatic, economic, and political constraints. Future studies focusing on improved documentation and demonstration of the quantitative and socio-economic potential of various UWRs could help in strengthening the case for some, if not all, UWRs as avenues for the sustainable provision of water.
12 Patabendige, K. M. K.; Amarasinghe, M. D.; Ratnayake, R. M. C. S.; Dahanayaka, D. D. G. L. 2023. Impact of climate and irrigation practices on hydrological aspects of Bundala wetlands in Sri Lanka. Irrigation and Drainage, 72(3):696-705. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2797]
Wetlands ; Coastal areas ; Irrigation ; Rain ; Flooding ; Water levels ; Salinity ; Climate change ; Vegetation ; Water quality ; Freshwater ; Drainage water ; National parks ; Lagoons / Sri Lanka / Bundala / Lunugamvehera / Bundala Wetlands / Embilikala Lagoon / Malala Lagoon / Kirindi Oya / Malala Oya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051732)
(0.62 MB)
Bundala wetlands are the first to be declared a Ramsar wetland reserve in Sri Lanka. Two wetlands of this complex have transformed from seasonally inundated saline areas into permanent freshwater ecosystems, resulting in spatial and temporal changes that presumably have favoured plant invasions. We hypothesized that climate/rainfall changes and irrigation practices would be the most potential drivers of this change, and the objective of this research is to empirically determine the influence of rainfall and irrigation practices in the catchment on inundation pattern and plant nutrient availability that could potentially change ecology of these wetlands. Monthly rainfall data for the Bundala area (1988–2017) from Sri Lanka's meteorological department were analysed by parametric and nonparametric statistical methods, and a statistically significant change in rainfall was not discernible, confirming climate change is unlikely to be a driver to increase the lagoon water level. Irrigation data analysis revealed that these wetlands receive nearly 1.28 × 107 m3 of irrigation drainage annually from an irrigation scheme in the immediate catchment, which has resulted in decreased salinity, while inundation and plant nutrient content increased, changing the wetlands' ecology and socioeconomic status of the dependent rural communities.
13 Joshi, Deepa; Dessouki, Amina; Abdelwahab, Noura. 2023. Gendered implications of polluted drainage water use in agri-food value chains in Egypt: current context and practical recommendations. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p.
Drainage water ; Drainage canals ; Water use ; Agrifood sector ; Value chains ; Gender ; Women ; Water management ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Irrigation water ; Irrigated farming ; Freshwater ; Water governance ; Water pollution ; Water user associations ; Tenant farmers / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052304)
(5.10 MB)
Water management in Egypt presents unique challenges. Being waterscarce, the country needs to use its limited freshwater reserves efficiently and effectively, particularly for irrigation, which accounts for over 70% of the total freshwater availability. Egypt has a network of irrigation canals and water-reuse drains that were built since the introduction of cotton cultivation in the colonial era to enable agricultural drainage and the reuse of water for irrigation. This facilitated expansion of the cultivated area with a view to improving food security and income. However, the design of efficient water reuse for irrigation does not come without attendant challenges. With more and more farmers coming to rely on polluted drainage water for irrigation, an alarming inconsistency in the quality of treated drainage water is now evident (Ashour et al. 2021). The focus of our study, which was funded by the CGIAR GENDER Impact Platform, was to understand the gendered implications of these changes and challenges. Adopting a feminist political ecology approach, we analyze the gendered power dynamics within productive, irrigated agriculture, focusing on the everyday lived experiences of diverse groups of women, farmers and irrigators.
14 Noreen, M.; Younes, I. 2023. Wastewater irrigation and its impact on crops in major cultivated belt of Rechna Doab, Pakistan. Kuwait Journal of Science, 50(4):783-789. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjs.2023.08.003]
Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Geographical information systems ; Remote sensing ; Contamination ; Heavy metals ; Drainage water ; Industrial wastewater ; Sewage ; Electrical conductivity / Pakistan / Rechna Doab / Faisalabad / Jaranwala / Saddar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052440)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2307410823001451/pdfft?md5=802ea9bff1fc24c2ab9f27647876da30&pid=1-s2.0-S2307410823001451-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052440.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052440.pdf
(1.46 MB) (1.46 MB)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of wastewater that is used for irrigation in study area. This research focused on the wastewater irrigation in suburban areas of Faisalabad district. The study involved collection of wastewater samples from ten different locations from Faisalabad, Jaranwala and Saddar districts to assess its quality at different sites. Areas covered by wastewater irrigation ranged from 100 to 2000 acres and major crops were cultivated using this contaminated water, including wheat, cauliflower, radish, spinach, and fenugreek. Physiochemical characteristics of wastewater, including the presence of heavy metals, were measured. The ionic compositions and heavy metal toxicity of wastewater was determined to fall at poisonous levels. Physiochemical properties and quality indices used in the current study also depict the unsuitable nature of the wastewater used in the area. The sources of wastewater varied from drains, sewage water, and the Chakkera Disposal system. Maps generated in Arc Map 10.5 show the spatial distribution of constituents via the geostatistical IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) technique. The Piper and Durov diagrams highlighted the wastewater chemistry and showed that the dominant water type obtained was NaCl. Results were statistically analyzed by a correlation matrix. Dominant ions, pH levels, electric conductivity (EC), and heavy metals were detected by lab analysis and results indicated variability in toxic levels of these properties within the site and the area using the wastewater irrigation system. Consequently, this indicated the unsuitable nature of using wastewater as an irrigation source. The study concludes that it is necessary to conduct proper treatments to irrigation water before it is used on crops.
15 Tawfik, Mohamed; Hoogesteger, J.; Moussa, M.; Hellegers, P. 2024. ‘Squeezing Out’ the Nile Delta’s drainage water to irrigate Egypt’s desert land. Water, 16(1):157. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w16010157]
Deserts ; Reclamation ; Water availability ; Wastewater ; Drainage water ; Irrigation water ; Water reuse / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052556)
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/1/157/pdf?version=1704201640
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052556.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052556.pdf
(4.23 MB) (4.23 MB)
Egypt’s quota of Nile River water has been constant since the 1950s, despite the continual agricultural land expansion. To facilitate land reclamation, Egypt has reallocated Nile water from downstream users, mostly smallholders in the ‘old lands’ of the Delta. As water demands have grown, more attention has gone to the reuse of waste/drainage water as a reliable source for irrigated agriculture in the “old lands”. Recently, new mega plants for drainage water treatment have been built to promote reclamation of ‘new lands’ in desert-front governorates located outside the Nile Delta. Through these plants and the related water conveyance infrastructure, drainage water from the ‘old lands’ is now being collected, treated, and reallocated to these newly reclaimed areas. This article scrutinizes this transformation of access to drainage water, examining who benefits and what implications it holds for smallholder farmers in the old lands. The analysis suggests that waste/drainage water reclamation schemes do not tap into unused water but actually risk depriving smallholders in the Nile Delta of water access. It argues that more attention should be given to existing informal reuse arrangements and that smallholders’ access to water is guaranteed in light of new drainage water reuse projects.
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