Your search found 48 records
1 Reymond, P.; Cofie, Olufunke; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Kone, D. 2009. Design considerations and constraints in applying on-farm wastewater treatment for urban agriculture. Paper presented at the 4th SWITCH Scientific Meeting, Delft, The Netherlands, 4-7 October 2009. 15p.
Wastewater treatment ; Water quality ; Urban agriculture ; Irrigation water ; Ponds ; Faecal coliforms ; Farmers / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042719)
http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/W5-2_CACC_PAP_Design_considerations_and_constraints_for_on-farm_wastewater_treatment.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042719.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042719.pdf
(0.19 MB) (295.67KB)
In Accra, Ghana, one of ten SWITCH focus cities, the LA through the working group on water use for urban agriculture, initiated participatory action research activities on technological innovations to minimise risks associated with urban water reuse for agriculture within the context of integrated urban water management. The purpose was to demonstrate the potential of on-farm wastewater treatment to minimize health risks associated with urban water reuse for agriculture. The Demo focuses on further development of existing farmers’ practice of on-farm water storage ponds, for improved irrigation water quality and volume. This study component of the demo addresses the problem in an integrated manner. It focused on farmers’ constraints to propose sustainable and reproducible technical options. Research was held in Roman Ridge farming area, Accra, Ghana. Two different settings were investigated: 1) greywater derived from gutters in a ponds-trenches system; 2) individual ponds filled periodically with water pumped from a stream. Analyses show a natural faecal coliform removal of about 2 log units from the wastewater source to the last pond in the case of ponds-trenches system. As for individual ponds, a removal of 1-1.5 log units is observed in two days. Nutrients levels were very low, meaning that this water can’t be seen as a source of fertilizer. Main constraints towards improvement of on-farm water quality were found to include: limited available space, permanent demand for water, variability of water needs and watering schedule, walking distance to the water source, difficulty to dig deep ponds and trenches, risks of flooding, risks of nuisance for the neighbourhood and farmers’ lack of financial resources. These have to be taken into account in any proposed modification. Design options chosen consist of slight modification favouring natural pathogen removal processes, i.e. increasing the volume of water, avoiding short-circuiting and hydraulic dead zones with baffles, improving water fetching points to avoid resiltation, introducing plug flow retention ponds between the source and the fetching points and creating retention ponds upstream in the drains. The two main aims are to increase the retention time of water and avoid recontamination of the water through resiltation or runoff. Design modifications were implemented on-site and are currently being tested.
2 US. Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Quality criteria for water. Washington, DC, USA: Environmental Protection Agency. 256p.
Water quality ; Chemical contamination ; Alkalinity ; Domestic water ; Water supply ; Faecal coliforms
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.16 G000 USE Record No: H043947)
(0.34 MB)
3 Akple, M.; Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Agbenowu, E. 2011. Microbiological quality of water from hand-dug wells used for domestic purposes in urban communities in Kumasi, Ghana. Urban Water Journal, 8(1):57-64. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2010.528436]
Wells ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Faecal coliforms ; Urban poor ; Drinking water ; Sanitation ; Urban planning / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043972)
(0.73 MB)
Assessment was done on the microbiological quality of water in hand-dug wells in urban communities in Kumasi, Ghana. A total of 256 water samples were taken from eight wells and examined for faecal coliforms, enterococci and helminths. High contamination levels were recorded in the wells, more so in the wet season, with faecal coliforms levels between 6.44 and 10.19 log units and faecal enterococci between 4.23 and 4.85 CFU per 100 ml. Influence on protection and lining of wells on water quality was not pronounced but mechanization reduced contamination significantly by about 3 log units. This study shows a stronger influence of poor sanitation and improper placement of wells on water quality compared to improvements made from lining and protection of wells. In the race to increase access to drinking water in poor urban settlements, quality of groundwater could be a major barrier, if provision of drinking water is not matched with improvements in sanitation and urban planning.
4 Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip. 2011. Fecal exposure pathways in Accra: a literature review with specific focus on IWMI’s work on wastewater irrigated agriculture. Report submitted to the Centre for Global Safe Water, Emory University, Atlanta, USA. Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 43p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Faeces ; Faecal coliforms ; Health hazards ; Diarrhoea ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Pathogens ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban areas / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044338)
(1.16 MB)
5 Loganathan, P. 2010. Quality of ground water in Vavuniya with special reference to temporal and spatial variation. Journal of Dry Zone Agriculture, 1(1):81-88.
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Wells ; Nitrates ; Nitrogen ; Pollution ; Sewage ; Faecal coliforms / Sri Lanka / Vavuniya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044358)
(0.56 MB)
6 Knowlton, C.; Gourdji, S.; Platt, K.; Wiley, M. J. 2008. Potential public health implications of interlinking of rivers in India. In Mirza, M. M. Q.; Ahmed, A. U.; Ahmad, Q. K. (Eds.). Interlinking of rivers in India: issues and concerns. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. pp.141-152.
Rivers ; Water resources development ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Faecal coliforms ; Public health ; Malaria ; Schistosomiasis ; Cholera ; Rural settlement ; Case studies ; Models / India / Kanpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.6 G000 MIR Record No: H045874)
7 Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Impraim, Robert; Adamtey, N. 2013. Processing of fecal sludge to fertilizer pellets using a low-cost technology in Ghana. Environment and Pollution, 2(4):70-87. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v2n4p70]
Fertilizers ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Pellets ; Composts ; Gamma irradiation ; Moisture content ; Public health ; Analytical methods / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046116)
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ep/article/download/28987/17903
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046116.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046116.pdf
(1.50 MB) (1.51MB)
This paper describes a study that was aimed at optimizing the pelletization of fecal sludge-based fertilizers for agricultural use. The process developed is easy to implement and increases the marketability of the products while also addressing a serious health and environmental challenge. The study took place during the period 2011-2012 in Ghana. The fecal sludge, rich in nutrients and organic matter, was dried and used to produce five different fertilizers (i.e., four formulations of compost and one with gamma irradiated material). Each material was then pelletized using locally constructed machinery. Key operating parameters, such as moisture content (10-55% in mass), binder type (clay or starch) and concentration (0-10% in mass), were varied and their impacts on the characteristics of pellets (e.g., amount of fine materials generated, length distribution or stability of pellets, and pellet disintegration rate) were also followed. Given the low analyzing capabilities of developing countries, some simple analytical methods were developed and used to compare pellets produced under different conditions. The results confirmed that the addition of 3% of pregelatinized starch is recommended during pelletization of fecal sludge-based fertilizers. Applicable moisture contents were also identified per fertilizer type, and were found to comprise between 21 and 43%.
8 CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 2013. Creating wealth from waste: business plan. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 17p.
Research projects ; Wastes ; Sanitation ; Economic aspects ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Faecal coliforms
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046184)
(1.74MB)
9 Keraita, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Klutse, A.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2014. On-farm treatment options for wastewater, greywater and fecal sludge with special reference to West Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 36p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 01) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.203]
On-farm research ; Wastewater treatment ; Water quality ; Water storage ; Irrigation water ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Contamination ; Reservoirs ; Filtration ; Weirs ; Ponds ; Wells ; Wetlands ; Health hazards ; Farmers ; Sedimentation ; Helminths ; Moringa / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046382)
(2.20 MB)
10 Barker, S. F.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay. 2014. A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in Kumasi, Ghana: evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality. Science of the Total Environment, 487:130-142. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.108]
Gastroenteritis ; Diarrhoea ; Rotavirus ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Food quality ; Food composition ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Sewage ; Faecal coliforms ; Health hazards / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI IHQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046442)
(0.68 MB)
With a rapidly growing urban population in Kumasi, Ghana, the consumption of street food is increasing. Raw salads, which often accompany street food dishes, are typically composed of perishable vegetables that are grown in close proximity to the city using poor quality water for irrigation. This study assessed the risk of gastroenteritis illness (caused by rotavirus, norovirus and Ascaris lumbricoides) associated with the consumption of street food salads using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Three different risk assessment models were constructed, based on availability of microbial concentrations: 1)Water — starting from irrigation water quality, 2) Produce — starting from the quality of produce at market, and 3) Street — using microbial quality of street food salad. In the absence of viral concentrations, published ratios between faecal coliforms and viruses were used to estimate the quality of water, produce and salad, and annual disease burdens were determined. Rotavirus dominated the estimates of annual disease burden (~10-3 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year (DALYs pppy)), although norovirus also exceeded the 10-4 DALY threshold for both Produce and Street models. The Water model ignored other on-farm and post-harvest sources of contamination and consistently produced lower estimates of risk; it likely underestimates disease burden and therefore is not recommended. Required log reductions of up to 5.3 (95th percentile) for rotavirus were estimated for the Street model, demonstrating that significant interventions are required to protect the health and safety of street food consumers in Kumasi. Estimates of virus concentrations were a significant source of model uncertainty and more data on pathogen concentrations is needed to refine QMRA estimates of disease burden.
11 Cofie, Olufunke; Van Rooijen, D.; Nikiema, Josiane. 2014. Challenges and opportunities for recycling excreta for peri-urban agriculture in urbanising countries. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.301-310. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Suburban agriculture ; Urban agriculture ; Urban areas ; Sanitation ; Health hazards ; Excreta ; Faecal coliforms ; Waste treatment ; Urine ; Recycling ; Organic fertilizers ; Composting ; Food production ; Environmental health / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046582)
(0.36 MB)
As urbanisation increases, so does the challenge of meeting water, sanitation and food requirements in urban areas. In particular, the management of human excreta from on-site sanitation facilities remains a challenge and continues to endanger public health and degrades the environment through soil and water pollution. Yet much of the excreta consist of organic matter and nutrients that are valuable inputs for agriculture. Recycling in agriculture has often neglected the recovery of nutrients and organic matter in faecal sludge collected from on-site sanitation facilities in developing countries. Exploring the high proportion of resources in excreta can provide a win–win strategy by reducing the environmental pollution, enhancing soil fertility and therefore improving livelihoods. Challenges to maximising these benefits include: type of sanitation facility used in developing countries, nature of faecal materials, prevailing treatment technologies which are usually designed for waste disposal not for reuse, institutional and market factors as well as negative perceptions regarding excreta use in agriculture. Nevertheless, urban and peri-urban agriculture presents a good opportunity for nutrient recycling, provided that technological and socio-economic strategies for optimum recovery are taken into account. The paper concludes with a description of successful recycling options that can contribute to improving farm productivity, using evidence from Ghana.
12 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) 2014. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 247p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.219]
Irrigated farming ; Urban agriculture ; Suburban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Risk management ; Wastewater irrigation ; Cropping systems ; Food security ; Food supply ; Sanitation ; Water quality ; Water use ; Water policy ; Economic aspects ; Financing ; Households ; Income ; Marketing ; Gender ; Women farmers ; Land tenure ; Soil fertility ; Biological contamination ; Pesticide residues ; Helminths ; Heavy metals ; Faecal coliforms ; Environmental health ; Sustainability ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Malaria ; Stakeholders / Ghana / West Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046597)
(3.76 MB)
13 Keraita, B.; Silverman, A.; Amoah, Philip; Asem-Hiablie, S. 2014. Quality of irrigation water used for urban vegetable production. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.62-73.
Irrigation water ; Water use ; Water quality ; Waste treatment ; Faecal coliforms ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Farmers ; Sanitation ; Helminths ; Contamination ; Heavy metals / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046603)
(628 KB)
This chapter presents findings from studies conducted in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale aimed at assessing the quality of irrigation water used by farmers in and around the cities. Samples for laboratory analysis were taken from sources of water used for irrigation. Microbiological, chemical and other emerging contaminants are presented.
14 Amoah, Philip; Lente, I.; Asem-Hiablie, S.; Abaidoo, R. C. 2014. Quality of vegetables in Ghanaian urban farms and markets. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.89-103.
Vegetables ; Marketing ; Chemical contamination ; Helminths ; Heavy metals ; Faecal coliforms ; Pesticide residues ; Irrigation water ; Lettuces / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046605)
(395 KB)
This chapter shows results obtained from analyzing samples of vegetables taken at the farm gate and from selling points in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale. Microbiological data are based on a total of about 1,500 vegetable samples taken from different sampling points along the vegetable distribution chain – farm gates – and from different categories of sellers in Accra, Tamale and Kumasi. Fecal coliforms and helminth eggs were mainly used as the fecal contamination indicator organisms. For chemical contaminants, heavy metals and pesticides in irrigation water and vegetables were analyzed, while estrogens were used as an example for emerging contaminants.
15 Impraim, Robert; Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Rao, Krishna. 2014. Value from faecal sludge and municipal organic waste: fertilizer cum soil conditioner in Ghana. Paper presented at the 37th WEDC [Water, Engineering and Development Centre] International Conference on Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services for All in a Fast Changing World, Hanoi, Vietnam, 15-19 September 2014. 6p.
Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Urban wastes ; Organic wastes ; Waste management ; Soil conditioners ; Nutrients ; Agricultural production ; Productivity ; Sanitation / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046659)
(0.39 MB)
Ghana is confronted with waste management challenges. with 20-40% uncollected solid waste in most cities. Also. large volumes of faecal sludge are discharged untreated into the environment. Although these wastes pose serious environmental concerns, they also contain nutrients and organic matter essential for improving soil agricultural productivity. The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), since 2001. has researched into nutrient and organic matter recovery from faecal sludge and organic solid waste in Ghana and some Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka or Bangladesh. This has led to the production of various formulations of faecal sludge based compost (with "Fortifer" as a generic 'brand '), both in the form ofpellets and powders, and specifically an ongoing project aiming at producing and commercializing the Fortifer in Ghana through a Public Private Partnership. This paper presents a summary of Fortifer technology, project objectives as well as lessons learnt during its implementation.
16 Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Impraim, Robert. 2014. Technological options for safe resource recovery from fecal sludge. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 47p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 02) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.228]
Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Waste treatment ; Excreta ; Resource management ; Recycling ; Organic wastes ; Soil fertility ; Water quality ; Gravity flow ; Filtration ; Composting ; Dewatering ; Nutrients ; Sanitation ; Wetlands ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046695)
(4 MB)
17 Fernando, Sudarshana; Drechsel, Pay; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Semasinghe, Christina. 2014. Solid waste and septage co-composting as a pathway to cost and resource recovery in Sri Lanka. In Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). From toilet to source - Accelerating uptake of sustainable and integrated wastewater management solutions: proceedings of the 1st Specialist Conference on Municipal Water Management and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Bangkok, Thailand, 2-4 December 2014. London, UK: IWA Publishing; Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology. pp.246-252.
Solid wastes ; Urban wastes ; Composting ; Resource management ; Recycling ; Cost recovery ; Nutrients ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Farmers / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046757)
(0.45 MB)
Due to its low nutrient content, compost from municipal solid waste (MS\I\1 qualifies mostly as a conditioner of soil physical properties than soil fertility. This limits the value proposition of the compost and its potential for cost recovery to maintain the compost stations. One way to enhance the compost value is to enrich it with nutrients. Given the increasing attention to fecal sludge (FS) management from septic tanks and latrines, co-composting of both waste streams could be a win-win option to increase the compost nutrient value. To assess the current situation of MSW composting and opportunities and acceptance of co-composting in Sri Lanka several field surveys were conducted including a study of 13 MSW compost plants and current septage management practices in 41 local authorities (LA), a detailed case study of an existing plant mixing MSW and FS, and a willingness to pay study among 257 farmers in proximity of a designated pilot co-composting station. The average cost recovery percentage of the existing compost plants was less than one third of the O&M costs in Sri Lanka with significant variations. The willingness to pay study indicated a high interest in enriched compost. Field trials showed that co-composting with septage could enhance the MSW compost nutrient value. For example, the Phosphorous content of 0.4% could be increased nearly 10 times. In general, co-composting could increase the financial sustainability of the existing compost plants to a substantial degree, while nutrient recovery from MSW without septage addition may not be financially sustainable. Pelletized co-compost could have an increased market value of 70%-1000,1, compare to the normal MSW compost.
18 Keraita, B.; Mateo-Sagasta Davila, Javier; Drechsel, Pay; Winkler, M.; Medlicott, K. 2015. Risk mitigation for wastewater irrigation systems in low-income countries: opportunities and limitations of the WHO guidelines. In Memon, F. A.; Ward, S. (Eds.). Alternative water supply systems. London, UK: IWA Publishing. pp.367-389.
Irrigation systems ; Wastewater irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Risk management ; Developing countries ; Income ; WHO ; Guidelines ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Water quality ; Faecal coliforms ; Sedimentation ; Filtration ; Marketing / West Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046780)
(0.69 MB)
19 Uyttendaele, M.; Jaykus, L.-A.; Amoah, Philip; Chiodini, A.; Cunliffe, D.; Jacxsens, L.; Holvoet, K.; Korsten, L.; Lau, M.; McClure, P.; Medema, G.; Sampers, I.; Jasti, P. R. 2015. Microbial hazards in irrigation water: standards, norms, and testing to manage use of water in fresh produce primary production. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 14(4):336-356. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12133]
Irrigation water ; Water use ; Water management ; Water quality ; Fruits ; Vegetables ; Food safety ; Public health ; Faecal coliforms ; Pathogenic bacteria ; Pathogenic viruses ; Risk management ; Wastewater treatment ; Groundwater ; Contamination
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046993)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1541-4337.12133/epdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046993.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046993.pdf
(0.23 MB) (231.35 KB)
Accessibility to abundant sources of high-quality water is integral to the production of safe and wholesome fresh produce. However, access to safe water is becoming increasingly difficult in many parts of the world, and this can lead to the production of fresh produce contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, resulting in increased risk of human disease. Water, an important raw material in the fresh produce chain, is used in considerable amounts in many operations, including irrigation and application of pesticides and fertilizers, but also as a transport medium and for cooling and washing in postharvest practices. In several reported outbreaks related to uncooked fruit and vegetable products, water has been identified as a likely source of the outbreak. The present study, initiated by the ILSI Europe Emerging Microbiological Issues Task Force in collaboration with 8 other ILSI branches and support of WHO/FAO, was undertaken to review the status of, and provide suggestions for, consideration by different stakeholders on water and sanitation and its impact on food safety and public health. A limited number of guidelines and regulations on water quality for agricultural production are available, and many of them are still heavily based on microbial standards and (debated) parameters such as fecal coliforms. Data gaps have been identified with regard to baseline studies of microbial pathogens in water sources in many regions, the need for agreement on methods and microbial parameters to be used in assessing water quality, the fate of pathogens in water, and their transfer and persistence on irrigated/processed produce.
20 Cofie, Olufunke; Nikiema, Josiane; Impraim, Robert; Adamtey, N.; Paul, Johannes; Kone, D. 2016. Co-composting of solid waste and fecal sludge for nutrient and organic matter recovery. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 47p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 03) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2016.204]
Resource recovery ; Environmental effects ; Nutrients ; Solid wastes ; Recycling ; Composting ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Urbanization ; Urban wastes ; Food wastes ; Waste management ; Developing countries ; Farmyard manure ; Excreta ; Soil organic matter ; Organic wastes ; Organic fertilizers ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Sanitation ; Moisture content ; Temperature ; pH ; Microorganisms ; Aeration ; Pathogens ; Emission ; Livestock ; Heavy metals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047536)
(3 MB)
Biological treatment, composting, in particular, is a relatively simple, durable and inexpensive alternative for stabilizing and reducing biodegradable waste. Co-composting of different waste sources allows to enhance the compost nutrient value. In particular, integration of ‘biosolids’ from the sanitation sector as potential input material for co-composting would provide a solution for the much needed treatment of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems, and make use of its high nutrient content. This research paper elaborates in detail the main parameters that govern the co-composting process as well as factors that control the production of a safe and valuable quality compost. It further explains technological options to tailor the final product to crop and farmer needs.
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