Your search found 21 records
1 McLaughlin, M. J.; Singh, B. R. (Eds.) 1999. Cadmium in soils and plants. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. xvi, 271p. :ill. ;25 cm. (Developments in plant and soil sciences ;v. 85)
(Location: IWMI-SEA Call no: 577.275662 G000 MCL Record No: BKK-50)
Kevin G. Tiller Memorial Symposium "Cadmium in Soils, Plants, and the Food Chain"(1997 :University of California, Berkeley) International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (4th :1997 :University of California, Berkeley)
2 Simmons, Robert; Noble, Andrew; Pongsakul, P. 2005. A generalized multiple regression model to predict cadmium uptake in rice grain. Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on the Bio-geochemistry of Trace Elements, Adelaide, Australia, 3-7 April 2005. 2p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 633.18 G000 SIM Record No: H038135)
3 Reeves, P. G.; Chaney, R. L.; Simmons, Robert; Cherian, M. G. 2005. Metallothionein induction is not involved in cadmium accumulation in the duodenum of mice and rats fed diets containing high-cadmium rice or sunflower kernels and a marginal supply of zinc, iron, and calcium. Journal of Nutrition, 135:99-108.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 615.925662 G000 REE Record No: H038151)
4 Simmons, Robert; Sukreeyapongse, O.; Noble, Andrew; Chinabut, N. 2005. Report of LDD-IWMI land zoning and Cd risk assessment activities undertaken in Phatat Pha Daeng and Mae Tao Mai sub-districts, Mae Sot, Tak Province, Thailand. Final report. Bangkok, Thailand: International Water Management Institute (IWMI), SEA Regional Office; Bangkok, Thailand: Land Development Department. 1CD.
Rice ; Paddy fields ; Cadmium ; Soil degradation ; Risks ; Assessment ; Public health ; Villages ; Irrigation water ; Water pollution ; Watersheds / Thailand / Tak Province
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: CD Col Record No: H038312)
(7.79MB)
5 Simmons, Robert; Vinh, N. C.; Jensen, J. R. 2006. Cadmium in paddy soils and rice grain in Nam Dinh, Vietnam: a potential public health risk. In Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Jayakody, Priyantha (Eds.). Proceedings of Workshop on Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in Vietnam: Water Management, Environment and Human Health Aspects, Hanoi, Vietnam, 4 May 2006. In English and Vietnamese. Hanoi, Vietnam: Agriculture Publishing House; Hanoi, Vietnam: Center for Participatory Irrigation Management (CPIM) of Vietnam Institute for Water Resources Research; Hanoi, Vietnam: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.163-170.
Rice ; Soil pollution ; Cadmium ; Public health ; Risks ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Irrigated farming / Vietnam / Nam Dinh / My Tan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G784 RAS Record No: H038718)
6 Simmons, Robert. 2004. Review of the current contamination status of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the Greater Mekong sub-region. UNESCAP-IWMI-IAEA Training Workshop on the Development of Effective Management and Decision-Making Tools for the Mitigation of Contamination of Soils, Crops and Water in the Greater Mekong Sub-region, Bangkok, Thailand, 16-18 June 2004. 50p.
Soils ; Soil degradation ; Rice ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Arsenic ; Public health ; Diseases ; Cadmium ; Fluorides / Vietnam / Thailand / Cambodia / Myanmar / Laos / China / Red River / Hanoi / Mekong
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 333.91 G800 SIM, CD Col Record No: H038811)
7 Simmons, Robert; Pongsakul, P.; Chaney, R. L.; Saiyasitpanich, D.; Klinphoklap, S.; Nobuntou, W. 2003. The relative exclusion of zinc and iron from rice grain in relation to rice grain cadmium as compared to soybean: Implications for human health. Plant and Soil, 257:163-170.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 633.18 G750 SIM Record No: H039374)
8 Qadir, M.; Ghafoor, A.; Murtaza, G. 2000. Cadmium concentration in vegetables grown on urban soils irrigated with untreated municipal sewage. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2:11-19.
Vegetables ; Irrigated farming ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sewage ; Heavy metals ; Cadmium ; Soil degradation ; Public health ; Risk assessment / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7692 Record No: H039575)
9 Simmons, Robert W.; Blümmel, M.; Reddy, R. C.; Khan, A. A. 2007. Impact of wastewater irrigation on Cd and Pb concentrations in rice straw and paragrass: implications for food safety. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Food Safety of Animal Products, Amman, Jordan, 12-14 November 2007. 4p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Fodder ; Feed grasses ; Rice straw ; Cadmium ; Lead ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Food safety / India / Hyderabad / Musi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G635 SIM Record No: H040570)
https://food-safety.uni-hohenheim.de/fileadmin/einrichtungen/food-safety/Conferece_Contributions/Impact_of_wastewater_irrigation_on_Cd_and_Pb_concentrations_in_rice_straw_and_paragrass__Implications_for_food_safety..pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040570.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040570.pdf
(0.11 MB) (50.50KB)
10 Simmons, Robert W.; Noble, Andrew; Pongsakul, P.; Sukreeyapongse, O.; Chinabut, N. 2008. Analysis of field-moist Cd contaminated paddy soils during rice grain fill allows reliable prediction of grain Cd levels. Plant and Soil, 302(1-2): 125-137.
Rice ; Cadmium ; Soil-water-plant relationships ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Soil properties ; Analysis / South East Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 633.18 G635 SIM Record No: H040571)
Research undertaken over the last 40 years has confirmed that the long-term consumption of cadmium (Cd) contaminated rice contributes to human Cd disease. Rice is the staple of millions throughout South and Southeast Asia. Therefore, the ability to accurately assess the risk of rice grain Cd uptake in areas of elevated soil Cd would be a pre-requisite to protecting public health and regional export security. During 2001–2002, 308 concomitant soil and rice grain samples were collected from a Cd/Zn co-contaminated site in Western Thailand and determined for aqua regia digested soil Cd and rice grain Cd. No significant relationship was observed between total soil Cd and rice grain Cd (r 2 = 0.117). This intuitively is to be expected since total soil Cd bears no relationship to phyto-available Cd. Similarly no relationship was observed between 0.005 M DTPA extractable soil (air-dry) Cd and rice grain Cd (r 2 = 0.165). Again this result could have been predicted as the phyto-availability of Cd in paddy soils is a function of the complex interaction between soil pH, redox conditions and the presence of competing ions. Consequently, in 2003 a further study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of commonly utilized soil extractants namely, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 M CaCl2 solutions at a soil extractant ratio of 1:5 and 1 M NH4NO3 for 2 h or 4 h extractions times at a soil/extractant ratio of 1:2.5. Soil samples were collected at the critical rice grain fill stage and sub-divided into Portion A which was subjected to conventional air-drying and sample preparation procedures and Portion B which was maintained at Field Condition (FC) and stored at <4°C until extractions were undertaken. Concomitant rice grain samples were collected at maturity. The results indicate that air-dried soil samples subjected to conventional soil preparation procedures were totally ineffective at predicting the uptake of Cd by rice stem, leaf or grain, regardless of extractant. Further, the results indicate that the Stepwise Regression model incorporating 0.1 M CaCl2 extractable Cd and soil pHw determined on field moist samples accounts for 63.8% of the variability in rice grain Cd.
11 Simmons, Robert W.; Noble, Andrew D.; Pongsakul, P.; Sukreeyapongse, O.; Chinabut, N. 2009. Cadmium-hazard mapping using a general linear regression model (Irr-Cad) for rapid risk assessment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31(1):71-79. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-008-9157-x]
Rice ; Soyabeans ; Cadmium ; Zinc ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Assessment ; Irrigated farming ; Models ; Soil analysis / Japan / China / Thailand / Vietnam / Myanmar / Laos
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H040619)
(0.37 MB)
12 Simmons, Robert; Sukreeyapongse, O.; Noble, Andrew; Chinabut, N. 2005. Report of LDD-IWMI land zoning and Cd risk assessment activities undertaken in Phatat Pha Daeng and Mae Tao Mai sub-districts, Mae Sot, Tak Province, Thailand. Final report. Bangkok, Thailand: International Water Management Institute (IWMI), SEA Regional Office; Bangkok, Thailand: Land Development Department. 1CD.
Rice ; Paddy fields ; Cadmium ; Soil degradation ; Risks ; Assessment ; Public health ; Villages ; Irrigation water ; Water pollution ; Watersheds / Thailand / Tak Province
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: CD Col; c2 Record No: H037646)
(7.79 MB)
13 Hussain, A.; Murtaza, G.; Ghafoor, A.; Basra, S. M. A.; Qadir, Manzoor; Sabir, M. 2010. Cadmium contamination of soils and crops by long term use of raw effluent, ground and canal waters in agricultural lands. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(6):851-856. [doi: https://doi.org/10–290/AWB/2010/12–6–851–856]
Water scarcity ; Water reuse ; Effluents ; Wastewater irrigation ; Cadmium ; Electrical conductivity ; Soil degradation ; Cereals ; Legumes ; Contamination ; Heavy metals ; Chemical analysis ; Surveys ; Canals ; Wells / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043365)
(0.14 MB)
Water scarcity in agriculture sector forced farmers to use city wastewater without any regard of its quality effects on environment and resultant contamination of soils and plants, particularly with heavy metals. A survey of effluent, tube well and canal water irrigated areas in Faisalabad, Pakistan was conducted to appraise Cd concentration in these waters and soils, and its uptake by cereal and legume crops. Water, soil and plant (seeds, shoot & roots) samples were collected and analyzed for Cd concentration. Results illustrated that wastewater contained 11.0 and 3.7 times higher Cd than tube well and canal waters, respectively. Location-wise the lowest Cd concentration was 0.6 µg L-1 at Bypass Samandari Road (BSR) while the highest was 1.4 µg L-1 at Malkhanwala (MW). Maximum AB-DTPA extractable Cd (0.30 mg kg-1 & 0.248 mg kg-1) was found in soil samples collected from 0-15 cm depths at Uchkera and Ghulam Muhammad Abad (GMA), respectively. It was the lowest (0.04 mg kg-1) in soil samples collected from Chak No. 235/RB (C235) location. Long term effluent irrigation resulted in 248 and 260% increase in Cd contents at 0-15 cm depth of soils compared to tube well and canal waters irrigated soils, respectively. In all the cases, Cd was within safe limits. About 70% of the metal was deposited in upper 30 cm layers. Seeds of effluent irrigated chickpea acquired the highest concentration of Cd (0.177 mg kg-1), while was the lowest in wheat seeds (0.034 mg kg-1). Concentration of Cd was higher in mungbean shoots (0.62 mg kg-1) than in wheat shoots. The order for Cd concentration in seeds was chickpea > maize > mungbean > wheat for wastewater irrigated crops. Similar trend of Cd concentration was observed in tube well and canal waters irrigated crops.
14 Noble, Andrew; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Manthrithilake, Herath; Arasalingam, Sutharsiny. 2014. Review of literature on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 41p. (IWMI Working Paper 158) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.206]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Aetiology ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Groundwater ; Contamination ; Arsenic ; Toxicity ; Cadmium ; Phosphates ; Fluorides ; Aluminium ; Agrochemicals ; Health hazards ; Food chains ; Farmers ; Wells ; Literature ; Research / Sri Lanka / Medawachchiya / Anuradhapura
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046435)
(679.55 KB)
This manuscript undertakes a review of current published information (peer-reviewed and grey literature) on Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. It attempts to provide an overview of the possible environmentally-induced causal factors that have been implicated in the development of the disease, and identifies the gaps in research and recommends potential areas for future research. The review specifically captures the potential role that agriculture and water resources may play as causal factors in the development of the disease, and calls for a systematic approach and stresses the need for an integrated multi-disciplinary research effort to address the problem.
15 Jinadasa, B. K. K. K. 2013. A study of trace metal levels in selected fisheries harbours in South and West coast of Sri Lanka. Journal of the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency of Sri Lanka, 42:1-14.
Heavy metals ; Fisheries ; Water pollution ; Harbours ; Coastal area ; Sea water ; Mercury ; Cadmium ; Lead ; Chromium ; Nickel ; Copper ; Zinc / Sri Lanka / Tangalle / Puranawella / Mirissa / Beruwala / Mutwal / Negombo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8157 Record No: H047150)
(1.07 MB)
Trace metals generally enter into the harbour environment through atmospheric deposition, erosion or due to anthropogenic activities such as release of industrial effluents, domestic and harbour generated sewage and oil spills. The present study was carried out to assess the levels of several trace metals, namely, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni, in harbour basin water from six selected fisheries harbours along the Southern and Western coasts of Sri Lanka. A total of 54 samples were collected covering the areas around the harbour jetty, harbour entrance and fuel stations during the period of June to December, 2011. The level of total Hg was analyzed by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) and the other metals by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). The trace metal concentrations in fisheries harbour basin water (n=54) varied widely. The mean concentrations ±SD (µg/L) found in the study were Hg <0.16, Pb 0.40±0.61, Cd 0.06±0.17, Cr 0.49±0.80, Zn 13.60±19.1O, Cu 4.68±8.99 and Ni 5.80± 7.98. These values are all well below the limits for estuary and harbour basin water guideline, set by European Union (EU) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
16 Qadir, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Contaminant management in water reuse systems. In Eslamian, S. (Ed.). Urban water reuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 525-532.
Water reuse ; Contamination ; Pollution control ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Freshwater ; Risk management ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Cadmium ; Salts ; Ions ; Crop management ; Soil management ; Nutrients ; Irrigation management ; Drainage ; Salinity control ; Organic compounds ; Diversification ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047361)
(0.84 MB)
Although wastewater has been increasingly used to grow a range of crops for income generation and livelihood resilience in urban and peri-urban areas, irrigation with untreated or partially treated wastewater may result in negative impacts on irrigated crops, soils, and groundwater along with implications for human and environmental health through chemical and microbial risks. With the potential for environmental risks due to concentrations above the maximum allowable levels, the major chemical constituent groups that need to be addressed in wastewater-irrigated environments are metals and metalloids, essential nutrients, salts and specific ionic species, and persistent organic pollutants. To avoid potential negative impacts, conventional wastewater treatment options, which can control the release of these contaminants into the environment, remain the key to protecting water quality for beneficial uses in agriculture, aquaculture, and agroforestry systems. Effective legislation, monitoring, and enforcement are also essential and often neglected management strategies. At the farm level, some low-cost irrigation, soil, and crop management options, discussed in this chapter, are available to reduce the risk from contaminants added through wastewater irrigation.
17 Woldetsadik, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Marschner, B.; Itanna, F.; Gebrekidan, H. 2016. Effects of biochar and alkaline amendments on cadmium immobilization, selected nutrient and cadmium concentrations of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in two contrasting soils. SpringerPlus, 5:1-16. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2019-6]
Alkalinity ; Cadmium ; Immobilization ; Nutrients ; Cadmium ; Leaf vegetables ; Lettuces ; Soil sampling ; pH ; Faecal coliforms ; Nitrates ; Carbon ; Heavy metals ; Waste treatment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047506)
(0.85 MB)
To assess the efficiency of seven treatments including biochars produced from dried faecal matter and manures as stabilizing agents of cadmium (Cd)-spiked soils, lettuce was grown in glasshouse on two contrasting soils. The soils used were moderately fertile silty loam and less fertile sandy loam and the applied treatments were 7 % w/w. The reduction of bioavailable Cd (ammonium nitrate extractable) and its phytoavailability for lettuce were used as assessment criteria in the evaluation of stabilization performance of each treatment. Moreover, the agronomic values of the treatments were also investigated. Ammonium nitrate extraction results indicated that faecal matter biochar, cow manure biochar and lime significantly reduced bioavailable Cd by 84–87, 65–68 and 82–91 %, respectively, as compared to the spiked controls. Unpredictably, coffee husk biochar induced significant increment of Cd in NH4NO3 extracts. The immobilization potential of faecal matter biochar and lime were superior than the other treatments. However, lime and egg shell promoted statistically lower yield and P, K and Zn concentrations response of lettuce plants compared to the biochar treatments. The lowest Cd and highest P tissue concentrations of lettuce plants were induced by faecal matter and cow manure biochar treatments in both soils. Additionally, the greatest Cd phytoavailability reduction for lettuce was induced by poultry litter and cow manure biochars in the silty loam soil. Our results indicate that faecal matter and animal manure biochars have shown great potential to promote Cd immobilization and lettuce growth response in heavily contaminated agricultural fields.
18 Haroon, B.; Ping, A.; Pervez, A.; Faridullah; Irshad, M. 2019. Characterization of heavy metal in soils as affected by long-term irrigation with industrial wastewater. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 9(1):47-56. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2018.008]
Wastewater irrigation ; Industrial wastewater ; Irrigated soils ; Heavy metals ; Contamination ; Lead ; Nickel ; Manganese ; Copper ; Cadmium ; Iron ; Zinc ; Soil properties ; Fractionation ; Farmers / Pakistan / Hattar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049121)
https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/9/1/47/522943/jwrd0090047.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049121.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049121.pdf
(0.21 MB) (216 KB)
Investigation of heavy metals (HM) fractions in soils irrigated with wastewater (WW) would ascertain their bioavailability and contamination level in soils. This study investigated HM fractions in soils after long-term WW irrigation. WW irrigation profoundly affected HM fractions in soil. The ranges of HM concentrations in soils irrigated with WW were apparently wide. All fractions were significantly higher in the fields irrigated with industrial WW than rain-fed fields. HM concentrations varied in the soils as Pb > Cu > Ni > Zn > Fe > Cd > Mn after WW irrigation. In rainfed fields, HM concentrations differed in soils as Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cd > Cu > Ni. The HM fractions were dominant in the residual form followed by oxides bound and carbonate associated fractions in WW-irrigated soils. Lower contents of HM in the soil were obtained in the exchangeable fraction. WW irrigation resulted in the transformation of HM into different fractions as residual > oxide associated > carbonate associated > organically bound > exchangeable form. Repeated WW irrigation increased pH values of the soils. The higher EC of soil indicated an accumulation of salts in the soils due to WW irrigation. Mitigation of HM contamination in Hattar industrial effluent is required before irrigation.
19 Imbulana, S; Oguma, K. 2021. Groundwater as a potential cause of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: a review. Journal of Water and Health, 19(3):393-410. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.079]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Aetiology ; Groundwater ; Risk factors ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Fluorides ; Heavy metals ; Cadmium ; Water hardness ; Cations ; Wells ; Agrochemicals ; Organic matter ; Arid zones ; Communities / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050453)
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article-pdf/19/3/393/902741/jwh0190393.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050453.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050453.pdf
(0.39 MB) (396 KB)
The cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka remains unidentified, despite vast research efforts that brought about an extensive list of potential risk factors. Among these, the long-term exposure to various nephrotoxic elements through drinking groundwater was widely suspected owing to the unique geographical distribution of the disease. This review focuses on such well-known hypotheses suspecting the relations with fluoride, hardness, major ions, heavy metals, metalloids, organic matter, agrochemical residues, pathogens, and bacterial toxins in the groundwaters of the CKDu-endemic region. It was comprehensively discussed why each of these constituents was considered a risk factor of CKDu, how could they possibly trigger the pathogenesis of the disease, what was the evidence that supported or failed each hypothesis, and whether providing safe drinking water had been effective at mitigating the progression of the disease. Although plenty of circumstantial evidence supported an etiology related to groundwater for CKDu, it was impossible to elucidate the cause–effect relationships between drinking impaired groundwater and the occurrence of the disease. Future research should be effectively designed to clarify the role of groundwater in the onset of CKDu by taking into account the gaps in past research.
20 Nyachoti, S.; Godebo, T. R.; Okwori, O. F.; Jeuland, M. A.; Manthrithilake, Herath. 2022. Dietary exposures to metals in relation to chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Exposure and Health, 14(1):63-73. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00418-4]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Dietary factors ; Rice ; Toxic substances ; Metals ; Risk factors ; Arsenic ; Lead ; Cadmium ; Selenium / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050676)
(2.29 MB)
Exposure to metals has been hypothesized as possible cause of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) in Sri Lanka; however, evidence is inconclusive. We measured the concentrations of nephrotoxic metals (As, Pb, and Cd), as well as Se in rice (a staple grain in Sri Lanka) and other grains consumed in CKDu endemic and non-endemic regions using Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our results showed comparable mean concentrations (in µg/kg) of 24.5±18, 7.3±6.4, and 14.2±15 for As, Pb, and Cd, respectively, in rice from endemic regions and 17.7±4.7, 12.7±6.8, and 17.8±16 in rice from non-endemic regions. Selenium concentrations (in mg/kg) were 0.05±0.02 in rice cultivated in both endemic and non-endemic regions. Arsenic and Cd concentrations were significantly higher in rice compared to other grains, which themselves had higher Se than rice. All samples were below the Codex standards established for Cd (400 µg/kg for rice; 100 µg/kg for cereal grains), Pb (200 µg/kg) and inorganic As (200 µg/kg) for white rice. Our findings show that dietary exposure to low levels of As, Pb, Cd, and inadequate Se in staple grains cannot be clearly linked to CKDu, suggesting that the disease could be multifactorial. Additional research is needed to determine the contribution of other risk factors such as lifestyle habits and heat stress to plan preventive strategies for reducing CKDu health cases in Sri Lanka.
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