Your search found 48 records
1 Haile, B.; Mekonnen, D.; Choufani, J.; Ringler, C.; Bryan, E. 2022. Hierarchical modelling of small-scale irrigation: constraints and opportunities for adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa. Water Economics and Policy, 8(1):2250005. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X22500059]
Small-scale irrigation ; Modelling ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Water supply ; Technology ; Groundwater ; Irrigation schemes ; Smallholders ; Gender ; Agricultural extension ; Labour ; Climatic factors ; Risk ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Socioeconomic aspects / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / United Republic of Tanzania / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051137)
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/epdf/10.1142/S2382624X22500059
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051137.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051137.pdf
(0.64 MB) (652 KB)
Irrigation has significant potential to enhance productivity, resilience to climatic risks and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa. While the focus has historically been on large-scale dam-based schemes, farmer-managed small-scale irrigation (SSI) has gained increased attention in recent years. Using data from Ethiopia, Tanzania and Ghana, we first examine patterns of adoption of different SSI technologies. Next, we employ hierarchical modelling to examine which variables are associated with observed adoption patterns and cluster effects that explain variation in irrigation adoption. We document significant cross-country variation in adoption patterns and find a positive association between plot-level use of SSI and the intensity of agricultural labor and inorganic fertilizers applied on the plot. Community-level intra-cluster correlation (ICC) is the highest in Tanzania, where gravity-fed irrigation is most common while farm-level ICC is the highest in Ethiopia where motorized technologies are more common. These results suggest the need for localized investments to ease locale-specific potential constraints. For example, easing possible liquidity constraints to acquiring motorized technologies can be more effective in Ethiopia while the construction of dams and improved conveyance systems, as well as the strengthening of community-based irrigation management (e.g., through Water User Associations (WUAs)) can be more effective in Tanzania. Further research is needed to understand pathways for selected plot-level characteristics that affect use of SSI including status of plot ownership and the gender of the plot manager.
2 Negera, M.; Alemu, T.; Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare. 2022. Determinants of adoption of climate smart agricultural practices among farmers in Bale-Eco Region, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 8(7):E09824. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09824]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Agricultural practices ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Drought tolerance ; High yielding varieties ; Small-scale irrigation ; Integrated disease management ; Pest control ; Weed control ; Soil fertility ; Water conservation ; Climate change ; Socioeconomic environment / Ethiopia / Bale-Eco Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051313)
https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2405-8440%2822%2901112-4
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051313.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051313.pdf
(1.30 MB) (1.30 MB)
Adoption of climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices has been widely recognized as a promising and successful alternative to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change. However, their adoption among smallholder farmers remains low in developing countries, including Ethiopia. This study examines factors that influence adoption and the level of adoption of multiple CSA practices, including improved agronomy, soil and water conservation, drought tolerant high yielding crop variety, small-scale irrigation, integrated disease, pest, and weed management, and integrated soil fertility management, using survey data from 404 farm households in BaleEco Region (BER), Ethiopia. The study applied a multivariate probit model for analyzing the simultaneous adoptions of multiple CSA practices, and ordered probit model for examining the factors influencing the level of adoption. The CSA practices are found to be complementary. Moreover, farmers' adoption of multiple CSA practices, as well as their intensity of adoption, is significantly influenced by the age of the household head, education, land size, household total asset value, frequency of extension contacts, farmer awareness of climate change, farmer experience with climatic shocks, parcel fertility, slope, and severity of soil erosion. The study's findings suggest that agricultural policy makers and implementers of CSA should recognize the complementarity among CSA practices in order to intensify their adoption among BER farmers and disseminate CSA practices in other parts of the country. Moreover, policymakers should consider household socio-economic, institutional, and parcel-specific factors that positively influence CSA adoption.
3 Bryan, E.; Garner, E. 2022. Understanding the pathways to women’s empowerment in northern Ghana and the relationship with small-scale irrigation. Agriculture and Human Values, 39(3):905-920. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10291-1]
Women’s empowerment ; Small-scale irrigation ; Gender ; Farmers ; Irrigated farming ; Technology ; Food security ; Livelihoods ; Decision making ; Participation ; Dry season / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051275)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10460-021-10291-1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051275.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051275.pdf
(1.56 MB) (1.56 MB)
Women’s empowerment is often an important goal of development interventions. This paper explores local perceptions of empowerment in the Upper East Region of Ghana and the pathways through which small-scale irrigation intervention targeted to men and women farmers contributes to women’s empowerment. Using qualitative data collected with 144 farmers and traders through 28 individual interviews and 16 focus group discussions, this paper innovates a framework to integrate the linkages between small-scale irrigation and three dimensions of women’s empowerment: resources, agency, and achievements. The relationship between the components of empowerment and small-scale irrigation are placed within a larger context of social change underlying these relationships. This shows that many women face serious constraints to participating in and benefitting from small-scale irrigation, including difficulties accessing land and water and gender norms that limit women’s ability to control farm assets. Despite these constraints, many women do benefit from participating in irrigated farming activities leading to an increase in their agency and well-being achievements. For some women, these benefits are indirect—these women allocate their time to more preferred activities when the household gains access to modern irrigation technology. The result is a new approach to understanding women’s empowerment in relation to irrigation technology.
4 Balana, B. B.; Mekonnen, D.; Haile, B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Yimam, S.; Ringler, C. 2022. Demand and supply constraints of credit in smallholder farming: evidence from Ethiopia and Tanzania. World Development, 159:106033. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106033]
Small-scale farming ; Agricultural credit ; Constraints ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Small-scale irrigation ; Technology ; Farm inputs ; Fertilizers ; Seeds ; Social capital ; Loans ; Access to information ; Gender ; Women ; Households ; Policies ; Econometric models / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051370)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22002236/pdfft?md5=ddde6b5c9938f033ed7af7bb061e70f7&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X22002236-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051370.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051370.pdf
(0.43 MB) (435 KB)
Credit constraint is often considered as one of the key barriers to the adoption of modern agricultural technologies and low agricultural productivity in low- and middle-income countries. Past research and much of the policy discourse associate agricultural credit constraints with supply-side factors, such as limited access to credit sources or high costs of borrowing. However, demand-side factors, such as risk-aversion and financial illiteracy among borrowers could also affect credit-rationing of smallholder agricultural households. This study investigates the nature of credit constraints, factors affecting credit constraint status, and the effects of credit constraints on adoption and intensity of use of three modern agricultural technologies – small-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, and improved seeds. The paper also assesses whether credit constraints are gender-differentiated. Primary survey data were collected from sample farmers in Ethiopia and Tanzania, and Tobit and two-step hurdle econometric models were used to analyze these data. Results show that demand-side credit constraints are as important as supply-side factors in conditioning smallholders’ access to credit in both countries. We also find that credit is a binding constraint for the decision to adopt technologies and input use intensity in Tanzania but not statistically significant in Ethiopia. Results suggest that women are more likely to be credit constrained (from both the supply and demand sides) than men in both study countries. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on addressing both supply- and demand-side credit constraints to credit access, including through targeted interventions to reduce risk, such as crop insurance, and to strengthen the gender sensitivity of credit policies.
5 Oke, A.; Traore, K.; Nati-Bama, A. D.; Igbadun, H.; Ahmed, B.; Ahmed, F.; Zwart, Sander. 2022. Small-scale irrigation and water management technologies for African agricultural transformation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 166p. (Also in French) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.212]
Small-scale irrigation ; Water management ; Technology ; Agricultural transformation ; Smallholders ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Land resources ; Water resources ; Water supply ; Pumping ; Shallow water ; Groundwater ; Tube wells ; Runoff water ; Water harvesting ; Ponds ; Embankments ; Dams ; Conveyance structures ; Pipes ; Irrigation methods ; Surface irrigation ; Basin irrigation ; Border irrigation ; Furrow irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation scheduling ; Wetting front ; Soil water content ; Sensors ; Contour cultivation ; Tillage ; Land levelling ; Soil moisture ; Moisture conservation ; Water conservation ; Techniques ; Crop production ; Water requirements ; Water use efficiency ; Irrigation equipment ; Maintenance ; Irrigation efficiency ; Solar energy ; Cost analysis ; Investment ; Business models ; Capacity development ; Training materials ; Learning activities / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051446)
(7.73 MB)
6 Oke, A.; Traore, K.; Nati-Bama, A. D.; Igbadun, H.; Ahmed, B.; Ahmed, F.; Zwart, Sander. 2022. Technologies d’irrigation à petite échelle et de gestion de l’eau pour la transformation agricole Africaine. In French. [Small-scale irrigation and water management technologies for African agricultural transformation]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 179p. (Also in English) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.213]
Small-scale irrigation ; Water management ; Technology ; Agricultural transformation ; Smallholders ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Land resources ; Water resources ; Water supply ; Pumping ; Shallow water ; Groundwater ; Tube wells ; Runoff water ; Water harvesting ; Ponds ; Embankments ; Dams ; Conveyance structures ; Pipes ; Irrigation methods ; Surface irrigation ; Basin irrigation ; Border irrigation ; Furrow irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation scheduling ; Wetting front ; Soil water content ; Sensors ; Contour cultivation ; Tillage ; Land levelling ; Soil moisture ; Moisture conservation ; Water conservation ; Techniques ; Crop production ; Water requirements ; Water use efficiency ; Irrigation equipment ; Maintenance ; Irrigation efficiency ; Solar energy ; Cost analysis ; Investment ; Business models ; Capacity development ; Training materials ; Learning activities / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051447)
(7.50 MB)
7 Muhoyi, E.; Mbonigaba, J. 2022. Stakeholder consultations on small-scale irrigation schemes’ constraints in Zimbabwe. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(11):13198-13217. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01987-9]
Small-scale irrigation ; Irrigation schemes ; Constraints ; Stakeholders ; Climate change ; Drought ; Irrigation water ; Farmers ; Food security ; Water distribution ; Sustainability ; Infrastructure / Zimbabwe / Chipinge / Mutema Irrigation Scheme / Tawona Irrigation Scheme / Bwerudza Irrigation Scheme / Charuma Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051428)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10668-021-01987-9.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051428.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051428.pdf
(0.79 MB) (804 KB)
Small-scale irrigation schemes (SSIS) have been considered a solution to viability challenges in drought-stricken farming areas in developing countries. However, the schemes face severe constraints. In this paper, relevant constraints are identified and ranked in terms of how serious the limitations are from the perspective of stakeholders in drought-prone areas of the Chipinge District in Zimbabwe. Information for the study was gained through a questionnaire and focus group discussions with small-scale irrigation farmers as well as key informant interviews with government irrigation officials, irrigation managers and members of the local community leadership. The information was garnered between August and December in 2017 with the analysis conducted using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, guided by the Theory of Constraints and classified in the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal (PESTEL) framework. Results indicated that SSIS are important in the drought-prone areas of the Chipinge District regarding food security and income generation. However, technical issues bedevilling the schemes are considered to be the most challenging limitations. The most important constraints—ranked in descending order of gravity—are technical, economic, social, environmental, legal and political challenges. Based on these findings, the research strongly recommends modernising small-scale irrigation schemes’ infrastructure, among other issues, as a priority in Zimbabwe's drought-prone areas.
8 International Finance Corporation (IFC); International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2022. Handbook for scaling irrigation systems. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); Washington, DC, USA: International Finance Corporation (IFC). 141p.
Irrigation systems ; Scaling up ; Small-scale irrigation ; Irrigation schemes ; Technology ; Water resources ; Water management ; Solar powered irrigation systems ; Pumps ; Investment ; Water availability ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Sustainability ; Participatory approaches ; Stakeholders ; Public sector ; Private sector ; Water user associations ; Financing ; Assets ; Crop production ; Drip irrigation ; Gender ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Case studies / Africa / Ethiopia / Niger / Burkina Faso / United Republic of Tanzania / Eswatini / Kyrgyzstan / India / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051501)
https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/39155702/small_irrigation_handbook.pdf/ec3fb02a-42c0-4bbc-9938-7fa3aabc575b?t=1664959344964
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051501.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051501.pdf
(10.00 MB) (10.0 MB)
9 Taye, Meron Teferi; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Hagos, Fitsum; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; Schmitter, Petra. 2022. Integrated water availability modelling to assess sustainable agricultural intensification options in the Meki Catchment, Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 67(15):2271-2293. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2022.2138403]
Water availability ; Modelling ; Sustainable intensification ; Sustainable agriculture ; Catchment areas ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Water budget ; Water balance ; Climate change ; Rain ; Temperature ; Forecasting ; Land use ; Shallow water ; Wells ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Water yield ; Small-scale irrigation ; Communities / Ethiopia / Central Rift Valley / Meki Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051557)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02626667.2022.2138403?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051557.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051557.pdf
(16.50 MB) (16.5 MB)
The Meki catchment in the Central Rift Valley basin of Ethiopia is currently experiencing irrigation expansion and water scarcity challenges. The objective of this study is to understand the basin’s current and future water availability for agricultural intensification. This was done by simulating scenarios through an integrated SWAT-MODFLOW model to assess the water balance. The scenarios were co-developed with communities who expressed their aspirations for agricultural intensification in conjunction with projected climate change. The results show that with the present land use and climate, the catchment is already water stressed and communities cannot meet their irrigation water demand, particularly in the first irrigation season (October–January). However, in the second irrigation season (February–May) water resource availability is better and increasing irrigated area by 50% from the present extent is possible. With a climate change scenario that favours more rainfall and shallow groundwater use, agricultural intensification is feasible to some extent.
10 Balasubramanya, S.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Mitra, Archisman; Stifel, D. 2023. Price, credit or ambiguity? Increasing small-scale irrigation in Ethiopia. World Development, 163:106149. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106149]
Small-scale irrigation ; Smallholders ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Pumps ; Prices ; Credit ; Boreholes ; Water drilling ; Taxes ; Loans / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Amhara / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051554)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22003394/pdfft?md5=77d5c3eab1cf338b2c855edce5cc7cc1&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X22003394-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051554.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051554.pdf
(1.75 MB) (1.75 MB)
Governments in countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are keen to expand irrigation to improve food security and are placing particular emphasis on adoption and use of smallholder private groundwater irrigation. Yet private irrigation is a multi-stage technology, the adoption of which is affected by fiscal support and extension services offered on different investment stages but also by uncertainties around actions that need to be undertaken in these stages. Groundwater-based irrigation in Ethiopia presents a case where policy has focused on fiscally easing the purchase of pumps while considerable ambiguity (unquantifiable uncertainty) exists around the outcomes of drilling boreholes (reaching water). In this paper, we examine farmers’ willingness to adopt smallholder private irrigation packages in response to lower pump prices following tax breaks, loan availability, and reduction in ambiguities related to borehole drilling, using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) in two districts of Ethiopia. The results indicate that the provision of loans and reduction in ambiguities related to well drilling have the greatest effect on the probability of farmers adopting irrigation packages. Lowering pump prices has the smallest effect. Pump-type has a small effect, with energized pumps preferred over manual ones. In exploring heterogeneity in preferences, we find that farmers without irrigated plots and those with greater market access have a greater preference for the provision of loans, while those with greater market access also have greater preferences for reductions in well drilling ambiguities. The results of this choice experiment suggest that reducing ambiguities around well drilling (initial investments) is an essential and cost-effective step toward expanding groundwater-based irrigation in Ethiopia.
11 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2023. Scaling solar-based irrigation bundles in Ethiopia: a market linkage pathway. Adaptive Innovation Scaling - Pathways from Small-scale Irrigation to Sustainable Development. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p. (IWMI Water Issue Brief 20) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.227]
Solar powered irrigation systems ; Scaling up ; Markets ; Innovation adoption ; Agricultural innovation ; Small-scale irrigation ; Sustainable development ; Farmers ; Gender ; Irrigation equipment ; Technology ; Pumps ; Irrigation scheduling ; Fruits ; Vegetables ; Value chains ; Financing ; Credit sales ; Market segmentation ; Stakeholders ; Governmental organizations ; Non-governmental organizations ; Private sector ; Innovation scaling / Ethiopia / Lemo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051581)
(2.64 MB)
12 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2023. Inclusive agriculture: creating opportunities for women and youth in Mali’s irrigated vegetable value chain. Adaptive Innovation Scaling - Pathways from Small-scale Irrigation to Sustainable Development. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p. (IWMI Water Issue Brief 21) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.228]
Women ; Youth ; Social inclusion ; Gender ; Agricultural development ; Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Agricultural value chains ; Small-scale irrigation ; Sustainable development ; Policies ; Decentralization ; Intervention ; Climate change ; Food security ; Water resources development ; Water management ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Infrastructure ; Empowerment ; Economic growth ; Markets ; Farm income ; Financing ; Scaling ; Agricultural land ; Stakeholders ; Private sector ; Investment ; Innovation scaling / Mali
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051582)
(1.24 MB)
13 Mati, B. 2023. Farmer-led irrigation development in Kenya: characteristics and opportunities. Agricultural Water Management, 277:108105. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108105]
Farmer-led irrigation ; Institutions ; Policies ; Irrigation schemes ; Food security ; Water productivity ; Water scarcity ; Water use ; Water allocation ; Irrigated farming ; Small-scale irrigation ; Smallholders ; Infrastructure ; Irrigation systems / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051597)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377422006527/pdfft?md5=2e851c28e598b960c81bc6f762a49355&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377422006527-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051597.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051597.pdf
(0.41 MB) (420 KB)
Farmer-led irrigation development (FLID) is not a new phenomenon and has been happening throughout the centuries in all countries where irrigation is practised. Despite this, planners, policy makers, funders, including engineers have generally taken the perception that irrigation development occurs mainly in “irrigation schemes”. Although farmer-led irrigation happens in formal irrigation schemes, there is a substantive amount of irrigation development implemented quietly by self-motivated individual farmers on their own initiatives. Such irrigation remains unrecognized, un-recorded and thus ignored in the realm of the irrigation sector decision-makers. The term FLID was coined just recently in 2017, and through it, there is emerging a wealth of knowledge on the technologies, practices, economic, marketing, financing and social components regarding how this sub-sector operates. Indeed FLID is not tacitly captured in Kenya’s policies, statutes and development plans. Its extent is largely unknown since it has not been targeted in any mapping exercise. Yet, as irrigation transitions more from public to private investment, FLID is the next big thing pushing the growth of irrigation in Kenya. This paper therefore highlights some of the salient features of FLID, a sub-sector of interest towards enhancing irrigation development and food security in Kenya.
14 Ali, H.; Menza, M.; Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare. 2022. Impact of climate-smart agriculture adoption on food security and multidimensional poverty of rural farm households in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security, 11:62. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00401-5]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Household food security ; Poverty ; Conservation agriculture ; Integrated soil fertility management ; Diversification ; Climate change ; Small-scale irrigation ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Socioeconomic environment / Ethiopia / Central Rift Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051668)
https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40066-022-00401-5.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051668.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051668.pdf
(1.51 MB) (1.51 MB)
Background: Climate change has perverse efects on the natural resource base and agricultural productivity, negatively afecting the well-being of households and communities. There are various attempts by the government and NGOs to promote climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices to help farmers adapt to and mitigate these negative impacts. This study aimed to identify CSA practices widely adopted in the study area and examined their impacts on rural farm households’ food security and multidimensional poverty. A three-stage proportional to size sampling procedure was followed to select four districts out of nine districts, and 278 households were randomly selected from two kebeles from each district. A cross-sectional data of the 2020–2021 cropping season were collected using a structured and pretested survey questionnaire. The food consumption score, dietary diversity score, food insecurity experience scale, and multidimensional poverty index, constructed out of 9 indicators, were used to assess households’ food security and poverty status, respectively. A multinomial endogenous switching regression model was used to assess average treatment efects on these outcome indicators.
Results: Widely adopted CSA practices are conservation agriculture, soil fertility management, crop diversifcation, and small-scale irrigation. The results illustrated that adopter households on average showed more food consumption score, dietary diversity score, and less food insecurity experience scale than non-adopters. The results also showed that CSA adopter households, on average, have a low deprivation score in multidimensional poverty than non-adopter households. Accelerating wider adoption of CSA through up-scaling incentives is quite important.
Conclusion: This study showed that CSA adoption improves households’ food security and reduces multidimensional poverty. We conclude that up-scaling of CSA practices is important for contributing to the achievement of SDG1, SDG2 and SDG13 targets.
Results: Widely adopted CSA practices are conservation agriculture, soil fertility management, crop diversifcation, and small-scale irrigation. The results illustrated that adopter households on average showed more food consumption score, dietary diversity score, and less food insecurity experience scale than non-adopters. The results also showed that CSA adopter households, on average, have a low deprivation score in multidimensional poverty than non-adopter households. Accelerating wider adoption of CSA through up-scaling incentives is quite important.
Conclusion: This study showed that CSA adoption improves households’ food security and reduces multidimensional poverty. We conclude that up-scaling of CSA practices is important for contributing to the achievement of SDG1, SDG2 and SDG13 targets.
15 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2023. Scaling solar-based irrigation in Ghana’s Upper East Region: a demand-supply linkage approach. Adaptive Innovation Scaling - Pathways from Small-scale Irrigation to Sustainable Development. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p. (IWMI Water Issue Brief 22) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.201]
Solar powered irrigation systems ; Innovation scaling ; Supply and demand ; Innovation adoption ; Small-scale irrigation ; Sustainable development ; Smallholders ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Technology ; Pumps ; Agricultural productivity ; Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Agricultural value chains ; Financing ; Business models ; Market segmentation ; Marketing ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Women ; Youth ; Private sector ; Investment ; Inclusion ; Groundwater ; Water management ; Climate change ; Poverty reduction ; Collective action ; Outreach / Ghana / Upper East Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051679)
(1.05 MB)
16 Mukuyu, Patience; van Koppen, Barbara; Jacobs-Mata, Inga. 2022. Operationalising hybrid water law for historical justice. Final project report submitted to the Water Research Commission (WRC). Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission (WRC). 92p. (WRC Report No. 3040/1/22)
Water law ; Water resources ; Water allocation ; Regulations ; Legislation ; Water policies ; Strategies ; Water tenure ; Customary tenure ; Legal pluralism ; Water rights ; Water sharing ; Water use ; Water management ; Catchment areas ; Infrastructure ; Agrarian reform ; Constitution ; Licences ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Small-scale irrigation ; Rural areas ; Communities / South Africa / Inkomati Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051685)
(1.46 MB) (1.46 MB)
17 Alemie, B. T.; Defersha, D. T.; Tesfaye, A. T.; Moges, M. M. 2023. Physical performance of small-scale irrigation scheme: a case study of Tilku Fetam irrigation scheme, Awi Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 9(1):11. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00789-9]
Small-scale irrigation ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation water ; Indicators ; Crops ; Water requirements ; Water supply ; Sustainability ; Infrastructure ; Land productivity ; Water productivity ; Evapotranspiration ; Irrigated farming ; Soil moisture ; Case studies / Ethiopia / Amhara / Awi / Banja / Tilku Fetam Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051626)
(0.00 MB)
The present study was aimed to evaluate the performance of Tilku Fetam small-scale irrigation scheme using internal and external indicators, which is found at Banja district, Awi zone, Ethiopia. To achieve the objective of this study both primary and secondary data were collected. The primary data included; soil moisture before and after irrigation, discharge measurement at main and secondary canals, and interview with beneficiaries about the scheme. The secondary data included; climate data, crops grown in the study area, total yield and cost of production. The crop water requirement was estimated using CROPWAT 8.0 model. The conveyance efficiency was evaluated at main and secondary canals and the application efficiency of the scheme was evaluated at head, middle and tail of the farmers’ field. The results indicated that the average conveyance efficiency of main canals and secondary canals were 78.5% and 72%, respectively, and average application efficiency of the scheme was 44%. The comparative performance of the Tilku Fetam irrigation scheme was also carried out and the output per cropped area and output per command area were found to be 1321.45 US$/ha and 726.8US$/ha, respectively. The value of output per unit irrigation supply and output per unit water consumed were found to be 0.38US$/m3 and 0.28US$/m3, respectively. The value of water performance indicators; relative water supply, relative irrigation supply and water delivery capacity of the scheme were 0.992, 0.99 and 0.62, respectively. Performance indicators showed that the scheme was in need of intensive management and infrastructural improvement to enhance productivity and sustainability of the scheme. In addition, adoption of water-saving practices such as deficit irrigation, surge and cutoff application should be conducted to improving the application efficiency and frequent maintenance of water conveyance system can enhance the conveyance efficiency of the scheme.
18 Bryan, E.; Mekonnen, D. 2023. Does small-scale irrigation provide a pathway to women's empowerment? Lessons from northern Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 97:474-484. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.12.035]
Small-scale irrigation ; Gender ; Women’s empowerment ; Farmers ; Villages ; Pumps ; Households ; Food security ; Policies ; Dry season ; Participation ; Decision making ; Indicators ; Water resources ; Infrastructure / Ghana / Garu-Tempane
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051690)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016722003345/pdfft?md5=0bd2bc96eb0194fd674848b207afd25f&pid=1-s2.0-S0743016722003345-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051690.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051690.pdf
(0.86 MB) (880 KB)
Given persistent gender inequalities that influence how the benefits of technologies are distributed, the expansion of small-scale irrigation technologies requires the consideration of important gender dynamics and impacts. Women's lack of agency and access to resources relative to men, and other social constraints, often limit their ability to adopt and benefit from agricultural technologies. At the same time, expanding access to agricultural technology to women may provide a pathway for empowerment. This paper explores the potential for small-scale irrigation technologies to increase women's empowerment by evaluating the impacts of an intervention that distributed motor pumps to small groups of farmers in Northern Ghana. The paper draws on two rounds of survey data that included the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index, before and after the motor pump intervention was implemented. To control for possible selection bias at the baseline, the difference-in-difference method is used to estimate the impact of the program on indicators of women's empowerment. Spillover effects are estimated by comparing outcomes of farmers in treatment villages that did not receive the pumps with farmers in control villages, where no motor pumps were distributed. The results show no significant impact of the program on measures of women's empowerment. However, there are potential negative impacts, including among households that did not benefit from the intervention. The results highlight the need to pair interventions that distribute agricultural technologies with complementary investments in infrastructure that increase access to water for irrigation, as well as other activities and approaches that ensure women can reap the benefits.
19 Belay, A. M.; Assefa, T. T.; Belay, S. A.; Yimam, A. Y. 2023. Evaluating the performance of small-scale irrigation schemes in subhumid Ethiopian highlands. Irrigation and Drainage, 72(1):224-239. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2753]
Small-scale irrigation ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation water ; Performance assessment ; Highlands ; Subhumid zones ; Infiltration rate ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Water supply ; Indicators ; Water management ; Infrastructure / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051702)
(0.72 MB)
This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of two small-scale irrigation (SSI) schemes in the subhumid Ethiopian highlands. Water application at the farm level and flow velocity along the main canal were monitored using a Parshall flume and current meter, respectively. The infiltration was measured at the head, middle and tail of the scheme within the command area using a double-ring infiltrometer. Soil samples were collected using an auger up to 60 cm in depth. Climatic and agronomic data were supplied to the crop water assessment tool (CROPWAT) to determine crop water requirements. The results showed that the average conveyance efficiency for the lined main canal was 90% and 92% for the Mugie and Fesas SSI schemes, respectively. The conveyance efficiency for the unlined main canal was in the order of 86% and 87% for the Mugie and Fesas SSI schemes, respectively. On the other hand, the average application efficiency and overall efficiency were found to be 56% and 51%, respectively, with a storage efficiency of 50% for the Mugie irrigation scheme. Similarly, the overall, application and storage efficiencies were 50%, 54% and 56%, respectively, for the Fesas irrigation scheme. Failure of operating gates, canal siltation and leakage through the main canals were the main causes of poor performance.
20 Balana, B. B.; Akudugu, M. A. 2023. Economic analysis of public investment in alternative agricultural water management schemes: a case study from northern Ghana. Water International, 48(1):40-62. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2022.2156224]
Economic analysis ; Public investment ; Alternative agriculture ; Water management ; Cost benefit analysis ; Feasibility studies ; Institutions ; Small-scale irrigation ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation water ; Infrastructure ; Sensitivity analysis ; Crop production ; Irrigated farming ; Water reservoirs ; Communities ; Sustainability ; Households ; Pumps ; Case studies / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051706)
(7.45 MB)
This study assesses the institutions and economics of public investments in three agricultural water management infrastructure and technologies: rehabilitation of small reservoirs, fuel-powered motorized small pumps and electricity-powered large pumps. We find that all three technologies yield positive returns on investment, but their applicability varies spatially and across community due to differences in capital costs and environmental feasibilities or conditions. Sensitivity analyses indicate the base decision parameters – net present value, benefit–cost ratio and internal rate of return – remain stable despite potential changes in the flow of future benefits or costs. This provides further evidence about the worthiness of investment in irrigation infrastructure and technologies. However, significant under-utilized infrastructural capacities exist that warrant complementary investment in human and institutional capacities. Based on the findings policy recommendations are provided.
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