Your search found 63 records
1 Water Environment Federation. 2010. Global water issues: a regional perspective: a collection of world water articles. Alexandria, VA, USA: Water Environment Federation. 17p.
Water reuse ; Desalinization ; Energy ; Bioremediation ; Deserts ; Wastewater treatment plants / Singapore / Italy / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043296)
(0.89 MB)
2 Danish Hydraulic Institute; Sir William Halcrow and Partners Ltd.; Lanka Hydraulic Institute Ltd. 2000. Western River Basins Sector Project, TA 3030 - SRI. Final report - main report. Horsholm, Denmark: Danish Hydraulic Institute; Battaramulla, Sri Lanka: Water Resources Secretariat. 67p.
River basin development ; Development projects ; Development aid ; Development banks ; Funding ; Water policy ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Environmental effects ; Social aspects ; Economic analysis ; Design ; Construction ; Weirs ; Flood control / Sri Lanka / Makandura Wastewater Treatment Plant / Kelani Ganga Conservation Barrage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8046 Record No: H044107)
(0.31 MB)
This report is presented in compliance with the Contract for Consultancy Services between the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), in association with Sir William Halcrow and Partners Ltd., and Lanka Hydraulic Institute Ltd., ADB Contract No.98-502, dated 25 September 1998. This report presents the findings and recommendations of Phase 2 of the Western River Basins Sector Project Preparation Technical Assistance.
3 Danish Hydraulic Institute; Sir William Halcrow and Partners Ltd.; Lanka Hydraulic Institute Ltd. 2000. Western River Basins Sector Project, TA 3030 - SRI. Final report - annex 1 - Makandura Wastewater Treatment Plant. Horsholm, Denmark: Danish Hydraulic Institute; Battaramulla, Sri Lanka: Water Resources Secretariat. 78p. + appendices.
Wastewater treatment plants ; Design ; Construction ; Effluents ; Monitoring ; Costs ; Environmental effects ; Social aspects ; Economic analysis ; Rivers ; Water use ; Development projects ; Development aid ; Development banks / Sri Lanka / Makandura Wastewater Treatment Plant
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8047 Record No: H044108)
(0.33 MB)
4 Global Water Intelligence (GWI). 2013. Global water market 2014: meeting the world's water and wastewater needs until 2018. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Media Analytics Ltd. 459p. + 1CD.
Water market ; Water requirements ; Water resources development ; Water quality ; Water use ; Water reuse ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Industrial uses ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Urban wastes ; Equipment ; Networks ; Expenditure ; Costs ; Financing ; Market research ; Forecasting ; Pipes ; Pumps ; Valves ; Meters ; Desalination ; Technology ; Sea water ; Brackish water ; Oils ; Gases ; Energy sources ; Foods ; Beverages ; Pulp and paper industry ; Mining ; Chemicals ; Organizations ; government agencies ; Indicators / Brazil / China / India / USA / Colombia / Indonesia / Malaysia / Mexico / Russia / Australia / France / Germany / Japan / UK / Saudi Arabia / Bolivia / Canada / Chile / Costa Rica / Dominican Republic / Ecuador / El Salvador / Guatemala / Honduras / Panama / Paraguay / Peru / Trinidad / Tobago / Uruguay / Venezuela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 GLO e-copy SF Record No: H046240)
(0.50 MB)
5 Al Sidairi, S. K. A. 2007. Evaluation of locally manufactured and commercial greywater treatment systems. Thesis. Thesis submitted to the Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Soil and Water Management. 76p.
Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Pollutant load ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Chemical compounds ; Water supply ; Water management ; Households / Oman / Muscat / Al Hail South
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: D 363.7284 G728 ALS Record No: H046500)
(0.06 MB)
6 Tajrishy, M.; Abdolghafoorian, A.; Abrishamchi, A. 2014. Water reuse and wastewater recycling: solutions to Tehran’s growing water crisis. In Grafton, R. Q.; Wyrwoll, P.; White, C.; Allendes, D. (Eds.). Global water: issues and insights. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University (ANU Press). pp.223-230.
Wastewater management ; Water reuse ; Water scarcity ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Models ; Effluents ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Wells / Iran / Tehran
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046568)
http://press.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Global+Water%3A+Issues+and+Insights/11041/ch07.4.xhtml#toc_marker-48
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046568.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046568.pdf
(0.23 MB)
7 Strande, L.; Ronteltap, M.; Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) 2014. Faecal sludge management: systems approach for implementation and operation. London, UK: IWA Publishing. 403p.
Faeces ; Sewage sludge ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Technology ; Solid wastes ; Nutrients ; Organic recycling ; Stakeholders ; Institutions ; Financing ; Models ; Sanitation ; Assessment ; Sampling ; Case studies ; Health hazards ; Biological analysis ; Dewatering ; Sedimentation ; Biofuels ; Wastewater irrigation ; Composting ; Urban areas / West Africa / Ghana / South Africa / Uganda / Sierra Leone / Philippines / Senegal / Thailand / Burkina Faso / Kumasi / Durban / Dakar / Kampala / San Fernando / Accra / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.728 G000 STR Record No: H046586)
(0.65 MB)
8 UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme. 2014. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014. Vol. 2. Facing the challenges. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.137-204.
Wastewater treatment plants ; Renewable energy ; Water power ; Desalination ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Hydroelectric schemes ; Electricity generation ; Greenhouse gases ; Solar energy ; Urban wastes ; Sewage sludge ; River basins ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Environmental effects ; Population growth ; Biogas ; Geothermal energy ; Sanitation ; Projects ; Case studies / Austria / China / Herzegovina / India / Saudi Arabia / Italy / Japan / Kenya / Mexico / USA / Turkey / Vienna / Yangtze River / Three Gorges Dam / Trebisnjica Multipurpose Hydrosystem / Umbria / Austin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046372)
(5.59 MB) (14.1 MB)
9 Bannick, C. G.; Szewzyk, R.; Ricking, M.; Schniegler, S.; Obermaier, N.; Barthel, A. K.; Altmann, K.; Eisentraut, P.; Braun, U. 2019. Development and testing of a fractionated filtration for sampling of microplastics in water. Water Research, 149:650-658. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.045]
Microplastics ; Filtration ; Representative sampling ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Discharges ; Sedimentation ; Surface water ; Water analysis
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049225)
(0.72 MB)
A harmonization of sampling, sample preparation and detection is pivotal in order to obtain comparable data on microplastics (MP) in the environment. This paper develops and proposes a suitable sampling concept for waterbodies that considers different plastic specific properties and influencing factors in the environment.
Both artificial water including defined MP fractions and the discharge of a wastewater treatment plant were used to verify the derived sampling procedure, sample preparation and the subsequent analysis of MP using thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS).
A major finding of this paper is that an application of various particle size classes greatly improves the practical handling of the sampling equipment. Size classes also enable the TED-GC-MS to provide any data on the MP size distribution, a substantial sampling property affecting both the necessary sampling volume and the optimal sampling depth.
In the artificial water with defined MP fractions, the recovery rates ranged from 80 to 110%, depending on the different MP types and MP size classes. In the treated wastewater, we found both polyethylene and polystyrene in different size classes and quantities.
Both artificial water including defined MP fractions and the discharge of a wastewater treatment plant were used to verify the derived sampling procedure, sample preparation and the subsequent analysis of MP using thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS).
A major finding of this paper is that an application of various particle size classes greatly improves the practical handling of the sampling equipment. Size classes also enable the TED-GC-MS to provide any data on the MP size distribution, a substantial sampling property affecting both the necessary sampling volume and the optimal sampling depth.
In the artificial water with defined MP fractions, the recovery rates ranged from 80 to 110%, depending on the different MP types and MP size classes. In the treated wastewater, we found both polyethylene and polystyrene in different size classes and quantities.
10 WHO. 2019. Microplastics in drinking-water. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 101p.
Microplastics ; Drinking water treatment ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Risk assessment ; Freshwater ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Water pollution ; Chemical contamination ; Microorganisms ; Biological contamination
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049398)
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326499/9789241516198-eng.pdf?ua=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049398.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049398.pdf
(3.85 MB) (3.85 MB)
11 Paul, M.; Negahban-Azar, M.; Shirmohammadi, A.; Montas, H. 2020. Assessment of agricultural land suitability for irrigation with reclaimed water using geospatial multi-criteria decision analysis. Agricultural Water Management, 231:105987 (Online first). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105987]
Farmland ; Land suitability ; Assessment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Decision making ; Geographical information systems ; Models ; Environmental effects ; Drought ; Groundwater ; Crops ; Land cover / USA / California
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049564)
(7.32 MB)
Water scarcity, climate variability and continuing growth in water demand have put severe pressure on high-quality freshwater sources. This challenge exacts the necessity to explore alternative water sources for agricultural irrigation. The objective of this study was to implement the integrated geospatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the potentiality of reclaimed water use for agricultural irrigation in California. Five evaluation criteria included in this study were agricultural land (crop type), climate conditions, water policies, irrigation status, and proximity to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) respectively. The suitability maps for reclaimed water use were generated for three cases in terms of accessibility to WWTPs, their discharge volume and appropriate treatment processes respectively. In addition, a composite suitability map was produced using the hybrid model considering all three cases together. Results from this study led to a better understanding of sustainable reclaimed water use for crop irrigation at a regional level. It provided supporting evidence of the applicability of the GIS-MCDA method integrated with AHP technique for a larger geographical scale with a diverse crop pattern. This study established the importance of using both knowledge-based and data-driven criteria and sub-criteria in the decision framework. The results also highlighted how the spatial distribution of suitable areas for reclaimed water reuse is closely linked to the agricultural areas.
12 Renau-Prunonosa, A.; Garcia-Menendez, O.; Ibanez, M.; Vazquez-Sune, E.; Boix, C.; Ballesteros, B. B.; Garcia, M. H.; Morell, I.; Hernandez, F. 2020. Identification of aquifer recharge sources as the origin of emerging contaminants in intensive agricultural areas. La Plana de Castellón, Spain. Water, 12(3):731. (Special issue: Pharmaceutic Compounds, as Emerging Organic Contaminants, and their Occurrence and Transport in Groundwater: Sources, Reactions and Fate). [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030731]
Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Groundwater pollution ; Pharmaceutical pollution ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Pollutants ; Water resources ; Water management ; Agriculture ; Farmland ; Coastal area / Spain / La Plana de Castellon / Rambleta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049570)
(3.70 MB) (3.70 MB)
In urban, industrial, and agricultural areas, a vast array of contaminants may be found because they are introduced into the aquifers by different recharge sources. The emerging contaminants (ECs) correspond to unregulated contaminants, which may be candidates for future regulation depending on the results of research into their potential effects on health and on monitoring data regarding their occurrence. ECs frequently found in wastewater, such as acetaminophen, carbamazepine, primidone, and sulfamethoxazole, may be good indicators of the introduction of the reclaimed water to the aquifers. The resistance of the ECs to removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) causes them to be appropriate sewage markers. Plana de Castellón (Spain) is a coastal area that has been characterized by intensive citrus agriculture since the 1970s. Traditionally, in the southern sector of Plana de Castellón, 100% of irrigation water comes from groundwater. In recent years, local farmers have been using a mixture of groundwater and reclaimed water from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to irrigate the citrus. The aims of the present study were: i) to assess the occurrences, spatial distributions, and concentrations of selected ECs, including 32 antibiotics, 8 UV filters, and 2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in groundwater in a common agricultural context; ii) to identify the recharge (pollution) sources acting as the origin of the ECs, and iii) to suggest ECs as indicators of reclaimed water arrival in detrital heterogeneous aquifers. The obtained data provided relevant information for the management of water resources and elucidated the fate and behavior of emerging contaminants in similar contexts.
13 Kehrein, P.; van Loosdrecht, M.; Osseweijer, P.; Garfí, M.; Dewulf, J.; Posada, J. 2020. A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants - market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 6(4):877-910. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EW00905A]
Municipal wastewater ; Resource recovery ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Technology ; Water reuse ; Health hazards ; Fertilizers ; Membrane filtration ; Oxidation ; Sewage sludge ; Waste incineration ; Cellulose ; Energy recovery ; Methane ; Biogas ; Thermal energy ; Nutrients ; Markets ; Policies / Netherlands / Belgium / Flanders
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049692)
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2020/ew/c9ew00905a
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049692.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049692.pdf
(2.11 MB) (2.11 MB)
In recent decades, academia has elaborated a wide range of technological solutions to recover water, energy, fertiliser and other products from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Drivers for this work range from low resource recovery potential and cost effectiveness, to the high energy demands and large environmental footprints of current treatment-plant designs. However, only a few technologies have been implemented and a shift from wastewater treatment plants towards water resource facilities still seems far away. This critical review aims to inform decision-makers in water management utilities about the vast technical possibilities and market supply potentials, as well as the bottlenecks, related to the design or redesign of a municipal wastewater treatment process from a resource recovery perspective. Information and data have been extracted from literature to provide a holistic overview of this growing research field. First, reviewed data is used to calculate the potential of 11 resources recoverable from municipal wastewater treatment plants to supply national resource consumption. Depending on the resource, the supply potential may vary greatly. Second, resource recovery technologies investigated in academia are reviewed comprehensively and critically. The third section of the review identifies nine non-technical bottlenecks mentioned in literature that have to be overcome to successfully implement these technologies into wastewater treatment process designs. The bottlenecks are related to economics and value chain development, environment and health, and society and policy issues. Considering market potentials, technological innovations, and addressing potential bottlenecks early in the planning and process design phase, may facilitate the design and integration of water resource facilities and contribute to more circular urban water management practices.
14 Zvimba, J. N.; Musvoto, E. V. 2020. Modelling energy efficiency and generation potential in the South African wastewater services sector. Water Science and Technology, 81(5):876-890. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.157]
Wastewater treatment plants ; Energy generation ; Energy consumption ; Energy conservation ; Sewage sludge ; Aeration ; Technology ; Costs ; Investment ; Modelling ; Strategies ; Forecasting ; Case studies / South Africa / Pretoria / Johannesburg
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI HQ Record No: H049762)
(0.92 MB)
About 55% of energy used in the South African water cycle is for wastewater treatment, with the bulk of this energy associated with aeration in biological processes. However, up to 15% of wastewater energy demand can be offset by energy generation from sludge (power and/or combined heat and power), while best practices adoption can deliver energy efficiency gains of between 5% and 25% in the water cycle. Advanced process modelling and simulation has been applied in this study as a tool to evaluate optimal process and aeration control strategies. This study further applied advanced modelling to investigate and predict the potential energy consumption and consumption cost pattern by the South African wastewater sector resulting from implementation of optimal process and aeration energy use reduction strategies in support of sustainable municipal wastewater management. Aeration energy consumption and cost savings of 9–45% were demonstrated to be achievable through implementation of energy conservation measures without compromising final effluent regulatory compliance. The study further provided significant potential future energy savings as high as 50% and 78% through implementation of simple and complex aeration energy conservation measures respectively. Generally, the model-predicted energy savings suggest that adoption of energy efficiency should be coupled with electricity generation from sludge in order to achieve maximum energy consumption and cost savings within the South African wastewater services sector.
15 Miller-Robbie, Leslie; Ramaswami, A.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. 2017. Wastewater treatment and reuse in urban agriculture: exploring the food, energy, water, and health nexus in Hyderabad, India. Environmental Research Letters, 12(7):075005. (Focus issue: Focus on Urban Food-Energy-Water Systems: Interdisciplinary, Multi-Scalar and Cross-Sectoral Perspectives) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6bfe]
Wastewater treatment plants ; Water reuse ; Urban agriculture ; Food production ; Energy consumption ; Water quality ; Health hazards ; Nexus ; Life cycle assessment ; Effluents ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Groundwater ; Irrigation water ; Escherichia coli ; Nutrients ; Infrastructure ; Case studies ; Models / India / Hyderabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049799)
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6bfe/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049799.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049799.pdf
(1.16 MB) (1.16 MB)
Nutrients and water found in domestic treated wastewater are valuable and can be reutilized in urban agriculture as a potential strategy to provide communities with access to fresh produce. In this paper, this proposition is examined by conducting a field study in the rapidly developing city of Hyderabad, India. Urban agriculture trade-offs in water use, energy use and GHG emissions, nutrient uptake, and crop pathogen quality are evaluated, and irrigation waters of varying qualities (treated wastewater, versus untreated water and groundwater) are compared. The results are counter-intuitive, and illustrate potential synergies and key constraints relating to the food–energy–water–health (FEW–health) nexus in developing cities. First, when the impact of GHG emissions from untreated wastewater diluted in surface streams is compared with the life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment with reuse in agriculture, the treatment-plus-reuse case yields a 33% reduction in life cycle system-wide GHG emissions. Second, despite water cycling benefits in urban agriculture, only <1% of the nutrients are able to be captured in urban agriculture, limited by the small proportion of effluent divertible to urban agriculture due to land constraints. Thus, water treatment plus reuse in urban farms can enhance GHG mitigation and also directly save groundwater; however, very large amounts of land are needed to extract nutrients from dilute effluents. Third, although energy use for wastewater treatment results in pathogen indicator organism concentrations in irrigation water to be reduced by 99.9% (three orders of magnitude) compared to the untreated case, crop pathogen content was reduced by much less, largely due to environmental contamination and farmer behavior and harvesting practices. The study uncovers key physical, environmental, and behavioral factors that constrain benefits achievable at the FEW-health nexus in urban areas.
16 La Rosa, G.; Iaconelli, M.; Mancini, P.; Ferraro, G. B.; Veneri, C.; Bonadonna, L.; Lucentini, L.; Suffredini, E. 2020. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2] in untreated wastewaters in Italy. Science of the Total Environment, 736:139652. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139652]
Coronavirus disease ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sewage ; Monitoring ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Public health ; Epidemiology ; Surveillance / Italy / Milan / Rome
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049817)
(0.67 MB)
Several studies have demonstrated the advantages of environmental surveillance through the monitoring of sewage for the assessment of viruses circulating in a given community (wastewater-based epidemiology, WBE). During the COVID-19 public health emergency, many reports have described the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stools from COVID-19 patients, and a few studies reported the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters worldwide. Italy is among the world's worst-affected countries in the COVID-19 pandemic, but so far there are no studies assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Italian wastewaters. To this aim, twelve influent sewage samples, collected between February and April 2020 from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Milan and Rome, were tested adapting, for concentration, the standard WHO procedure for Poliovirus surveillance. Molecular analysis was undertaken with three nested protocols, including a newly designed SARS-CoV-2 specific primer set. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection was accomplished in volumes of 250 ml of wastewaters collected in areas of high (Milan) and low (Rome) epidemic circulation, according to clinical data. Overall, 6 out of 12 samples were positive. One of the positive results was obtained in a Milan wastewater sample collected a few days after the first notified Italian case of autochthonous SARS-CoV-2.
The study confirms that WBE has the potential to be applied to SARS-CoV-2 as a sensitive tool to study spatial and temporal trends of virus circulation in the population.
The study confirms that WBE has the potential to be applied to SARS-CoV-2 as a sensitive tool to study spatial and temporal trends of virus circulation in the population.
17 Acharya, K.; Blackburn, A.; Mohammed, Jemila; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Hiruy, A. M.; Werner, D. 2020. Metagenomic water quality monitoring with a portable laboratory. Water Research, 184:116112. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116112]
Water quality ; Water analysis ; Monitoring ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Microbiological analysis ; Waterborne diseases ; Faecal coliforms ; Chemicophysical properties ; Portable equipment ; Costs ; Case studies / Ethiopia / United Kingdom / Addis Ababa / Birtley / Akaki River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049934)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135420306497/pdfft?md5=3d548784ecadc5dc3734e797551d099c&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135420306497-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049934.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049934.pdf
(1.54 MB) (1.54 MB)
We describe the technical feasibility of metagenomic water quality analysis using only portable equipment, for example mini-vacuum pumps and filtration units, mini-centrifuges, mini-PCR machines and the memory-stick sized MinION of Oxford Nanopore Technologies, for the library preparation and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Using this portable toolbox on site, we successfully characterized the microbiome of water samples collected from Birtley Sewage Treatment Plant, UK, and its environs. We also demonstrated the applicability of the portable metagenomics toolbox in a low-income country by surveying water samples from the Akaki River around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing workflow, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing library preparation, and sequencing was accomplished within one working day. The metagenomic data became available within 24e72 h, depending on internet speed. Metagenomic analysis clearly distinguished the microbiome of pristine samples from sewage influenced water samples. Metagenomic analysis identified the potential role of two bacterial genera not conventionally monitored, Arcobacter and Aeromonas, as predominant faecal pollution indicators/waterborne hazards. Subsequent quantitative PCR analysis validated the high Arcobacter butzleri abundances observed in the urban influenced Akaki River water samples by portable next generation sequencing with the MinION device. Overall, our field deployable metagenomics toolbox advances the capability of scientists to comprehensively monitor microbiomes anywhere in the world, including in the water, food and drinks industries, the health services, agriculture and beyond.
18 Uddin, S.; Fowler, S. W.; Behbehani, M. 2020. An assessment of microplastic inputs into the aquatic environment from wastewater streams. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160:111538. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111538]
Microplastics ; Effluents ; Waste disposal ; Assessment ; Aquatic environment ; Marine environment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sea pollution ; Sediment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049960)
(1.45 MB)
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a pivotal role in removal of microplastics (MPs) particles before the waste streams are discharged into aquatic environments. Indiscriminate disposal of the effluent and untreated wastewater not only contribute to accumulation of MP in the marine environment, but they can also act as a carrier for various hydrophobic compounds and contributors of pollutants that leach from them via natural degradation. In this assessment, we have summarized the MP concentrations in influent and effluent streams, and provide quantification of the discharges from these WWTPs. Almost 50% of the global wastewater influent of 3,562,082 × 105 m3 remains untreated. Some conservative estimates indicate that treated effluent disposal can add around 1.47 × 1015 MPs annually, whereas the discharge of untreated effluent is likely to add a staggering 3.85 × 1016 MPs annually to the aquatic environments. The efficiency of MP removal in wastewater treatment plants varies between 88 and 99.9%, indicating the potential of capturing the majority of the MP from escaping into the freshwater and marine environment. Based on WWTP removal efficiencies for MPs, calculations suggest that if all the globally produced wastewater was treated prior to release, a reduction of over 90% of the current amount of MP inputs into the aquatic environment could be achieved. From the number of studies conducted and assessments made on MPs in waste streams, it is obvious the methodologies followed were quite different, and the use of acids and heating are likely to deteriorate the MPs, emphasizing the need to develop harmonized protocols for microplastic assessment in wastewater treatment plants.
19 Kitamura, K.; Sadamasu, K.; Muramatsu, M.; Yoshida, H. 2021. Efficient detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the solid fraction of wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 763:144587. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144587]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; COVID-19 ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sewage ; Ultrafiltration ; Urban areas / Japan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050182)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720381183/pdfft?md5=99be3dea4b35b78441d1ccf506175c4f&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969720381183-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050182.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050182.pdf
(0.72 MB) (740 KB)
In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, environmental surveillance for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 has become increasingly important. Studies have demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA is present in the feces of infected individuals; further, its presence in wastewater has been reported. However, an optimized method for its detection in sewage has not yet been adequately investigated. Therefore, in this study, the efficient detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the solid fraction of wastewater was investigated using two quantitative PCR assays. In particular, wastewater samples were collected from a manhole located in the commercial district of a metropolitan region in Japan, where COVID-19 is highly prevalent, and two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The samples were concentrated using four separate methods, namely, electronegative membrane adsorption, polyethylene glycol precipitation, ultrafiltration, and solid precipitation. Each method revealed a significant concentration of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) RNA, which is an indicator virus for wastewater. As expected, non-enveloped PMMoV RNA was enriched in the supernatant fraction such that relatively low concentrations were detected in the solid fraction of the wastewater samples. In contrast, higher SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations were consistently detected in the solid fractions compared with the supernatant fractions based on the other methods that were investigated in this study. Spearman's correlation tests showed that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater samples from the WWTP were significantly correlated with the number of COVID-19 cases recorded during the data collection period. These results demonstrate that viral recovery from the solid fraction is an effective method for SARS-CoV-2 RNA surveillance in an aqueous environment.
20 de Araujo, J. C.; Gavazza, S.; Leao, T. L.; Florencio, L.; da Silva, H. P.; Albuquerque, J. de. O.; Borges, M. A. de L.; Alves, R. B. de O.; Rodrigues, R. H. A.; dos Santos, E. B. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 sewage surveillance in low-income countries: potential and challenges. Journal of Water and Health, 19(1):1-19. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.168]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Sewage ; Surveillance ; COVID-19 ; Disease transmission ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Microbiology ; Monitoring ; Sanitation ; Urban areas ; Communities ; Precipitation / Brazil / Recife
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050231)
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article-pdf/19/1/1/845169/jwh0190001.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050231.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050231.pdf
(0.65 MB) (664 KB)
This paper reviews the recent findings in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage samples. We discuss how wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) can be used as a complementary tool to help the fight against COVID-19 spread, particularly in low-income countries with low sewage coverage and where the testing coverage is deficient, such as Brazil. One of the major challenges on WBS is the use of different protocols to estimate the number of infected people in a community from the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Therefore, we assembled and reviewed all the relevant data available to date about this topic. Virus concentration and detection methods were reviewed as well, and some of them can be performed in most of the microbiology and environmental engineering laboratories in low-income countries, as discussed. Moreover, the monitoring and sampling plan should represent the local reality. Thus, we suggest unique strategies for sewage sampling and monitoring in different sewerage network points and the slums, despite the possible logistics difficulties involved. Considering the low levels of sanitation in most urban agglomerates in Brazil, WBS can potentially assume a crucial role as a cost-effective strategy to monitor the circulation of the virus and assess the real prevalence of COVID-19.
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