Your search found 19 records
1 Miah, Md. Y.; Kamal, M. Z. U.; Salam, M. A.; Islam, Md. S. 2020. Impact of salinity intrusion on agriculture of Southwest Bangladesh - a review. International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research, 8(2):40-47. [doi: https://doi.org/10.15739/IJAPR.20.005]
Saltwater intrusion ; Salinity ; Agriculture ; Food security ; Cropping systems ; Crop production ; Coastal areas ; Land use / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049824)
https://journalissues.org/ijapr/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2020/04/Miah-et-al.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049824.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049824.pdf
(0.76 MB) (780 KB)
Bangladesh, a deltaic plain covers more than 30% of the cultivable land is in the coastal area. Out of about 1.689 million hectares of coastal land 1.056 million hectares are affected by various degrees of soil salinity. Agricultural land use in these areas is much lower than the country’s average cropping intensity owing to salinity resulting from the accumulation of excess soluble salts. Consequently normal crop production is hampered due to inadequate irrigation water source, unavailability of salt tolerant crop varieties, habited to cultivation local variety, increase climate change related natural disaster, insufficient locally adaptable technologies for mitigating salinity problem. Additionally, decrease cropping intensity with increased salinity environmental hazards in this area specially during rabi season is common phenomenon. As a result, salinity intrusion not only destructs crop yield but also causes a loss of total crop production on highly salt concentrated soil. Thus saline-prone coastal region had a drastic yield loss i.e. approximately average 20-40% in major crops (cereals, potato, pulses, oil seeds, vegetable, species and fruit crops). The dominant cropping pattern of the saline prone areas of southwest Bangladesh is local transplanted Aman followed by HYV Boro rice. Further rice based farming systems are being converted into prawn/shrimp/crab based farming due to salinity accompanied with the disappearance of native fish species both in open and fresh water bodies encompassing decrease livestock production leading to food insecurity. So key impacts of salinization on extent, land feature and crop production along with its credible causes and pathways in south-west Bangladesh are discussed with the recommendations needed.
2 Pena-Regueiro, J.; Sebastia-Frasquet, M.-T.; Estornell, J.; Aguilar-Maldonado, J. A. 2020. Sentinel-2 application to the surface characterization of small water bodies in wetlands. Water, 12(5):1487. (Special issue: Advances in Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring and Management) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051487]
Water resources ; Wetlands ; Satellite imagery ; Remote sensing ; Ecosystems ; Flooded land ; Monitoring ; Coastal areas ; Precipitation ; Vegetation / Spain / Mediterranean Wetland / Valencia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049851)
(13.00 MB) (13.0 MB)
Developing indicators to monitor environmental change in wetlands with the aid of Earth Observation Systems can help to obtain spatial data that is not feasible with in situ measures (e.g., flooding patterns). In this study, we aim to test Sentinel-2A/B images suitability for detecting small water bodies in wetlands characterized by high diversity of temporal and spatial flooding patterns using previously published indices. For this purpose, we used medium spatial resolution Sentinel-2A/B images of four representative coastal wetlands in the Valencia Region (East Spain, Mediterranean Sea), and on three different dates. To validate the results, 60 points (30 in water areas and 30 in land areas) were distributed randomly within a 20 m buffer around the border of each digitized water polygon for each date and wetland (600 in total). These polygons were mapped using as a base map orthophotos of high spatial resolution. In our study, the best performing index was the NDWI. Overall accuracy and Kappa index results were optimal for -0.30 threshold in all the studied wetlands and dates. The consistency in the results is key to provide a methodology to characterize water bodies in wetlands as generalizable as possible. Most studies developed in wetlands have focused on calculating global gain or loss of wetland area. However, inside of wetlands which hold protection figures, the main threat is not necessarily land use change, but rather water management strategies. Applying Sentinel-2A/B images to calculate the NDWI index and monitor flooded area changes will be key to analyse the consequence of these management actions
3 Rajeevan, U.; Mishra, B. K. 2020. Sustainable management of the groundwater resource of Jaffna, Sri Lanka with the participation of households: insights from a study on household water consumption and management. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10:100280. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100280]
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Sustainability ; Water use ; Household consumption ; Water supply ; Rural areas ; Urban areas ; Coastal areas ; Drinking water ; Water conservation ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water demand ; Model / Sri Lanka / Jaffna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049951)
(1.37 MB)
Groundwater is the only source of water for drinking, domestic, and agricultural needs in Jaffna, a district in northern Sri Lanka. While the sustainability challenges to this groundwater resource in terms of water availability and quality have been highlighted and studied extensively through existing research, household water consumption and management practices have been overlooked. Hence, this study tried to investigate on household water consumption pattern and management practices along with comparing the effectiveness of different water management measures on reducing water deficit of the district. The primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey from 142 households belonging to a water rich rural area, a water scarce rural area, a coastal area and an urban area. The data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Based on the results there was no statistically significant difference in average per capita consumption among the different areas studied and on average a person in Jaffna, Sri Lanka consumes 200 L per day. Also, household size and households having their own water source are the two most important predictors of total water consumed in a household. In addition, more than half of the respondent households do not engage in water conservation at their households at present due to continuous access to water through their own water source. Further analysis on the effectiveness of management interventions by using Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) modeling on reducing deficit showed that if the current consumption patterns continue, there will be an unmet demand of 51.7 million cubic meters (MCM) of water in the year 2030. On the other hand, by implementing the management interventions, such as increasing recharge, reducing per capita consumption, having additional water sources, reducing non-revenue water, and installing a water treatment plant, together all the water demand for the year 2030 can be met.
4 Mukherjee, A. (Ed.) 2018. Groundwater of South Asia. Singapore: Springer. 799p. (Springer Hydrogeology) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3889-1]
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Freshwater ; Water governance ; Climate change ; Water storage ; Aquifers ; Hydrology ; Geology ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Arsenic compounds ; Fluorides ; Coastal areas ; Salinity ; Arid zones ; Legal frameworks ; Surface water ; Water security ; Forecasting ; Investment ; Smallholders ; Socioeconomic impact / South Asia / Afghanistan / Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Myanmar / Nepal / Pakistan / Sri Lanka / West Bengal / Bay of Bengal / Delhi / Kerala / Kashmir / Nadia / Khulna / Satkhira / Sundarbans / Bengal Basin / Kabul River Basin / Gangetic Basin / Ganges River Basin / Meghna River Basin / Indus River Basin / Brahmaputra River Basin / Farakka Barrage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H049987)
5 Talukder, M. R. R.; Rutherford, S.; Islam, K.; Chu, C. 2020. Water scarcity and challenges for access to safe water: a case of Bangladesh’s coastal area vulnerable to climate change. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 17(4):1-9. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW200045]
Water scarcity ; Water availability ; Climate change ; Coastal areas ; Salinity ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water use ; Water supply ; Households ; Drinking water ; Rainwater harvesting ; Community involvement ; Ponds ; Tube wells / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050068)
(0.26 MB)
Existing efforts to ensure safe water access in coastal Bangladesh are challenged by increasing freshwater salinity. This research explored/explores safe water consumption choices in coastal Bangladesh, which data are scarce to date, using a mixed-methods approach. In 2014, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in southwestern coastal Bangladesh (n=261) and data was generated on water supply and consumption. Data collection also involved 29 in-depth interviews of household care givers and focus group discussions were performed with three community groups. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyse quantitative data and thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The survey showed that 60% of the study population used tube well water while 40% used pond water for drinking. It was observed that for cooking purposes, the use of pond water was slightly higher than the tube well water. Only 13% of the respondents mentioned that their drinking water tasted salty whereas 6% of the respondents reported health problem (diarrhoea, dysentery, gastric issues and skin problems) after using these water sources. The qualitative data reveals that water available for drinking and cooking is causing a serious threat to this coastal community, particularly during the dry season. In-depth assessments indicated that drinking water choices were less driven by concerns for health than practical issues such as travel distance and time taken and taste. The palatability of water was an important determinant of choice for drinking and other domestic uses. Furthermore, the utility of alternative options for safe drinking water is driven by beliefs and traditions and source maintenance. Given the increasing salinisation of freshwaters in many low-lying countries and likely exacerbation related to climate change-induced sea level rise, therefore, promotion of low saline drinking water along with salt reducing interventions consider that community beliefs and practices must be a made priority.
6 Stewart, B.; Buytaert, W.; Mishra, A.; Zandaryaa, S.; Connor, R.; Timmerman, J.; Uhlenbrook, S.; Hada, R. 2020. Prologue: the state of water resources in the context of climate change. In UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP); UN-Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: water and climate change. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.10-29.
Water resources ; Climate change ; Water availability ; Hydrological cycle ; Water quality ; Water demand ; Extreme weather events ; Natural disasters ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Water stress ; Infrastructure ; Ecosystems ; Small Island Developing States ; Semiarid zones ; Coastal areas ; Highlands ; Forecasting ; Models ; Uncertainty
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049607)
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000372985&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_c5b09e0b-0c7e-42ef-aeb1-b1bae7544e4c%3F_%3D372985eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000372985/PDF/372985eng.pdf#page=23
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049607.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049607.pdf
(5.04 MB) (37.7 MB)
The Prologue provides an overview of the state of the world’s water resources and the potential impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle, including water availability and quality, water demand, water-related disasters and extreme events, and ecosystems. Knowledge gaps, limitations and uncertainties are also addressed.
7 Mabon, L.; Tung, N. S.; Tram, P. T.; Tuyet, T. T.; Ngoc, L. H.; Huong, D. T. T.; Ha, H. T. N.; Mueller-Hirth, N.; Vertigans, S. 2021. Elaborating a people-centered approach to understanding sustainable livelihoods under climate and environmental change: Thang Binh District, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Sustainability Science, 16(1):221-238. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00861-3]
Sustainable livelihoods ; Climate change adaptation ; Environmental factors ; Economic development ; Participatory approaches ; Coastal areas ; Communities ; Vulnerability ; Local government ; Strategies ; Policies ; Households ; Case studies / Vietnam / Quang Nam / Thang Binh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050194)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11625-020-00861-3.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050194.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050194.pdf
(5.39 MB) (5.39 MB)
This paper explores the maintenance of livelihoods under climate, environmental, and economic development pressures, through the case of Thang Binh District in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Within widespread recognition of the need to link sustainable livelihoods approaches with climate change adaptation, there is growing awareness of the importance of people-centered approaches which keep the diverse experience, capabilities, and knowledges of the most vulnerable at the heart of sustainable livelihoods thinking. In response, this paper explores the conditions for changes in modes of livelihoods in a case study area where top-down strategies for sustainable livelihoods are met with residents’ diverse experiences of vulnerability, and where climate and environmental changes shape residents’ relations with the landscape. The research is undertaken via interviews with residents, farmers/fishers, and local government officials. Our study finds that whilst government-led initiatives for sustainable livelihoods are welcomed in the locality, inflexible policies can make it challenging for the most vulnerable people to access support. Moreover, residents see the capacity to live with and respond to extreme weather events as a critical component of maintaining a sustainable livelihood. Our findings reinforce international literature, showing that ‘the poor’ are not a homogenous category, and illustrate the importance of attention to the smallest levels of government who are tasked with putting sustainable livelihoods initiatives into practice in relation to people’s daily lives.
8 Sinclair, M.; Sagar, M. K. V.; Knudsen, C.; Sabu, J.; Ghermandi, A. 2021. Economic appraisal of ecosystem services and restoration scenarios in a tropical coastal Ramsar wetland in India. Ecosystem Services, 47:101236. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101236]
Wetland restoration ; Ecosystem services ; Willingness to pay ; Economic aspects ; Valuation ; Coastal areas ; Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Water quality ; Water management ; Mangrove conservation ; Stakeholders ; Policies / India / Kerala / Ashtamudi Lake Ramsar Site
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050206)
(3.11 MB)
Valuation of ecosystem services can play an important role in guiding decision-making concerning the restoration of natural ecosystems which is particularly important in tropical coastal wetlands due to their widespread deterioration. This study investigates the environmental status and provision of key ecosystem services of the Ashtamudi lake Ramsar site in Kerala, India, and explores the feasibility of wetland restoration scenarios through a multi-year program involving stakeholder workshops, primary market data collection, and stated preference non-market valuation. Relying on the input of local stakeholders, we apply a choice experiment to estimate the willingness to pay for wetland restoration scenarios with a focus on water quality, mangrove conservation and sustainable fisheries. Results indicate that local stakeholders attribute the greatest value to mangrove conservation, followed by water quality and sustainably managed fisheries. Furthermore, we show that the local residents’ willingness to pay for modest and moderate wetland improvement scenarios may outweigh the potential cost of the restoration projects, especially for modest restoration objectives and even under conservative assumptions regarding the benefits and costs of restoration. We discuss how such results can inform local policy in the development of sustainable management practices and act as a benchmark for the extensive network of wetlands in Kerala.
9 Welling, R.; Filz, P.; Dalton, J.; Smith, Douglas Mark; de Silva, J.; Manyara, P. 2021. Governing resilient landscapes across the source-to-sea continuum. Water International, 46(2):264-282. (Special issue: Source-to-Sea Management) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2021.1890964]
Water governance ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Freshwater ; Marine environment ; Resilience ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Decision making ; Learning ; Institutions ; Agencies ; Cooperation ; Benefits ; Coordination ; River basins ; Coastal areas ; International waters ; Ecosystem services ; Sustainable Development Goals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050310)
(1.63 MB)
The source-to-sea continuum links the interconnected ecosystems of the water cycle with the associated socioeconomic processes, demands and pressures. Maximizing benefits and protecting existing resources through integrated water management and governance at scale capitalizes on existing institutional and governmental asymmetries by developing an outcome-driven management that builds on existing local, national and transboundary legal frameworks to enhance connectivity. This paper presents how to action this through focusing on three areas of governance: benefit-sharing dialogues for shared visioning; a multi-stakeholder platform to increase coordination in decision-making both up- and downstream; and improved agency coordination between basins and coasts.
10 Duy, N. L.; Nguyen, T. V. K.; Nguyen, D. V.; Tran, A. T.; Nguyen, H. T.; Heidbüchel, I.; Merz, B.; Apel, H. 2021. Groundwater dynamics in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: trends, memory effects, and response times. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 33:100746. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2020.100746]
Groundwater table ; Alluvial aquifers ; Surface water ; Water levels ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater extraction ; Coastal areas ; Flooding ; Deltas ; Hydrology ; Trends ; Time series analysis / Vietnam / Mekong Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050286)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581820302202/pdfft?md5=b8797d9247dc390e0ee5968b020889b8&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581820302202-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050286.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050286.pdf
(9.24 MB) (9.24 MB)
Study Region: Vietnamese Mekong Delta.
Study focus : This study investigates the trends of groundwater levels (GWLs), the memory effect of alluvial aquifers, and the response times between surface water and groundwater across the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Trend analysis, auto- and cross-correlation, and time-series decomposition were applied within a moving window approach to examine non-stationary behavior.
New hydrological insights : Our study revealed an effective connection between the shallowest aquifer unit (Holocene) and surface water, and a high potential for shallow groundwater recharge. However, low-permeable aquicludes separating the aquifers behave as low-pass filters that reduce the high-frequency signals in the GWL variations, and limit the recharge to the deep groundwater. Declining GWLs (0.01-0.55 m/year) were detected for all aquifers throughout the 22 years of observation, indicating that the groundwater abstraction exceeds groundwater recharge. Stronger declining trends were detected for deeper groundwater. The dynamic trend analysis indicates that the decrease of GWLs accelerated continuously. The groundwater memory effect varied according to the geographical location, being shorter in shallow aquifers and flood-prone areas and longer in deep aquifers and coastal areas. Variation of the response time between the river and alluvial aquifers was controlled by groundwater depth and season. The response time was shorter during the flood season, indicating that the bulk of groundwater recharge occurred in the late flood season, particularly in the deep aquifers.
Study focus : This study investigates the trends of groundwater levels (GWLs), the memory effect of alluvial aquifers, and the response times between surface water and groundwater across the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Trend analysis, auto- and cross-correlation, and time-series decomposition were applied within a moving window approach to examine non-stationary behavior.
New hydrological insights : Our study revealed an effective connection between the shallowest aquifer unit (Holocene) and surface water, and a high potential for shallow groundwater recharge. However, low-permeable aquicludes separating the aquifers behave as low-pass filters that reduce the high-frequency signals in the GWL variations, and limit the recharge to the deep groundwater. Declining GWLs (0.01-0.55 m/year) were detected for all aquifers throughout the 22 years of observation, indicating that the groundwater abstraction exceeds groundwater recharge. Stronger declining trends were detected for deeper groundwater. The dynamic trend analysis indicates that the decrease of GWLs accelerated continuously. The groundwater memory effect varied according to the geographical location, being shorter in shallow aquifers and flood-prone areas and longer in deep aquifers and coastal areas. Variation of the response time between the river and alluvial aquifers was controlled by groundwater depth and season. The response time was shorter during the flood season, indicating that the bulk of groundwater recharge occurred in the late flood season, particularly in the deep aquifers.
11 Jayadas, A.; Ambujam, N. K. 2021. Research and design of a farmer resilience index in coastal farming communities of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 16p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.076]
Climate change adaptation ; Resilience ; Marginal farmers ; Research ; Coastal areas ; Communities ; Extreme weather events ; Natural disasters ; Precipitation ; Cyclones ; Flooding ; Households ; Villages ; Vulnerability / India / Tamil Nadu / Cuddalore / Silambimangalam / Chinnakomatti
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050462)
https://iwaponline.com/jwcc/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wcc.2021.076/906489/jwc2021076.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050462.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050462.pdf
(0.67 MB) (684 KB)
Climate disasters have a high impact on farming communities in terms of crop loss or reduced income. In the context of disasters, resilience is defined as the capacity to absorb its impacts, bounce back and even improve their previous status. The recent past two disasters namely Cyclone Thane (2011) and the South Indian floods (2015) had caused major crop loss in Cuddalore, India. A Farmer Resilience Index (FRI) has been assessed at the household level using primary data from 93 households (total) in Silambimangalam and Chinnakomatti villages in Cuddalore, with respect to the 2011 and 2015 disasters. The index has 18 parameters and 55 variables under four dimensions, namely, economic, social, technical, and physical. Farmers in both villages have average resilience to precipitation extremes, with FRI of 0.61 and 0.54, respectively. Seventy percent of the total samples are marginal farmers who have the lowest FRI of 0.47 and 4.3% are medium farmers having FRI of 0.83. Marginal farmers are poor and typically belong to lower castes with their farmlands located at lower elevations, which diminish their physical and economic resilience. The outcomes of the index reveal the current adaptive capacities of the farmers and have the potential to support future planning decisions.
12 Dubey, A. K.; Kumar, P.; Saharwardi, Md. S.; Javed, A. 2021. Understanding the hot season dynamics and variability across India. Weather and Climate Extremes, 32:100317. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100317]
Climate change ; Warm season ; Temperature ; Extreme weather events ; Time series analysis ; Humidity ; Winds ; Forecasting ; Coastal areas / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050510)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094721000153/pdfft?md5=bf5769984954d9b9c68e4383c2d4b7fa&pid=1-s2.0-S2212094721000153-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050510.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050510.pdf
(17.10 MB) (17.1 MB)
Climate change has a detrimental impact on human health due to increasing temperature extremes. It is undoubtedly true over India, where in recent decades, a rise in the frequency and intensity of extreme events is witnessed. The present study primarily focuses on understanding the dynamics of the hot season over homogeneous regions of India. Using Canonical Correlation Analysis, five temperature homogeneous regions are defined. All regions showed a positive trend with less interannual variability, except Gangetic plains. The seasonal composites for extreme temperature years show that hot season over North India (NI) occurs mainly due to blocking high in upper atmospheres. Similarly, daily temperature anomalies for the heatwave days during hot years exhibit stationarity of such blocks centered over the region. Two global teleconnections have been found to be responsible for the NI seasonal anomaly, (i) a continuous anomalous low over Europe Granger cause anomalous high across the region, (ii) the subtropical jet stream and the polar jet stream help to maintain stationarity of anticyclonic blocks over the region. Sinking of air due to an upper atmospheric high over NI causes adiabatic warming near the surface. Southern India mainly gets heated due to warm air intrusion from northwest regions, contributing to anomalous low humidity over the southern coastal regions. This phenomenon blocks moisture transport from the adjacent ocean entering the region resulting in amplification of hotness due to moisture blocking, leading to an increased temperature anomaly.
13 Re, V.; Manzione, R. L.; Abiye, T. A.; Mukherji, Aditi; MacDonald, A. (Eds.) 2022. Groundwater for sustainable livelihoods and equitable growth. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press - Balkema. 367p. (IAH - International Contributions to Hydrogeology 30) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003024101]
Groundwater management ; Sustainable livelihoods ; Equity ; Water resources ; Water security ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Water use ; Conjunctive use ; Surface water ; Water scarcity ; Water governance ; Water policies ; Legal frameworks ; Water supply ; Water harvesting ; River basins ; Watersheds ; Water springs ; Wells ; Alluvial aquifers ; Hydrogeology ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Adaptation ; Strategies ; Urban development ; Landscape conservation ; Periurban areas ; Rural areas ; Villages ; Coastal areas ; Stubble burning ; Rice ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Households ; Socioeconomic development ; Case studies / Africa / South America / Asia / Sahel / Niger / Ghana / Togo / Ethiopia / Zimbabwe / Chad / Malawi / United Republic of Tanzania / Libya / India / Indonesia / Myanmar / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Brazil / West Bengal / Haryana / Gunungsewu Karst Area / Vientiane Plain / Shan State / Techiman Municipality / Rio de Janeiro / Lome / Harare / Tigray / Al Jabal Al Akhdar / Kachchh / Mato Grosso do Sul / Taunggyi / Ekxang / Sume Alluvial Aquifer / Tekeze River Basin / Lake Chad Basin / Great Ruaha River Catchment / Guandu River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H051156)
(0.76 MB)
Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth explores how groundwater, often invisibly, improves peoples’ lives and livelihoods. This unique collection of 19 studies captures experiences of groundwater making a difference in 16 countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Such studies are rarely documented and this book provides a rich new collection of interdisciplinary analysis. The book is published in colour and includes many original diagrams and photographs.
Spring water, wells or boreholes have provided safe drinking water and reliable water for irrigation or industry for millennia. However, the hidden nature of groundwater often means that it’s important role both historically and in the present is overlooked. This collection helps fill this knowledge gap, providing a diverse set of new studies encompassing different perspectives and geographies. Different interdisciplinary methodologies are described that can help understand linkages between groundwater, livelihoods and growth, and how these links can be threatened by over-use, contamination, and ignorance.
Written for a worldwide audience of practitioners, academics and students with backgrounds in geology, engineering or environmental sciences; Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth is essential reading for those involved in groundwater and international development.
Spring water, wells or boreholes have provided safe drinking water and reliable water for irrigation or industry for millennia. However, the hidden nature of groundwater often means that it’s important role both historically and in the present is overlooked. This collection helps fill this knowledge gap, providing a diverse set of new studies encompassing different perspectives and geographies. Different interdisciplinary methodologies are described that can help understand linkages between groundwater, livelihoods and growth, and how these links can be threatened by over-use, contamination, and ignorance.
Written for a worldwide audience of practitioners, academics and students with backgrounds in geology, engineering or environmental sciences; Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth is essential reading for those involved in groundwater and international development.
14 Goswami, T.; Ghosal, S. 2022. From rice fields to brackish water farms: changing livelihoods in agrarian coastal Bengal, India. Asia-Pacifc Journal of Regional Science, 6(2):453-484. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-022-00229-8]
Inland fisheries ; Brackish water ; Agriculture ; Rice ; Aquaculture ; Coastal areas ; Sustainable livelihoods ; Vulnerability ; Shrimp culture ; Land use ; Farmland ; Remote sensing ; Geographical information systems ; Coping strategies ; Economic aspects ; Villages ; Households / India / West Bengal / Medinipur / Bhagwanpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051145)
(2.90 MB)
The present study attempted to understand the dimensions of changing agrarian livelihoods because of haphazard adaptation of capitalistic shrimp aquaculture. Specifically, using multi-temporal Google-based geodatabase, we quantified the artificial conversion of agrarian landscape in an inland freshwater region of coastal Bengal. Further, we examined the long-term viability of transformed livelihoods by adopting a modified version of the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA). The assessment of changing livelihoods was based on empirical information acquired through field surveys, focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interviews (KII). Results from the geostatistical analysis depicted that the shrimp culture in the research area was very recent. In 2010, only 0.03 percent of the total area was occupied by shrimp ponds. However, within a decade and an expansion rate of 18 percent/annum, the conversion spread to 1/3 of the total study area. The findings also clarified that the adaptation of shrimp cultivation increased the overall profit by 6400 USD/ha/year over agricultural output, and resulted in a quick rise in the standard of living for the shrimp farmers. However, in the long run, due to decreasing productivity and salinization of the surrounding land, the conversion resulted in massive depeasantization, augmentation of wasteland, and biased wealth accumulation led to a wide rich-poor gap. Therefore, the entire ecosystem will suffer in the near future, if the local government does not strictly impose Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
15 Ahmed, Z.; Shew, A. M.; Mondal, M. K.; Yadav, S.; Jagadish, S. V. K.; Prasad, P. V. V.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Das, M.; Bakuluzzaman, M. 2022. Climate risk perceptions and perceived yield loss increases agricultural technology adoption in the polder areas of Bangladesh. Journal of Rural Studies, 94:274-286. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.06.008]
Climate change adaptation ; Risk analysis ; Sustainable agriculture ; Sustainable intensification ; Technology ; Strategies ; Polders ; Coastal areas ; Yield losses ; Flooding ; Drought ; Salinity ; Infestation ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Livelihoods / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051300)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016722001528/pdfft?md5=978a8c61ab73c444502170380e72e0d7&pid=1-s2.0-S0743016722001528-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051300.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051300.pdf
(4.12 MB) (4.12 MB)
The effects of climate change are likely to increase the frequency of flood, drought, and salinity events in the coastal areas of Bangladesh, posing many challenges for agrarian communities. Sustainable intensification in the form of improved agricultural management practices and new technologies may help farmers cope with stress and adapt to changing conditions. In this study, we explore how climate change perceptions of agricultural risk affect adaptation to climate change through technology adoption in a unique landscape: the polders of Bangladesh. In 2016, a survey was conducted in 1003 households living on these artificial, leveed islands facing the Bay of Bengal. We analyzed the responses from polder residents to construct a climate risk index which quantifies climate risk perception in this highly vulnerable agrarian landscape. We analyzed how polder demographics influence their perceptions about climatic change using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). Further, by using three bivariate probit regression models, we estimated how the perception of climate risk drives the differential adoption of new agricultural technologies. Our findings show that farmers perceive polder agriculture as highly vulnerable to four environmental change factors: flooding, drought, salinity, and pest infestation. The SUR model suggests that farmer demographics, community group memberships, and access to different inputs and services strongly influence climatic risk perceptions. Findings also suggest that polder farmers with higher risk perceptions have a higher propensity to adopt both chemical and mechanical adaptation strategies. Cost, however, limits the ability of farmers to adopt improved technologies, suggesting an opportunity for institution-led approaches.
16 Solangi, G. S.; Siyal, A. A.; Siyal, Z.-u.-A.; Siyal, P.; Panhwar, S.; Keerio, H. A.; Bhatti, N. B. 2022. Social and ecological climate change vulnerability assessment in the Indus Delta, Pakistan. Water Practice and Technology, 17(8):1666-1678. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.087]
Climate change ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Ecological factors ; Vulnerability ; Assessment ; Deltas ; Coastal areas ; Local communities ; Livelihoods ; Seawater ; Saltwater intrusion ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Vegetation ; Mangroves ; Soil salinity ; Farmland / Pakistan / Indus Delta / Sindh / Badin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051276)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/17/8/1666/1092887/wpt0171666.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051276.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051276.pdf
(0.52 MB) (536 KB)
Due to seawater intrusion into the Indus delta, Pakistan under changing climate scenarios, the local communities of the delta are under threat of land and livelihood. The present study was initiated to analyze community perceptions about the social and ecological climate change vulnerability in the Indus delta, Pakistan. About 500 permanent residents of the delta were interviewed using a well-structured questionnaire. The IBM SPSS software was used to analyze the data based on the Pearson chi-square, Goodman, Kruskal's analyses, and Foster Greer Thorbeck (FGT) techniques. Analysis of the data revealed that the people in the delta had poor infrastructure and living standards, and limited social activities. Most of the people were illiterate, and the average family size was 11. On average, 4.7 members lived in a single room, and most of the houses were made of wood. Based on FGT techniques, about 88.4% of the population were living below the poverty line. The statistical analysis identified seawater intrusion and climate change as the most significant parameters affecting soil fertility, water quality, vegetation, mangroves, and livelihood. A large portion of the respondents strongly demanded the ensured freshwater flow to save the ecosystem, water resources, and the livelihood of the delta communities.
17 Wei, J.; Wang, M.; Mikelsons, K.; Jiang, L.; Kratzer, S.; Lee, Z.; Moore, T.; Sosik, H. M.; Van der Zande, D. 2022. Global satellite water classification data products over oceanic, coastal, and inland waters. Remote Sensing of Environment, 282:113233. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113233]
Water resources ; Classification ; Satellite observation ; Coastal areas ; Inland waters ; Remote sensing ; Hyperspectral imagery ; Spectral analysis ; Biogeochemical cycle ; Uncertainty ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051470)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003442572200339X/pdfft?md5=599b4e8903d886292de7a4fdbdd7064a&pid=1-s2.0-S003442572200339X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051470.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051470.pdf
(8.68 MB) (8.68 MB)
Satellites have generated extensive data of remote sensing reflectance spectra (Rrs( )) covering diverse water classes or types across global waters. Spectral classification of satellite Rrs( ) data allows for the distinguishing and grouping of waters with characteristic bio-optical/biogeochemical features that may influence the productivity of a given water body. This study reports new satellite water class products (Level-2 and Level-3) from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). We developed and implemented a hyperspectral scheme that accounts for the Rrs( ) spectral shapes and globally resolves oceanic, coastal, and inland waters into 23 water classes. We characterized the light absorption and scattering coefficients, chlorophyll-a concentration, diffuse attenuation coefficient, and suspended particulate matter for individual water classes. It is shown that the water classes are separable by their distinct bio-optical and biogeochemical properties. Furthermore, validation result suggests that the VIIRS water class products are accurate globally. Finally, we examined the spatial and temporal variability of the water classes in case studies for a demonstration of applications. The water class data in open oceans reveal that the subtropical ocean gyres have experienced dramatic expansion over the last decade. In addition, the water class data appear to be a valuable (and qualitative) indicator for water quality in coastal and inland waters with compelling evidence. We stress that this new satellite product is an excellent addition to the aquatic science database, despite the need for continuous improvement toward perfection.
18 Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Orabi, Mohamed O. M. 2023. Spatially Explicit Wastewater Generation and Tracking (SEWAGE-TRACK) in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Science of the Total Environment, 875:162421. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162421]
Wastewater treatment ; Municipal wastewater ; Rural areas ; Population ; Datasets ; Water productivity ; Estimation ; Models ; Water reuse ; Water availability ; Groundwater recharge ; Coastal areas / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Palestine / Yemen / West Bank
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051814)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723010379/pdfft?md5=82d74b7a49632b1eb1e88e5793e98775&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969723010379-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051814.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051814.pdf
(2.10 MB) (2.10 MB)
This study developed the SEWAGE-TRACK model for disaggregating lumped national wastewater generation estimates using population datasets and quantifying rural and urban wastewater generation and fate. The model allocates wastewater into riparian, coastal, and inland components and summarizes the fate of wastewater into productive (direct and indirect reuse) and unproductive components for 19 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As per the national estimates, 18.4 km3 of municipal wastewater generated in 2015, was disaggregated over the MENA region. Results from this study revealed urban and rural areas to contribute to 79 % and 21 % of municipal wastewater generation respectively. Within the rural context, inland areas generated 61 % of the total wastewater. The riparian and coastal regions produced 27 % and 12 %, respectively. Within the urban settings, riparian areas produced 48 %, while inland and coastal regions generated 34 % and 18 % of the total wastewater, respectively. Results indicate that 46 % of the wastewater is productively used (direct reuse and indirect use), while 54 % is lost unproductively. Of the total wastewater generated, the most direct use was observed in the coastal areas (7 %), the most indirect reuse in the riparian regions (31 %), and the most unproductive losses in inland areas (27 %). The potential of unproductive wastewater as a non-conventional freshwater source was also analyzed. Our results indicate that wastewater is an excellent alternative water source and has high potential to reduce pressure on non-renewable sources for some countries in the MENA region. The motivation of this study is to disaggregate wastewater generation and track wastewater fate using a simple but robust approach that is portable, scalable and repeatable. Similar analysis can be done for other regions to produce information on disaggregated wastewater and its fate. Such information is highly critical for efficient wastewater resource management.
19 Patabendige, K. M. K.; Amarasinghe, M. D.; Ratnayake, R. M. C. S.; Dahanayaka, D. D. G. L. 2023. Impact of climate and irrigation practices on hydrological aspects of Bundala wetlands in Sri Lanka. Irrigation and Drainage, 72(3):696-705. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2797]
Wetlands ; Coastal areas ; Irrigation ; Rain ; Flooding ; Water levels ; Salinity ; Climate change ; Vegetation ; Water quality ; Freshwater ; Drainage water ; National parks ; Lagoons / Sri Lanka / Bundala / Lunugamvehera / Bundala Wetlands / Embilikala Lagoon / Malala Lagoon / Kirindi Oya / Malala Oya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051732)
(0.62 MB)
Bundala wetlands are the first to be declared a Ramsar wetland reserve in Sri Lanka. Two wetlands of this complex have transformed from seasonally inundated saline areas into permanent freshwater ecosystems, resulting in spatial and temporal changes that presumably have favoured plant invasions. We hypothesized that climate/rainfall changes and irrigation practices would be the most potential drivers of this change, and the objective of this research is to empirically determine the influence of rainfall and irrigation practices in the catchment on inundation pattern and plant nutrient availability that could potentially change ecology of these wetlands. Monthly rainfall data for the Bundala area (1988–2017) from Sri Lanka's meteorological department were analysed by parametric and nonparametric statistical methods, and a statistically significant change in rainfall was not discernible, confirming climate change is unlikely to be a driver to increase the lagoon water level. Irrigation data analysis revealed that these wetlands receive nearly 1.28 × 107 m3 of irrigation drainage annually from an irrigation scheme in the immediate catchment, which has resulted in decreased salinity, while inundation and plant nutrient content increased, changing the wetlands' ecology and socioeconomic status of the dependent rural communities.
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