Your search found 27 records
1 Singleton, G. R.; Hinds, L. A.; Krebs, C. J.; Spratt, D. M. 2002. Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). 564p. (ACIAR Monograph 96)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 632.9 G000 SIN Record No: H033191)
2 Alam, Mohammad F.; Villholth, Karen G.; Podgorski, J. 2021. Human arsenic exposure risk via crop consumption and global trade from groundwater-irrigated areas. Environmental Research Letters, 16(12):124013. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac34bb]
Arsenic ; Exposure ; Human health ; Health hazards ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigated sites ; Crop production ; Rice ; Wheat ; Maize ; International trade ; Datasets
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050905)
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac34bb/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050905.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050905.pdf
(13.00 MB) (13.0 MB)
While drinking water is known to create significant health risk in arsenic hazard areas, the role of exposure to arsenic through food intake is less well understood, including the impact of food trade. Using the best available datasets on crop production, irrigation, groundwater arsenic hazard, and international crop trade flows, we estimate that globally 17.2% of irrigated harvested area (or 45.2 million hectares) of 42 main crops are grown in arsenic hazard areas, contributing 19.7% of total irrigated crop production, or 418 million metric tons (MMT) per year of these crops by mass. Two-thirds of this area is dedicated to the major staple crops of rice, wheat, and maize (RWM) and produces 158 MMT per year of RWM, which is 8.0% of the total RWM production and 18% of irrigated production. More than 25% of RWM consumed in the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, where both arsenic hazard and degree of groundwater irrigation are high, originate from arsenic hazard areas. Exposure to arsenic risk from crops also comes from international trade, with 10.6% of rice, 2.4% of wheat, and 4.1% of maize trade flows coming from production in hazard areas. Trade plays a critical role in redistributing risk, with the greatest exposure risk borne by countries with a high dependence on food imports, particularly in the Middle East and small island nations for which all arsenic risk in crops is imported. Intensifying climate variability and population growth may increase reliance on groundwater irrigation, including in arsenic hazard areas. Results show that RWM harvested area could increase by 54.1 million hectares (179% increase over current risk area), predominantly in South and Southeast Asia. This calls for the need to better understand the relative risk of arsenic exposure through food intake, considering the influence of growing trade and increased groundwater reliance for crop production.
3 Wilkinson, J. L.; Boxall, A. B. A.; Kolpin, D. W.; Leung, K. M. Y.; Lai, R. W. S.; Galban-Malagon, C.; Adell, A. D.; Mondon, J.; Metian, M.; Marchant, R. A.; Bouzas-Monroy, A.; Cuni-Sanchez, A.; Coors, A.; Carriquiriborde, P.; Rojo, M.; Gordon, C.; Cara, M.; Moermond, M.; Luarte, T.; Petrosyan, V.; Perikhanyan, Y.; Mahon, C. S.; McGurk, C. J.; Hofmann, T.; Kormoker, T.; Iniguez, V.; Guzman-Otazo, J.; Tavares, J. L.; De Figueiredo, F. G.; Razzolini, M. T. P.; Dougnon, V.; Gbaguidi, G.; Traore, O.; Blais, J. M.; Kimpe, L. E.; Wong, M.; Wong, D.; Ntchantcho, R.; Pizarro, J.; Ying, G.-G.; Chen, C.-E.; Paez, M.; Martinez-Lara, J.; Otamonga, J.-P.; Pote, J.; Ifo, S. A.; Wilson, P.; Echeverria-Saenz, S.; Udikovic-Kolic, N.; Milakovic, M.; Fatta-Kassinos, D.; Ioannou-Ttofa, L.; Belusova, V.; Vymazal, J.; Cardenas-Bustamante, M.; Kassa, B. A.; Garric, J.; Chaumot, A.; Gibba, P.; Kunchulia, I.; Seidensticker, S.; Lyberatos, G.; Halldorsson, H. P.; Melling, M.; Shashidhar, T.; Lamba, M.; Nastiti, A.; Supriatin, A.; Pourang, N.; Abedini, A.; Abdullah, O.; Gharbia, S. S.; Pilla, F.; Chefetz, B.; Topaz, T.; Yao, K. M.; Aubakirova, B.; Beisenova, R.; Olaka, L.; Mulu, J. K.; Chatanga, P.; Ntuli, V.; Blama, N. T.; Sherif, S.; Aris, A. Z.; Looi, L. J.; Niang, M.; Traore, S. T.; Oldenkamp, R.; Ogunbanwo, O.; Ashfaq, M.; Iqbal, M.; Abdeen, Z.; O’Dea, A.; Morales-Saldana, J. M.; Custodio, M.; de la Cruz, H.; Navarrete, I.; Carvalho, F.; Gogra, A. B.; Koroma, B. M.; Cerkvenik-Flajs, V.; Gombac, M.; Thwala, M.; Choi, K.; Kang, H.; Ladu, J. L. C.; Rico, A.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Sobek, A.; Horlitz, G.; Zenker, A. K.; King, A. C.; Jiang, J.-J.; Kariuki, R.; Tumbo, M.; Tezel, U.; Onay, T. T.; Lejju, J. B.; Vystavna, Y.; Vergeles, Y.; Heinzen, H.; Perez-Parada, A.; Sims, D. B.; Figy, M.; Good, D.; Teta, C. 2022. Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(8):e2113947119. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113947119]
Pharmaceutical pollution ; Rivers ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Aquatic environment ; Antimicrobials ; Environmental health ; Human health ; Environmental monitoring ; Wastewater ; Socioeconomic aspects ; National income ; Datasets
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050958)
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/119/8/e2113947119.full.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050958.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050958.pdf
(6.14 MB) (6.14 MB)
Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world’s rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
4 Queenan, K.; Cuevas, S.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Chimonyo, M.; Shankar, B.; Slotow, R.; Hasler, B. 2022. A food systems approach and qualitative system dynamics model to reveal policy issues within the commercial broiler chicken system in South Africa. PLoS ONE, 17(6):e0270756. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270756]
Food systems ; Poultry ; Broiler chickens ; Commercial farming ; Food policies ; Models ; Human health ; Nutrition ; Environmental sustainability ; Livestock production ; Distribution systems ; Food consumption ; Markets ; Value chains ; Affordability ; Food safety ; Food-borne diseases ; Feeds ; Stakeholders ; Imports ; Food security / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051296)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270756&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051296.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051296.pdf
(2.14 MB) (2.14 MB)
Global broiler production and consumption levels continue to rise. South Africa’s broiler system is dominated by commercial production and formal retail trade, with competition from cheap imports. Local broiler policies have narrow, production-driven, short-term aims for industry growth and national food security. However, these have unintended consequences that undermine the system’s future sustainability. Using a food systems approach, this study developed a qualitative system dynamics model of the South African commercial broiler system and used it to engage stakeholders in policy discussions within the boundaries of health, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. A problem statement and key system elements were drawn from a previously published qualitative study and were validated by 15 stakeholders via an online questionnaire. From this, a seed model was developed, expanded into a larger model, and shared in a modular format with stakeholders in virtual meetings, on an individual or institutional basis, for feedback and validation, and for discussion of areas for policy consideration. Refinements were incorporated into the modules, policy considerations were summarised, and crosscutting issues were identified. The model demonstrated the system’s complexity, interlinkages, feedbacks, reinforcing and balancing loops, and behaviour archetypes. The modular presentation format created a suitable platform for stakeholder engagement. Current policies focus on local commercial production, formal markets, and affordability without cognisance of the broader system represented by the model. Inequality pervades throughout the system. Commercial producers, linked to large supermarkets and fast-food chains, dominate the system, presenting barriers to entry. Affordability is unintentionally traded off against non-communicable disease risks through brining of most frozen products, and ultra-processing of fast-food items. Foodborne disease control is critical, given the proportion of vulnerable individuals, and greater coherence of food safety policy is urgently needed. The environmental footprint of broilers, whilst less than that of ruminants, deserves closer scrutiny based on its dependence on intensive cereal production for feed. This study’s food systems approach provides a system-wide perspective and a foundation for policymakers to develop more integrated and transformative policies.
5 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2021. Policies to reduce microplastics pollution in water: focus on textiles and tyres. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 136p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/7ec7e5ef-en]
Microplastic pollution ; Mitigation ; Policies ; Marine environment ; Freshwater ecosystems ; Textiles ; Tyres ; Human health ; Environmental health ; Health hazards ; Risk reduction ; Toxicity ; Technology ; Best practices ; Techniques ; Standards ; Certification schemes ; Labelling ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Waste disposal ; Sewage sludge ; Degradation ; Emission ; Industrial wastewater ; Stormwater runoff ; OECD countries ; Stakeholders ; Collaboration
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051315)
6 Ali, W.; Zhang, H.; Mao, K.; Shafeeque, Muhammad; Aslam, M. W.; Yang, X.; Zhong, L.; Feng, X.; Podgorski, J. 2022. Chromium contamination in paddy soil-rice systems and associated human health risks in Pakistan. Science of the Total Environment, 826:153910. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153910]
Chromium ; Contamination ; Paddy soils ; Rice fields ; Human health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Metals ; Physicochemical properties ; Bioaccumulation factor ; Translocation ; Modelling / Pakistan / Sindh / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051385)
(1.81 MB)
Chromium (Cr) contamination in paddy soil-rice systems threatens human health through the food chain. This study used a new dataset of 500 paddy soil and plant tissue samples collected in the rice-growing regions of Sindh and Punjab Provinces of Pakistan. Overall, 97.4% of grain samples exceeded the Cr threshold values of 1.0 mg kg-1, determined by the China National Food Standard (CNFS). The Cr in paddy soil, 62.6% samples exceeding the China natural background threshold value (90 mg kg-1) for Cr concentration in paddy soil, and lower than the (pH-dependant > 7.5 threshold value for Cr 350 mg kg-1) as determined by China Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for paddy soil (GB15618-2018). Geographically weighted regression (GWR) modelling showed spatially nonstationary correlations, confirming the heterogeneous relationship between dependent (rice grain Cr) and independent paddy soil (pH, SOM, and paddy soil Cr) and plant tissue variables (shoot Cr and root Cr) throughout the study area. The GWR model was then used to determine the critical threshold (CT) for the measured Cr concentrations in the paddy soil system. Overall, 38.4% of paddy soil samples exceeding CT values confirm that the paddy soil Cr risk prevails in the study area. Furthermore, the GWR model was applied to assess the loading capacity (LC), the difference between the CT, and the actual concentration of Cr in paddy soil. Loading capacity identified potential paddy soil Cr pollution risk to rice grain and assessed the risk areas. Overall LC% of samples paddy soil Cr risk areas grade: low-risk grade I (34.6%); moderate-risk grade II (15.8%); high-risk grade III (11.2%); and very high-risk grade IV (38.4%) have been assessed in the study area.
The human health index, total hazard quotient (THQ « 1), indicates no potential health risk originating from Cr exposure to the population. However, the excess Cr level in paddy soil and rice grain is still a concern. The current study's results are also valuable for the national decision-making process regarding Cr contamination in the paddy soil-rice system.
The human health index, total hazard quotient (THQ « 1), indicates no potential health risk originating from Cr exposure to the population. However, the excess Cr level in paddy soil and rice grain is still a concern. The current study's results are also valuable for the national decision-making process regarding Cr contamination in the paddy soil-rice system.
7 Wutich, A.; Thomson, P.; Jepson, W.; Stoler, J.; Cooperman, A. D.; Doss-Gollin, J.; Jantrania, A.; Mayer, A.; Nelson-Nunez, J.; Walker, W. S.; Westerhoff, P. 2023. MAD[Modular, Adaptive, and Dcentralized] water: integrating modular, adaptive, and decentralized approaches for water security in the climate change era. WIREs WATER, e1680. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1680]
Climate change ; Water security ; Decentralization ; Infrastructure ; Drinking water ; Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Water governance ; Human health ; Hybrids ; Justice ; Water treatment ; Political aspects ; Households ; Rainwater harvesting ; Domestic water ; Pipes ; Water supply ; Policies ; Environmental health ; Resilience
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052062)
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wat2.1680
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052062.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052062.pdf
(3.09 MB) (3.09 MB)
Centralized water infrastructure has, over the last century, brought safe and reliable drinking water to much of the world. But climate change, combined with aging and underfunded infrastructure, is increasingly testing the limits of—and reversing gains made by—this approach. To address these growing strains and gaps, we must assess and advance alternatives to centralized water provision and sanitation. The water literature is rife with examples of systems that are neither centralized nor networked, yet meet water needs of local communities in important ways, including: informal and hybrid water systems, decentralized water provision, community-based water management, small drinking water systems, point-of-use treatment, small-scale water vendors, and packaged water. Our work builds on these literatures by proposing a convergence approach that can integrate and explore the benefits and challenges of modular, adaptive, and decentralized (“MAD”) water provision and sanitation, often foregrounding important advances in engineering technology. We further provide frameworks to evaluate justice, economic feasibility, governance, human health, and environmental sustainability as key parameters of MAD water system performance.
8 Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.) 2023. Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 184p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0000]
Transboundary waters ; Water sharing ; River basin management ; Water resources ; International cooperation ; Water security ; Sustainability ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Agricultural water use ; Water management ; Water quality ; Irrigation ; Land use ; Socioeconomic development ; Demography ; Poverty ; Human health ; Food security ; Livelihoods ; Employment ; Economic growth ; Energy security ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Climate prediction ; Trends ; Hydrology ; Water governance ; Water policies ; Water law ; Legislation ; Institutions ; Reservoirs ; Hydropower / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052166)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0000
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052166.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052166.pdf
(43.90 MB) (43.9 MB)
There is currently no water cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Of the nine rivers that flow across the border, none possess a formal agreement or mechanism to manage shared water resources. Further, there is very little information available about the status of environment, hydrology and water resources management for these river basins that could be used as a starting point for dialogues on transboundary water coordination. This State of the Basins book co-develops an overview of the three most important river basins, in collaboration with international experts and water professionals from Afghanistan and Pakistan. It covers water resources, land resources, ecological health, environment, climate change, and the social and economic conditions for sustainable management of these precious resources. It will inform decision making within the two countries, and begin to establish benefits that can accrue from more active collaboration on these shared waters. This book: Focuses on portions of the Indus shared by Afghanistan and Pakistan. Features extensive engagement and co-development with Afghan and Pakistani professionals. Is the first book on the shared waters in the Indus, developed in the context of regional realities associated with post-August 2021 Taliban takeover. The book is aimed at students and researchers in water rights and resources, and government decision makers, private sector investors, donors, intermediary organizations that work directly with farmers, researchers and students. It is a reference book for graduate students and researchers working on these basins, and on transboundary river basin management in Asia and beyond.
9 Drechsel, Pay; Marjani Zadeh, S.; Salcedo, F. P. (Eds.) 2023. Water quality in agriculture: risks and risk mitigation. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 192p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7340en]
Water quality ; Agricultural water use ; Risk reduction ; Mitigation ; Water pollution ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Microbiological risk assessment ; Pathogens ; Monitoring ; Water reuse ; Standards ; Regulations ; Good agricultural practices ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Crop production ; Salinity ; Contaminants ; Chemical contamination ; Heavy metals ; Parameters ; Risk management ; Risk analysis ; Human health ; Health hazards ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Aquaculture ; Livestock ; Ecology ; River basins ; Citizen science ; Farmers ; Environmental factors ; Cultural factors ; Case studies / Ghana / Bangladesh / Spain / United States of America / Australia / Tunisia / Murcia / California / Kumasi / Mirzapur / Ouardanine
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052153)
(8.61 MB)
This publication, Water Quality in Agriculture: Risks and Risk Mitigation, emphasizes technical solutions and good agricultural practices, including risk mitigation measures suitable for the contexts of differently resourced institutions working in rural as well as urban and peri-urban settings in low- and middle-income countries. With a focus on sustainability of the overall land use system, the guidelines also cover possible downstream impacts of farm-level decisions. As each country has a range of site-specific conditions related to climate, soil and water quality, crop type and variety, as well as management options, subnational adjustments to the presented guidelines are recommended. Water Quality in Agriculture: Risks and Risk Mitigation, is intended for use by national and subnational governmental authorities, farm and project managers, extension officers, consultants and engineers to evaluate water quality data, and identify potential problems and solutions related to water quality. The presented guidelines will also be of value to the scientific research community and university students.
10 Sanchez-Zarco, X. G.; Ponce-Ortega, J. M. 2023. Water-energy-food-ecosystem nexus: an optimization approach incorporating life cycle, security and sustainability assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 414:137534. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137534]
Energy ; Food security ; Food production ; Ecosystems ; Water extraction ; Nexus approaches ; Life cycle ; Sustainability ; Assessment ; Optimization methods ; Indicators ; Mathematical models ; Sustainable development ; Circular economy ; Ecological footprint ; Human health ; Fossil fuels ; Case studies / Mexico / Nuevo Leon
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052134)
(8.54 MB)
Nowadays, ecosystem damages limit sustainable development, which is exacerbated by the scarcity and high demand for resources such as water, energy and food. Therefore, this paper presents a new integrated circular economy approach to optimize the generation, use, and distribution of resources in a given region that takes into account the environmental footprint while considering the net social benefit. Multiple objectives, such as nexus security and environmental damage, are prioritized in terms of three categories: human health, ecosystem quality and resource depletion. The optimization model includes the life cycle analysis for each technology or extraction source with the eco-indicator 99 methodology throughout the supply chain. The determinant variables identified were water availability, renewable energy production and local food production. The food sector is described as promoting the use of hydroponic technologies, animal carrying capacity, and aquaculture activities. An area of Mexico was considered as a case study, considering domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities. The analysis of the variables of interest was carried out using different groups, identifying 7 attractive optimal scenarios. A direct proportion is observed between the security of the water-energy-food nexus and the associated economic profits, while the life cycle assessment fluctuates with the use of services. The results show the satisfaction of the demand for water, energy, and food, highlighting the vulnerability of the food sector concerning the net objectives by including unconventional techniques to provide healthy diets. Food accounts for 76–94% of the total damage caused, where each type of food is analyzed according to the excess energy needed to obtain in the future, the change in biodiversity, and the disability-adjusted life years, having as a reference the main diseases that cause death in Mexico.
11 Freire, B. M.; Paniz, F. P.; Lange, C. N.; Pedron, T.; da Silva, J. T.; Sanchez, F. E. S.; Parfitt, J. M. B.; Batista, B. L. 2023. Effect of water management on human exposure to inorganic arsenic and other trace elements through rice consumption. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 122:105462. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105462]
Rice ; Cultivation ; Food composition ; Food analysis ; Water management ; Soil water ; Arsenic ; Risk assessment ; Oncogenicity ; Health hazards ; Human health / Brazil
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052141)
(0.75 MB)
Arsenic (As) is widely spread in the environment. Its inorganic form (i-As) is carcinogenic. Rice is a global staple food and an important source of calories, nutrients, As and other elements. The use of aerobic conditions or intermittent ponding during cultivation is one of the strategies to decrease As contamination in rice grains. The present study investigated whether different soil water tensions (SWTs) applied at different phenological phases (Ph.Ph.) may affect the accumulation and human exposure to essential and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) including As species. The results showed that rice husks accumulate a major fraction of some elements, including 80–96% of the Pb. It was observed that the higher SWT in the Ph.Ph. R1 was responsible for a 45% decrease in As in whole grains and an increase of more than 3000% in Cd, compared with the flooded treatment in the vegetative period. Higher SWT in Ph.Ph. R1 and R2 decreased the risk associated with As daily intake. Health risk assessments revealed potential non-carcinogenic risks associated with the combined effect of exposure to PTE, as well as carcinogenic risks related to As. Water management is a useful strategy to mitigate these risks from rice intake.
12 Zadeh, S. M.; Drechsel, Pay; Salcedo, F. P. 2023. Water quality and the Sustainable Development Goals. In Drechsel, Pay; Marjani Zadeh, S.; Salcedo, F. P. (Eds.). Water quality in agriculture: risks and risk mitigation. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.5-16.
Water quality ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Water pollution ; Agricultural pollution ; Monitoring ; Wastewater ; Human health ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052240)
(3.63 MB)
13 Allende, A.; Drechsel, Pay. 2023. Risk analysis and risk mitigation approaches: waterborne pathogens that become foodborne pathogens through irrigation. In Drechsel, Pay; Marjani Zadeh, S.; Salcedo, F. P. (Eds.). Water quality in agriculture: risks and risk mitigation. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.31-40.
Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Risk analysis ; Risk reduction ; Mitigation ; Human health ; Health hazards ; Waterborne diseases ; Pathogens ; Microbiological risk assessment ; Guidelines
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052241)
(2.56 MB)
14 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay. 2023. Water quality and aquaculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Marjani Zadeh, S.; Salcedo, F. P. (Eds.). Water quality in agriculture: risks and risk mitigation. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.77-92.
Water quality ; Aquaculture ; Wastewater aquaculture ; Aquatic plant cultivation ; Fish culture ; Pangasius ; Shrimp culture ; Human health ; Health hazards ; Risk reduction ; Water pollution ; Environmental impact assessment ; Farmers ; Guidelines
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052243)
(3.21 MB)
15 van Puijenbroek, P. J. T. M.; Beusen, A. H. W.; Bouwman, A. F.; Ayeri, T.; Strokal, M.; Hofstra, N. 2023. Quantifying future sanitation scenarios and progress towards SDG targets in the shared socioeconomic pathways. Journal of Environmental Management, 346:118921. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118921]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Sanitation ; Tertiary ; Wastewater treatment ; Sewage ; Population growth ; Urbanization ; Economic growth ; Water quality ; Urbanization ; Models ; Human health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052270)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479723017097/pdfft?md5=b641cc7adec73d71883a9ffccc3b0760&pid=1-s2.0-S0301479723017097-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052270.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052270.pdf
(9.98 MB) (9.98 MB)
Two main targets of SDG 6 (Sustainable Development Goal), clean water and sanitation, are SDG 6.2, to achieve universal and equitable access to improved sanitation and to phase out unimproved sanitation (include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines, bucket latrines and open defecation) and SDG 6.3, to halve the proportion of untreated wastewater by 2030. We compiled a global sanitation database for 200 countries. Starting from recent trends, we constructed a wide spectrum of contrasting future scenarios, i.e. the five Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP1-5) whereby the SSP2 scenario is ‘middle of the road’ scenario. The sanitation scenarios differ due to contrasting pathways for population growth and urbanization, economic growth and the SSP narratives.
Our results indicate that it will be difficult to achieve the SDG 6 target. Target 6.2 on improved sanitation is expected to be achieved between 2070 and 2090 in SSP1, SSP2 and SSP5, while the target will not be achieved by 2100 in SSP3 and SSP4. Unimproved sanitation is projected to be phased out by 2070 in SSP1 and SSP5, or beyond 2100 in SSP3 and SSP4. The percentage of households with sewerage connection will be between 51% in SSP3 and 75% in SSP5 in 2050, and respectively 60% and 95% in 2100.
Target SDG 6.3 on improving wastewater treatment will be reached by 2030 only in SSP1, followed by SSP2 and SSP5 between 2040 and 2050, while in SSP3 and SSP4 this target is not reached by 2100. The developments in wastewater treatment, expressed as percentage nutrient removal, showed an increase from 14% in 2015 to 45% in 2050 and 80% in 2100 in SSP1. But in SSP3, the global percentage is expected to have hardly changed by 2050 and have declined to 12% by 2100 due to the population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.
There is a major contrast between countries and regions. In the period between 2000 and 2015, although globally the percentage of people with unimproved sanitation declined, in 7% of the 200 countries the number of people with unimproved sanitation increased. Also, wastewater treatment globally improved, but in 16 countries it deteriorated. This inequality is particularly important in SSP3 and SSP4 where the lack of improved sanitation will continue till 2100.
Our results indicate that it will be difficult to achieve the SDG 6 target. Target 6.2 on improved sanitation is expected to be achieved between 2070 and 2090 in SSP1, SSP2 and SSP5, while the target will not be achieved by 2100 in SSP3 and SSP4. Unimproved sanitation is projected to be phased out by 2070 in SSP1 and SSP5, or beyond 2100 in SSP3 and SSP4. The percentage of households with sewerage connection will be between 51% in SSP3 and 75% in SSP5 in 2050, and respectively 60% and 95% in 2100.
Target SDG 6.3 on improving wastewater treatment will be reached by 2030 only in SSP1, followed by SSP2 and SSP5 between 2040 and 2050, while in SSP3 and SSP4 this target is not reached by 2100. The developments in wastewater treatment, expressed as percentage nutrient removal, showed an increase from 14% in 2015 to 45% in 2050 and 80% in 2100 in SSP1. But in SSP3, the global percentage is expected to have hardly changed by 2050 and have declined to 12% by 2100 due to the population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.
There is a major contrast between countries and regions. In the period between 2000 and 2015, although globally the percentage of people with unimproved sanitation declined, in 7% of the 200 countries the number of people with unimproved sanitation increased. Also, wastewater treatment globally improved, but in 16 countries it deteriorated. This inequality is particularly important in SSP3 and SSP4 where the lack of improved sanitation will continue till 2100.
16 Fernandes, L. S.; Galvao, A.; Santos, R.; Monteiro, S. 2023. Impact of water reuse on agricultural practices and human health. Environmental Research, 216(part 3):114762. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114762]
Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Greywater ; Wastewater irrigation ; Agricultural practices ; Human health ; Climate change ; Drinking water ; Microbiology ; Water quality ; Health hazards ; Water scarcity ; Water demand ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Irrigation water
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052273)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935122020898/pdfft?md5=1f1a44d9693603133ff8bbfa38409b31&pid=1-s2.0-S0013935122020898-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052273.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052273.pdf
(1.31 MB) (1.31 MB)
Climate change is altering the habits of the population. Extensive drought periods and overuse of potable water led to significant water shortages in many different places. Therefore, new water sources are necessary for usage in applications where the microbiological and chemical water quality demands are less stringent, as for agriculture. In this study, we planted, germinated, and grew vegetables/fruits (cherry tomato, lettuce, and carrot) using three types of potential waters for irrigation: secondary-treated wastewater, chlorine-treated wastewater, and green wall-treated greywater, to observe potential health risks of foodstuff consumption. In this study the waters and crops were analyzed for three taxonomic groups: bacteria, enteric viruses, and protozoa. Enteric viruses, human Norovirus I (hNoVGI) and Enterovirus (EntV), were detected in tomato and carrots irrigated with secondary-treated and chlorine-treated wastewater, in concentrations as high as 2.63 log genome units (GU)/g. On the other hand, Aichi viruses were detected in lettuce. Bacteria and protozoa remained undetected in all fresh produce although being detected in both types of wastewaters. Fresh produce irrigated with green wall-treated greywater were free from the chosen pathogens. This suggests that green wall-treated greywater may be a valuable option for crop irrigation, directly impacting the cities of the future vision, and the circular and green economy concepts. On the other hand, this work demonstrates that further advancement is still necessary to improve reclaimed water to the point where it no longer constitutes risk of foodborne diseases and to human health.
17 Abebe, Y.; Gashaw, M.; Kefale, A.; Brewer, T. 2023. Wastewater governance in the upstream catchment of the Awash Basin, Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities for better accountability. Water Reuse, jwrd2023077. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.077]
Wastewater treatment ; Waste management ; Governance ; Watersheds ; Institutions ; Freshwater ; Environmental protection ; Environmental degradation ; Legal aspects ; Urban agriculture ; Urban areas ; Food security ; Human health ; Stakeholders ; Water reuse ; Water quality / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052360)
https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wrd.2023.077/1315397/jwrd2023077.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052360.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052360.pdf
(0.91 MB) (936 KB)
With the growing competition for water, demand for food, and the decline of freshwater resources, wastewater and polluted river waters have been increasingly used for agriculture in Ethiopia. The findings of this study show that untreated wastewater discharged from industries into the environment has been polluting rivers and the surrounding environment. Regulatory bodies did little to enforce rules, regulations, and directives provided for the regulation of wastewater. This paper examines the factors that explain weaknesses with respect to the accountability of institutions meant for wastewater governance. In doing so, it discusses task overlaps, corruption, and the absence of environmental courts that significantly affect environmental protection activities. The study found that due to poor implementation of laws and regulations, and lack of relevant information, including poor evidence of the pollution load, enforcement activities are under a great challenge. The paper concludes that urban agriculture has been expanding without concern for its negative health and socioeconomic impacts. The positive economic impacts of wastewater agriculture also need to be reassessed and improved as one livelihood option for the farming communities and calls for awareness creation and other measures to fully understand the existing benefits and impacts of wastewater on human health and the environment.
18 Ramamurthy, R.; Bleser, J.; Konradsen, F.; Kibret, S.; Opperman, J.; You, L.; Sloff, K.; McCartney, Matthew; Fevre, E. M.; Boelee, E. 2023. Human health impacts of dams and reservoirs: neglected issues in a One Health perspective. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 26(2):96-112. [doi: https://doi.org/10.14321/aehm.026.02.096]
Dams ; Reservoirs ; Human health ; One Health approach ; Irrigation ; Hydropower ; Environmental factors ; Diseases ; Ecosystems ; Impact assessment ; Energy ; Food production ; Livelihoods ; Communities ; Inclusion / United States of America / Sudan / Nepal / Pakistan / Glen Canyon Dam / Merowe Dam / Marsyangdi Dam / Dasu Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052403)
(0.40 MB)
Dams have often been constructed for hydropower, water storage and to support socio-economic development, particularly in areas of water stress. In many places, the water stored in human-made reservoirs is essential to meet the development objectives of water supply, agriculture, industry, energy generation and other sectors. However, in the absence of adequate foresight and planning, many past dams have had considerable negative impacts on ecosystems and the livelihoods of affected communities, resulting in conflicts and health hazards. While enhanced human health and well-being could be considered as the ultimate outcome of development programs, the public health impact of dams remains an issue that is often neglected by policy makers and investors. National policies and international guidelines, such as those of the World Commission on Dams, have been used to improve planning and impact assessment of dams. Here, we provide an analysis of four large dams, across three continents, and show that they had limited consistency with World Commission on Dams principles and guidelines. Moreover, health aspects were largely neglected during planning, construction and operation of these dams, but seriously undermine their intended benefits. This perspective paper discusses impacts of dams on energy and food, ecosystem health, inclusion, and ultimately human health and wellbeing. We argue that a One Health perspective, based on these four categories, can support the systematic consideration of environmental, animal, and human health determinants. A dedicated One Health approach to dams and reservoirs remains to be developed but could potentially improve how dams, both existing and future, support more inclusive development.
19 Jampani, Mahesh; Sambou, Mame Henriette Astou; Alahacoon, Niranga; Amarnath, Giriraj. 2023. Distribution of drought events and their impact on child malnutrition in Senegal [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Chapman Conference on Climate and Health for Africa, Washington, D. C., USA, 12-15 June 2023. 2p.
Climate change ; Drought ; Children ; Malnutrition ; Human health ; Satellites ; Stakeholders / Senegal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052466)
https://agu.confex.com/agu/22chapman1/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1232992
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052466.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052466.pdf
(0.10 MB)
Climate change has become a significant threat to Western African countries in recent decades, including Senegal. Further, there has been an increasing occurrence of extreme events such as droughts. Droughts, directly and indirectly, have detrimental impacts on human health and often trigger nutritional status in the respective region. Children under the age of five are more vulnerable to Droughts in terms of malnutrition. In Senegal also, drought has unforeseen impacts on health systems and impacts the nutritional dynamics of children. Besides, There has been limited understanding of how drought occurrence and frequency will influence the nutritional status of children in Senegal. In this context, we looked at spatial and temporal patterns of drought conditions in relation to nutritional status to understand, examine and explore the stunting and wasting cases and undernutrition status in children under five years of age. We analyzed all the provinces of Senegal using satellite-based datasets and drought indices in combination with demographic health surveys (USAID DHS) and Senegalese national health survey datasets. The DHS datasets are yearly based and used to evaluate the long-term patterns, whereas Senegalese government data is monthly and used to evaluate any seasonal dynamics. We employed integrated statistical methods, including factor analysis, spatial autocorrelation, bivariate maps and cross-correlation, to draw the interrelationships and spatiotemporal patterns. The research results convey that there is a significant spatial and temporal relationship between drought and underweight. Further, a significant correlation exists between stunting and wasting cases of children with drought events in the following years. Overall, our research will provide an improved understanding of the vulnerability of children’s health associated with drought events and can help local stakeholders and policymakers to understand the malnutritional status with respect to climate change in Senegal and to develop appropriate policy interventions.
20 Bento, S.; de Melo, M. T. C.; Gramaglia, C. 2023. Ethical reflections on groundwater in contaminated areas. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 10:5. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00983-3]
Groundwater ; Contamination ; Ethics ; Communities ; Institutions ; Chemical industry ; Aquifers ; Human health / Portugal / Estarreja
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052444)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40899-023-00983-3.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052444.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052444.pdf
(0.58 MB) (592 KB)
Groundwater science has a well-known relationship with social issues when dealing with risk assessment, yet there is a lack of case studies on the topic. Here, we present reflections for dealing with two ethical challenges: (i) the access and use of public domain monitoring data and (ii) the dissemination of scientific research data and its controversial character. The case study is a long-term collaborative research project aiming to bridge the social and natural sciences to tackle ethical questions and their implications for technical reporting and scientific production in a highly contaminated area situated in Portugal. The method included comprehensive interviews with hydrogeologists within the common project, the consulting of documents and the collaborative analysis of situations in online meetings between sociologists and hydrogeologists. The interviews and formal discussions were recorded, transcribed and analysed. In the two cases related to groundwater assessment in contaminated areas we found that researchers refer to emotions and moral dilemmas when they come into regular contact with social actors. Results also show that a different kind of knowledge is produced in these cases and point to three types of researchers’ positionality. The significance of this paper is to encourage reflection and action on ethical issues in the scientific community and specifically in geoethics. Bringing researchers together to share their practice will help to disentangle some of the negative emotions and moral dilemmas of scientific practice and increase the attention researchers pay to other people’s points of view and interests so as to improve the robustness of scientific data.
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