Your search found 134 records
1 Senarath, P. 1992. Review of state of development of farmer organisations - Progress report 1. Unpublished consultancy report submitted to USAID, by TEAMS (Pvt.) Ltd., Colombo, Sri Lanka. 21p.
Farmers' associations ; Farmer-agency interactions ; Maintenance ; Water delivery ; Conflicts ; Project appraisal / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 781 Record No: H024286)
2 Fink, J.; Gober, P. 2009. Using stakeholder engagement and visualization to aid decision-making about water use in the Middle East. In Lipchin, C.; Sandler, D.; Cushman, E. (Eds.). The Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin: cooperation amid conflict. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.257-274. (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Security)
Water management ; Water use ; Stakeholders ; Decision making ; Decision support systems ; Conflicts / Middle East / Israel / Palestine / USA / Dead Sea / Arizona
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9162 G698 LIP Record No: H044185)
3 Sally, Hilmy; Levite, Herve; Cour, J. 2011. Local water management of small reservoirs: lessons from two case studies in Burkina Faso. Water Alternatives, 4(3):365-382.
Water management ; Water resources ; Reservoirs ; Water user associations ; Water allocation ; Water storage ; Water use ; Conflicts ; Case studies ; River basins ; Rice ; Downstream ; Irrigation schemes / Burkina Faso / Comoe River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044385)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=146
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044385.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044385.pdf
(1.23 MB) (1.25MB)
Burkina Faso is actively pursuing the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in its development plans. Several policy and institutional mechanisms have been put in place, including the adoption of a national IWRM action plan (PAGIRE) and the establishment so far of 30 local water management committees (Comités Locaux de l’Eau, or CLE). The stated purpose of the CLE is to take responsibility for managing water at sub-basin level. The two case studies discussed in this paper illustrate gaps between the policy objective of promoting IWRM on the one hand, and the realities associated with its practical on-the-ground implementation on the other. A significant adjustment that occurred in practice is the fact that the two CLE studied have been set up as entities focused on reservoir management, whereas it is envisioned that a CLE would constitute a platform for sub-basin management. This reflects a concern to minimise conflict and optimally manage the country’s primary water resource and illustrates the type of pragmatic actions that have to be taken to make IWRM a reality. It is also observed that the local water management committees have not been able to satisfactorily address questions regarding access to, and allocation of, water, which are crucial for the satisfactory functioning of the reservoirs. Water resources in the reservoirs appear to be controlled by the dominant user. In order to correct this trend, measures to build mutual trust and confidence among water users 'condemned' to work together to manage their common resource are suggested, foremost of which is the need to collect and share reliable data. Awareness of power relationships among water user groups and building on functioning, already existing formal or informal arrangements for water sharing are key determinants for successful implementation of the water reform process underway.
4 Funder, M.; Bustamante, R.; Cossio, V.; Huong, P. T. M.; van Koppen, Barbara; Mweemba, C.; Nyambe, I.; Phuong, L. T. T.; Skielboe, T. 2012. Strategies of the poorest in local water conflict and cooperation – evidence from Vietnam, Bolivia and Zambia. Water Alternatives, 5(1): 20-36.
Poverty ; Water resources ; Water governance ; Water sharing ; Conflicts ; Cooperation ; Non governmental organizations ; Case studies ; Households ; Pipes ; Irrigation systems ; Reservoirs ; Villages ; Natural resources management / Vietnam / Bolivia / Zambia / Muchila
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045505)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=155
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045505.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045505.pdf
(0.46 MB) (474.91KB)
Media stories often speak of a future dominated by large-scale water wars. Rather less attention has been paid to the way water conflicts play out at local levels and form part of people’s everyday lives. Based on case study studies from Vietnam, Bolivia and Zambia, this paper examines the strategies of poor households in local water conflicts. It is shown how such households may not only engage actively in collaborative water management but may also apply risk aversion strategies when faced with powerful adversaries in conflict situations. It is further shown how dependency relations between poor and wealthy households can reduce the scope of action for the poor in water conflicts. As a result, poor households can be forced to abstain from defending their water resources in order to maintain socio-economic and political ties with the very same households that oppose them in water conflicts. The paper concludes by briefly discussing how the poorest can be supported in local water conflicts. This includes ensuring that alternative spaces for expressing grievances exist and are accessible; facilitating that water sharing agreements and rights are clearly stipulated and monitored; and working beyond water governance to reduce the socio-economic dependency-relations of poor households.
5 Mathur, G. N.; Chawla, A. S. (Eds.) 2005. Water for sustainable development - towards innovative solutions: proceedings of the XII World Water Congress, New Delhi, India, 22-25 November 2005. Vol. 1. New Delhi, India: Central Board of Irrigation and Power; Montpellier, France: International Water Resources Association (IWRA). 337p.
Water management ; Water resources development ; Groundwater recharge ; River basin management ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; International waters ; Water sharing ; Water allocation ; Ecosystems ; Environmental flows ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Water use efficiency ; Technology ; Water distribution ; Water transfer ; Water user associations ; Conflicts ; Irrigation projects ; Irrigation water ; Water storage ; Aquifers ; Dams ; Land use ; Stakeholders / Central Asia / India / Australia / Cameroon / Nigeria
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 MAT Record No: H045957)
(0.43 MB)
6 Mathur, G. N.; Chawla, A. S. (Eds.) 2005. Water for sustainable development - towards innovative solutions: proceedings of the XII World Water Congress, New Delhi, India, 22-25 November 2005. Vol. 3. New Delhi, India: Central Board of Irrigation and Power; Montpellier, France: International Water Resources Association (IWRA). 526p.
Water governance ; Water management ; International waters ; Agreements ; Conflicts ; Groundwater extraction ; Water quality ; Water law ; Water rights ; Water use ; Water security ; Water scarcity ; Wastewater ; River basins ; Water conservation ; Water distribution ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Watersheds ; Poverty ; Economic growth ; Environmental protection ; Urban development ; Community involvement ; Women ; Financing ; Climate change ; Natural disasters ; Irrigation management ; Participatory management / Asia / Central Asia / Middle East / Cambodia / India / North Africa / South Africa / Sri Lanka / Thailand / Nepal / Malaysia / Mexico / Canada / North China / Tonle Sap Lake / Andhra Pradesh / New Delhi / Bangkok / Colorado River Basin / Haihe River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 MAT Record No: H045959)
(0.53 MB)
7 Thomas, K. A. 2017. The Ganges water treaty: 20 years of cooperation, on India’s terms. Water Policy, 19(4):724-740. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.109]
International waters ; International agreements ; Treaties ; International cooperation ; Conflicts ; Water law ; Rivers ; Flow discharge ; Hydrological factors ; Natural disasters ; Flooding ; Case studies / India / Bangladesh / Ganges River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048230)
(0.34 MB)
International cooperation has become a universal mandate for governing transboundary waterbodies. Diverse stakeholders promote cooperation as a desirable, if not indispensable, approach to achieving sustainable and equitable benefits from and for transboundary waterbodies. However, calls for international water cooperation operate from the presupposition that cooperation is an unambiguous concept. While cooperation appears self-evident and unproblematic, cases of formal cooperation reveal points of contestation about cooperation itself. For example, India and Bangladesh disagree about the extent to which cooperation is occurring over the Ganges River despite having penned a bilateral treaty that has been in force for 20 years. I analyze qualitative interviews and previously unpublished hydrological data to evaluate assertions that hydrological hazards in Southwestern Bangladesh result from India’s activities and that India is failing to uphold the 1996 agreement. The analysis indicates that these assertions are true and false: India is broadly adhering to the Ganges Treaty but unilaterally withdraws water during a critical period of the dry season when regional livelihoods are most vulnerable. The study concludes that transboundary water cooperation as an abstract ideal overlooks the fact that cooperation as a practice emerges from and operates within specific historical, political, cultural, and economic contexts.
8 Conallin, J. C.; Dickens, Chris; Hearne, D. 2017. Stakeholder engagement in environmental water management. In Horne, A. C.; Webb, J. A.; Stewardson, M. J.; Richter, B.; Acreman, M. (Eds.). Water for the environment: from policy and science to implementation and management. London, UK: Elsevier. pp.129-150.
Environmental management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Stakeholders ; Planning ; Conflicts ; Participatory approaches ; Social participation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048242)
9 Shrestha, Gitta; Upreti, B. R.; Kolas, A. 2017. Women, peace and security: the case of Nepal. In Kolas, A. (Ed.). Women, peace and security in Nepal: from civil war to post-conflict reconstruction. Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp.99-122.
Gender ; Women's participation ; Womans status ; Empowerment ; Political aspects ; Conflicts / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048248)
10 Rai, S. P.; Wolf, A. T.; Sharma, N. 2017. Hydropolitics and hydropolitical dynamics between India and Nepal: an event-based study. Water Policy, 19(5):791-819. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.063]
International waters ; Political aspects ; International cooperation ; Conflicts ; River basin management ; Risk assessment ; Databases ; International agreements ; Water quality ; Water power ; Flood control ; Fisheries ; Navigation ; Economic development ; Irrigation programs ; Infrastructure ; Technology ; Statistical methods / India / Nepal / Ganges Basin / Mahakali Basin / Karnali Basin / Gandak Basin / Kosi Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048401)
(1.31 MB)
India and Nepal not only share common borders and cultures, but also share precious freshwater sources, i.e., rivers. Rivers have been discussed often in the political corridors because they cross international borders, which transform water reserves into a competitive resource and lead to hydropolitical dynamics between riparian countries. Nepal and India are two of the major riparian nations that share the mighty and complex Ganges Basin. The objective here was to study the more-than-a-century-old hydro-diplomacy between India and Nepal, passing through tumultuous political scenarios to understand how water relations have been shaped and reshaped with time. For this, a database of historical individual events/actions of water cooperation and conflict from 1874 to 2014 was compiled. These events/actions were ranked by intensity, using precise definitions of conflict and cooperation as suggested by the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database under the Basins at Risk project formulated at Oregon State University. Statistical analyses indicated cooperative events greatly outnumbered conflictive events. Out of 351 events, only 4% were conflictive, 92% were cooperative, and the remaining 4% were neutral. The study revealed an abundance of cooperative events; however, when seen through the lens of conflict-cooperation levels, the findings indicated a moderately positive cooperation, without much concrete action.
11 Desai, R. 2018. Urban planning, water provisioning and infrastructural violence at public housing resettlement sites in Ahmedabad, India. Water Alternatives, 11(1):86-105.
Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Maintenance ; Urban planning ; Public housing ; Resettlement ; Human behaviour ; Violence ; Conflicts ; Poverty ; Drinking water ; Water policy ; Water governance ; Municipal authorities ; Political aspects / India / Ahmedabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048523)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol11/v11issue1/421-a11-1-5/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048523.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048523.pdf
(0.94 MB) (964 KB)
This paper examines the links between urban planning and the politics of water provisioning and violence and conflict in people’s lives by drawing upon research in a low-income locality in Ahmedabad, India. By focusing on public housing sites constructed to resettle poor and low-income residents displaced from central and intermediate areas of the city for urban development projects, the paper looks beyond poor, informal neighbourhoods to explore the dynamics of water provisioning and inequalities in the city. A close examination of the water infrastructure at the sites and their everyday workings is undertaken in order to unravel the socio-material configurations which constitute inadequate water flows, and the ways in which urban planning, policies and governance produce infrastructural violence at the sites. It also traces the various forms of water-related deprivations, burdens, inequities, tensions and conflicts that emerge in people’s lives as a result of their practices in the context of this infrastructural violence.
12 De Angelis, E.; Metulini, R.; Bove, V.; Riccaboni, M. 2017. Virtual water trade and bilateral conflicts. Advances in Water Resources, 110:549-561. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.04.002]
Virtual water ; International trade ; Water scarcity ; Conflicts ; Commodity markets ; Strategies ; Models ; Economic aspects ; Political aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048526)
(0.51 MB)
In light of growing water scarcity, virtual water, or the water embedded in key water-intensive commodities, has been an active area of debate among practitioners and academics alike. As of yet, however, there is no consensus on whether water scarcity affects conflict behavior and we still lack empirical research intending to account for the role of virtual water in affecting the odds of militarized disputes between states. Using quantitative methods and data on virtual water trade, we find that bilateral and multilateral trade openness reduce the probability of war between any given pair of countries, which is consistent with the strategic role of this important commodity and the opportunity cost associated with the loss of trade gains. We also find that the substantive effect of virtual water trade is comparable to that of oil and gas, the archetypal natural resources, in determining interstate conflicts’ probability.
13 Xie, L.; Rahaman, M. M.; Shen, W. 2018. When do institutions work?: a comparison of two water disputes over the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna river basins. Water Policy, 20(2):308-322. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.149]
Water resources ; Water management ; Water institutions ; Conflicts ; River basins ; International waters ; International cooperation ; Political aspects ; International agreements ; Case studies / India / Bangladesh / China / Ganges River Basin / Brahmaputra River Basin / Meghna River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048715)
(0.21 MB)
This article investigates the motives and incentives that drive countries’ diplomatic efforts in water disputes. It aims to identify links between the formation of water management institutions (WMIs) and the outcomes of such institutional cooperation. Three features have been identified as key to the effectiveness of WMIs: (1) the development of trust; (2) sanctions aimed at curbing cheating; and (3) the balancing of different countries’ interests over shared waters. This article conducts a comparative analysis of the formation of institutional arrangements among three riparian states by focusing on two cases: water interactions between China and India, and between India and Bangladesh. It argues that India, China and Bangladesh have exhibited different preferences in regard to their participation in WMIs. The two cases illustrate how different WMIs are formed and also how, in proportion to variations in the level of competition over water quantity, diplomatic cooperation through environmental agreements can lead to different outcomes with varying degrees of success. This article concludes that in the context of the global South, where foreign relations are unstable and countries’ reliance on river basins varied, building trust and balancing interests over water management are especially important to the formation of effective institutional arrangements.
14 Zawahri, N.; Michel, D. 2018. Assessing the Indus Waters Treaty from a comparative perspective. Water International, 43(5):696-712. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2018.1498994]
International waters ; Rivers ; Treaties ; International agreements ; International cooperation ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Water governance ; Climate change ; Riparian zones ; Conflicts / India / Pakistan / Indus River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048893)
(1.33 MB)
The 1960 Indus Waters Treaty dividing the rivers of the Indus system between India and Pakistan has continued to function through two wars and numerous political tensions. Nevertheless, given mounting pressures on the Indus’ waters due to population growth, climate change and mismanagement, many call for abandonment or renegotiation of the treaty. This article situates these criticisms within the quantitative literature analyzing river treaties to demonstrate that the same critiques are applicable to many treaties. Comparative analysis also reveals that while some of the treaty’s weaknesses can be addressed, important structural obstacles render certain of its deficiencies difficult to correct.
15 Ligtvoet, W.; Bouwman, A.; Knoop, J.; de Bruin, S.; Nabielek, K.; Huitzing, H.; Janse, J.; van Minnen, J.; Gernaat, D.; van Puijenbroek, P.; de Ruiter, J.; Visser, H. 2018. The geography of future water challenges. Hague, Netherlands: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 103p.
Water management ; Water stress ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Weather hazards ; Climate change ; Drought ; Flooding ; Disaster risk management ; Water pollution ; Wastewater treatment ; Drinking water ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Nutrients ; Energy generation ; Hydropower ; Dams ; Food production ; Crop yield ; Fuel crops ; Ecology ; Aquatic environment ; Ecosystems ; Freshwater ; Biodiversity ; Economic development ; Urbanization ; Migration ; Conflicts
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048887)
http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/pbl-2018-the-geography-of-future-water-challenges-2920.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048887.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048887.pdf
(27.70 MB) (27.7 MB)
16 Barua, A.; Vij, S. 2018. Treaties can be a non-starter: a multi-track and multilateral dialogue approach for Brahmaputra Basin. Water Policy, 20(5):1027-1041. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.140]
International waters ; International agreements ; Treaties ; River basin management ; International cooperation ; Riparian zones ; Conflicts ; State intervention / South Asia / Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / China / Brahmaputra River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048952)
(0.32 MB)
Countries sharing the Brahmaputra River have for decades deliberated on formulating and implementing cooperative strategies to develop the potential of the basin. Yet, little progress has been made so far at the government-to-government track 1 level in achieving regional cooperation due to the diverse national interests of the riparian countries. This has led to tension and friction among co-riparian nations and mistrust at political level. Drawing from the Brahmaputra Dialogue, this paper aims to highlight the merit of multi-track and multilateral dialogue processes for building trust and confidence between the riparian countries – paving a way towards transboundary cooperation. The paper concludes that given the geo-politics and the national interests of each riparian nation, negotiation for a treaty for cooperation through track 1 diplomacy, in the Brahmaputra River Basin (BRB), is a non-starter. Multi-track and multilateral dialogues can provide a platform to pursue positive interactions and can be viewed as an extension to existing state-diplomacy in BRB, to bring about sustainable change in the basin management.
17 Shrestha, A.; Roth, D.; Joshi, D. 2018. Socio-environmental dynamics and emerging groundwater dependencies in peri-urban Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Water Alternatives, 11(3):770-794. (Special issue: Local- and National-level Politics of Groundwater Overexploitation).
Groundwater extraction ; Water supply ; Periurban areas ; Socioeconomic environment ; Water management ; Water institutions ; Water policy ; Water governance ; Water use ; Water insecurity ; Drinking water ; Urbanization ; Population ; Conflicts / Nepal / Kathmandu Valley / Dadhikot / Lamatar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048990)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol11/v11issue3/464-a11-3-17/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048990.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048990.pdf
(1.03 MB) (1.03 MB)
Groundwater is an increasingly important source of water supply in Kathmandu Valley, one of the fastest-growing South-Asian urban agglomerations. A groundwater policy drafted in 2012 was partly an outcome of an institutional restructuring of water management in Kathmandu Valley. Our findings in this article show that this policy lacks attention to peri-urban dynamics of change and growth and does little to address the unplanned and unregulated groundwater use in peri-urban locations in the valley, which urbanises at a faster rate than the main city. This article discusses the growing use of, and dependence on, groundwater in these rapidly evolving peri-urban spaces. Groundwater use continues to increase, despite growing protests and worries about its consequences. Our findings show that the polarised views and local conflicts around groundwater exploitation are the outcome of multiple entanglements: sectoral divides and overlapping responsibilities in water institutions, governance and management; social and economic transformations in peri-urban spaces; the invisibility of groundwater; and ambiguity in the hydrological dynamics of conjunctive water use. While we see no easy solutions to these problems, the policy-relevant recommendations we derive from our analysis of the drivers and the dynamics of using, governing and managing groundwater draw attention to the complex on-the-ground realities that need to be better understood for addressing macro-micro gaps in (ground)water management.
18 Nkhata, B. A. 2018. Contested access: improving water security through benefit sharing. Water International, 43(8):1040-1054. (Special issue: The Global Water Security Challenge). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2018.1534547]
Water security ; Water availability ; River basins ; Water use ; Cooperation ; Evolution ; Agreements ; Conflicts ; State intervention ; Tourism ; Case studies / Zambia / Zambezi River Basin / Lower Zambezi National Park
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049037)
(1.61 MB)
This article examines the potential and limits of benefit-sharing regimes in improving water security. It draws on a case study of benefit-sharing regimes focusing on the non-consumptive use of the Zambezi River basin. It demonstrates how these regimes have transformed over time from hierarchical to egalitarian benefit-sharing arrangements through the application of conflict-resolution mechanisms. This case analysis is aimed at informing benefit-sharing policies for African river basins.
19 Grassini, L. 2019. Participatory water governance between theories and practices: learning from a community-based initiative in India. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(3):404-429. (Special issue: Understanding Emergent Participation Practices in Water Governance). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1354761]
Water governance ; Participatory approaches ; Community involvement ; Development projects ; Slums ; Best practices ; Empowerment ; Strategies ; Municipal authorities ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Conflicts ; Social aspects ; Case studies / India / Ahmedabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049155)
(2.08 MB)
Despite increasing convergence on the social learning concept as a theoretical foundation of collaborative practices for water governance, this article shows the pitfalls of its uncritical application as a normative ideal. The discussion is based on the analysis of a community-based initiative for water supply and slum upgrading in India, which is considered a best practice of good governance due to its collaborative approach. A different interpretation of the project is proposed through the analysis of its successes and failures from a community perspective. Finally, a recommendation for context-specific selection of theoretical bases for participatory practices is made.
20 Rahman, K. S.; Islam, Z.; Navera, U. K.; Ludwig, F. 2019. A critical review of the Ganges water sharing arrangement. Water Policy, 21(2):259-276. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.164]
International waters ; River basins ; International agreements ; Treaties ; International cooperation ; Conflicts ; Water allocation ; Stream flow ; Trends ; Rain ; Forecasting ; Dry season ; Economic aspects / India / Bangladesh / Ganges Basin / Farakka Barrage / Hardinge Bridge
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049207)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/21/2/259/553585/021020259.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049207.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049207.pdf
(0.64 MB) (652 KB)
The 1996 Ganges Water Sharing Treaty was an important breakthrough in solving disputes over sharing Ganges water between India and Bangladesh. This study evaluates cooperation reflected in the Treaty by performing a quantitative analysis on available water sharing data. The study recognized that inaccurate projection of future flow and the obligation of allocating guaranteed 991 m3 /s flows perpetuate the ongoing water sharing conflicts. The provision of guaranteed minimal flow alternately to India and Bangladesh during critical periods leads to frequent occurrences of low-flow events. Results indicated that the Treaty underestimated the impact of climate variability and possibly increasing upstream water abstraction. Statistical analysis of the post-Treaty data (1997–2016) also indicated that 65% of the time Bangladesh did not receive its guaranteed share during critical dry periods with high water demand. It is advised to project the reliable water availability using a combination of modelling and improved observation of river flows. In addition, the condition of minimum guaranteed share should be removed to reduce the frequency of low-flow events in future. Although our analyses show a number of weaknesses, the Treaty could still enhance the future regional cooperation if some adjustments are made to the current terms and conditions.
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