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1 Jampani, M.; Liedl, R.; Hulsmann, S.; Sonkamble, S.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. 2020. Hydrogeochemical and mixing processes controlling groundwater chemistry in a wastewater irrigated agricultural system of India. Chemosphere, 239:124741. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124741]

Wastewater irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Hydrology ; Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Farming systems ; Irrigated farming ; Freshwater ; Watersheds ; Water quality ; Ion exchange ; Saturation ; Models ; Periurban areas / India / Hyderabad / Musi River Basin / Kachiwani Singaram Micro Watershed

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049333)

https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049333.pdf

(2.98 MB)

In many parts of the world, wastewater irrigation has become a common practice because of freshwater scarcity and to increase resource reuse efficiency. Wastewater irrigation has positive impacts on livelihoods and at the same time, it has adverse impacts related to environmental pollution. Hydrochemical processes and groundwater behaviour need to be analyzed for a thorough understanding of the geochemical evolution in the wastewater irrigated systems. The current study focuses on a micro-watershed in the peri-urban Hyderabad of India, where farmers practice intensive wastewater irrigation. To evaluate the major factors that control groundwater geochemical processes, we analyzed the chemical composition of the wastewater used for irrigation and groundwater samples on a monthly basis for one hydrological year. The groundwater samples were collected in three settings of the watershed: wastewater irrigated area, groundwater irrigated area and upstream peri-urban area. The collected groundwater and wastewater samples were analyzed for major anions, cations and nutrients. We systematically investigated the anthropogenic influences and hydrogeochemical processes such as cation exchange, precipitation and dissolution of minerals using saturated indices, and freshwater-wastewater mixtures at the aquifer interface. Saturation indices of halite, gypsum and fluorite are exhibiting mineral dissolution and calcite and dolomite display mineral precipitation. Overall, the results suggest that the groundwater geochemistry of the watershed is largely controlled by long-term wastewater irrigation, local rainfall patterns and water-rock interactions. The study results can provide the basis for local decision-makers to develop sustainable groundwater management strategies and to control the aquifer pollution influenced by wastewater irrigation.

2 Perera, D.; Smakhtin, V.; Pischke, F.; Ohara, M.; Findikakis, A.; Werner, M.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Koeppel, S.; Plotnykova, H.; Hulsmann, S.; Caponi, C. 2020. Water-related extremes and risk management. In UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP); UN-Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: water and climate change. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.58-67.

Extreme weather events ; Disaster risk management ; Climate change adaptation ; Disaster risk reduction ; Weather hazards ; Drought ; Flooding ; Resilience ; Water management ; Weather forecasting ; Early warning systems ; Insurance ; Planning ; Assessment ; Monitoring

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049602)

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000372985&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_c5b09e0b-0c7e-42ef-aeb1-b1bae7544e4c%3F_%3D372985eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000372985/PDF/372985eng.pdf#page=71
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049602.pdf

(3.17 MB) (37.7 MB)

This chapter focuses on the linkages between climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, highlighting opportunities to build more resilient systems through a combination of 'hard' and 'soft' measures.

3 Smakhtin, V.; Perera, D.; Qadir, M.; Aureli, A.; Carvalho-Resende, T.; Dhot, N.; Findikakis, A.; Villholth, Karen G.; Gurdak, J. J.; Zandaryaa, S.; Hulsmann, S.; Medlicott, K.; Connor, R.; Timmerman, J. 2020. Water availability, infrastructure and ecosystems. In UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP); UN-Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: water and climate change. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.46-57.

Water availability ; Infrastructure ; Ecosystems ; Climate change adaptation ; Water management ; Climate change mitigation ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Resilience ; Water storage ; Water scarcity ; Water security ; Water supply ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Sanitation ; Coastal area ; Wetlands ; Aquifers

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049601)

(2.21 MB) (37.7 MB)

This chapter establishes linkages between climate change and various aspects of water management. Adaptation and resilience-building options are presented with respect to water storage – including groundwater – and water supply and sanitation infrastructure, and unconventional water supply options are described. Mitigation options for water management systems are also presented.

4 De Souza, M.; Nishimura, Y.; Burke, J.; Cudennec, C.; Schmitter, Petra; Haileslassie, Amare; Smith, Mark; Hulsmann, S.; Caucci, S.; Zhang, L.; Stewart, B. 2020. Agriculture and food security. In UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP); UN-Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: water and climate change. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.78-95.

Climate-smart agriculture ; Food security ; Agricultural water use ; Water management ; Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Water demand ; Farming systems ; Irrigated land ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Land use ; Forestry ; Water scarcity ; Groundwater ; Solar energy ; Irrigation methods ; Technology ; Agricultural production ; Farmers ; Livestock

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049604)

(2.05 MB) (37.7 MB)

This chapter highlights where land–water linkages are expected to become apparent in terms of climate impacts and where practical approaches to land and water management offer scope for both climate adaptation and mitigation though agriculture. It also provides an agricultural perspective from which to further engage the United Nations Climate Change Conference in terms of water management.

5 Jampani, Mahesh; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Liedl, R.; Locher-Krause, K.; Hulsmann, S.. 2020. Multi-functionality and land use dynamics in a peri-urban environment influenced by wastewater irrigation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62:102305. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102305]

Wastewater irrigation ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Land use change ; Modelling ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Watersheds ; Irrigated land ; Forecasting ; Satellite imagery ; Crops ; Rice ; Vegetables ; Brachiaria mutica / India / Hyderabad / Kachiwani Singaram Micro WaterShed

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049805)

https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049805.pdf

(8.38 MB)

Peri-urban areas are characterized by multifunctional land-use patterns forming a mosaic of built-up and agricultural areas. They are critical for providing food and other agricultural products, livelihood opportunities and multiple ecosystem services, which makes them transformative where urban and rural spaces blend. We analyzed land use changes in a peri-urban micro-watershed in Southern India by using Google Earth data to understand the micro-level spatio-temporal dynamics. This study aims at understanding the peri-urban agriculture and landscape changes as related to the change in use of wastewater and groundwater for irrigation. The temporal dynamics of peri-urban system including the changes in built-up, paragrass, paddy rice and vegetable cultivation, groundwater and wastewater irrigated areas in the watershed were evaluated. The detected changes indicate that, as a consequence of urban pressures, agricultural landscapes are being converted into built-up areas and, at the same time, former barren land is converted to agricultural plots. The mapped land use data are used in landscape change modelling for predicting the peri-urban agricultural dynamics and the driving factors in the watershed. Combined with the mapping and modelling approaches for land use change analysis, our results form the basis for integrated resources management in the wastewater influenced peri-urban systems.

6 Hulsmann, S.; Jampani, Mahesh. 2021. The nexus approach as a tool for resources management in resilient cities and multifunctional land-use systems. In Hulsmann, S.; Jampani, Mahesh (Eds.). A nexus approach for sustainable development: integrated resources management in resilient cities and multifunctional land-use systems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57530-4_1]

Resource management ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Nexus ; Towns ; Rural urban relations ; Land use ; Participatory approaches ; Economic aspects ; Incentives ; Water resources ; Environmental factors ; Monitoring

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050117)

https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050117.pdf

(0.46 MB)

The Nexus Approach to environmental resources management is increasingly recognized as an important vehicle to achieve sustainability as spelled out in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In particular, it was argued that the Nexus Approach is key for the sustainable use of environmental resources under conditions of global change and provides a tool to deal with challenges of global change including climate change, urbanization and population growth. Building on conceptual considerations with regard to monitoring and implementation outlined earlier, here, we explore how the Nexus Approach may provide solutions for managing resources in multifunctional land-use systems and resilient cities. In fact, the resources perspective is essential for holistic management of water, soil and waste along the urban–rural axis. Peri-urban areas provide perfect examples of multifunctional systems with manyfold opportunities to closing cycles, improve resource efficiency and mitigate trade-offs. Cases described in this book provide both positive as well as negative examples of what can be achieved by applying nexus thinking and what goes wrong if you don’t. Key messages emerging include: (i) participatory approaches are a central element for successful implementation of a nexus approach, (ii) effective mechanisms of knowledge transfer are a prerequisite of adoption and upscaling of nexus approaches and (iii) the lack of economic incentives and lack of data represent major challenges for the implementation of a nexus approach. Overall, the importance of a nexus mindset of all stakeholders involved in nexus cases and of providing an enabling environment by nexus-oriented governance, including appropriate economic instruments, was confirmed.