Your search found 8 records
1 Mulatu, D. W.; van Oel, P. R.; van der Veen, A. 2015. Firms’ willingness to invest in a water fund to improve water-related ecosystem services in the Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya. Water International, 40(3):463-482. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1050580]
Water resources ; Funding ; Institutions ; Investment ; Ecosystem services ; User charges ; Water availability ; Water user associations ; Decision making ; Financing ; Valuation ; Cost benefit analysis / Kenya / Lake Naivasha Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047479)
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2015.1050580
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047479.pdf
(0.90 MB) (924 KB)
A valuation scenario was designed using a contingent-valuation approach and presented to decision makers in business firms in Kenya’s Lake Naivasha basin to test how applicable a water fund might be as a potential financing mechanism for a payment for water-related ecosystem services scheme. The findings indicate that measuring a firm’s willingness to invest in ecosystem services could help determine whether a firm would invest and engage with other stakeholders to pool their investments in ecosystem services. Linking the institutional decision-making behaviour of a firm and its willingness to invest in a water fund is the novelty of this article.
2 Hogeboom, R. H. J.; van Oel, P. R.; Krol, M. S.; Booij, M. J. 2015. Modelling the influence of groundwater abstractions on the water level of Lake Naivasha, Kenya under data-scarce conditions. Water Resources Management, 29(12):4447-4463. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1069-9]
Groundwater extraction ; Water levels ; Mathematical models ; Groundwater flow ; Water balance ; Irrigation water ; Water use ; Lakes ; Hydrological data ; Calibration / Kenya / Rift Valley / Lake Naivasha / Flower Business Park
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047906)
http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11269-015-1069-9.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047906.pdf
(4.38 MB) (4.38 MB)
This study presents the state-of-the-art understanding of the data-scarce and hydrogeologically complex groundwater system of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, with the particular aim of exploring the influence groundwater abstractions have on Lake Naivasha’s water level. We developed multiple alternative but plausible parameterizations for a MODFLOW groundwater model, based on literature, existing models and available data, while trying not to over-complicate the model. In doing so, we illustrate a possible strategy of going about data-scarce regions in modelling in general. Processes encountered in the calibrated parameterizations show groundwater flows laterally from the escarpments to the valley floor and axially from the lake along the Rift, with a larger portion flowing out southward than northward. Extraction of groundwater interrupts the flow from the northwestern highlands to the lake, leading to a lake stage reduction of 0.7–7.5 cm due to abstractions at our target farm (Flower Business Park) or an implied 7–75 cm due to total groundwater abstractions in the area. Although this study demonstrates our understanding of Naivasha’s groundwater system remains fragile and the current model cannot be embedded in operational water management yet, it (i) reflects the contemporary understanding of the local groundwater system, (ii) illustrates how to go about modelling in data-scarce environments and (iii) provides a means to assess focal areas for future data collection and model improvements.
3 Ogada, J. O.; Krhoda, G. O.; Van Der Veen, A.; Marani, M.; van Oel, P. R.. 2017. Managing resources through stakeholder networks: collaborative water governance for Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya. Water International, 42(3):271-290. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1292076]
Water resources ; Water management ; Water governance ; Cooperation ; Stakeholders ; Networks ; Social structure ; Water user associations ; Governmental organizations ; International organizations ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Research institutions ; Corporate culture ; Group approaches ; Lakes / Kenya / Lake Naivasha Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048089)
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048089.pdf
(2.16 MB)
Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis were used to analyze stakeholders’ social and structural characteristics based on their interests, influence and interactions in Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya. Even though the Kenyan government and its agencies seem to command higher influence and interest in water resource management, the presence of influential and central stakeholders from non-government sectors plays a key role in strengthening partnership in a governance environment with multiple sectors, complex issues and competing interests. Interactions in the basin are guided by stakeholders’ interest and sphere of influence, which have both promoted participation in implementing a collaborative water governance framework.
4 Urfels, A.; McDonald, A. J.; Krupnik, T. J.; van Oel, P. R.. 2020. Drivers of groundwater utilization in water-limited rice production systems in Nepal. Water International, 45(1):39-59. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2019.1708172]
Groundwater irrigation ; Water use ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Shallow tube wells ; Irrigation scheduling ; Irrigation efficiency ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Resilience ; Water market ; Pumps ; Electrification ; Solar energy ; Model / Nepal / Eastern Gangetic Plains / Rupandehi / Banke / Kailali
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049516)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508060.2019.1708172?needAccess=true#aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tL2RvaS9wZGYvMTAuMTA4MC8wMjUwODA2MC4yMDE5LjE3MDgxNzI/bmVlZEFjY2Vzcz10cnVlQEBAMA==
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049516.pdf
(2.85 MB) (2.85 MB)
Most rice farmers in Nepal’s Terai region do not fully utilize irrigation during breaks in monsoon rainfall. This leads to yield losses despite abundant groundwater resources and ongoing expansion of diesel pumps and tubewell infrastructure. We investigate this puzzle by characterizing delay factors governing tubewell irrigation across wealth and precipitation gradients. After the decision to irrigate, different factors delay irrigation by roughly one week. While more sustainable and inexpensive energy for pumping may eventually catalyze transformative change, we identify near-term interventions that may increase rice farmers’ resilience to water stress in smallholder-dominated farming communities based on prevailing types of irrigation infrastructure.
5 Kchouk, S.; Melsen, L. A.; Walker, D. W.; van Oel, P. R.. 2022. A geography of drought indices: mismatch between indicators of drought and its impacts on water and food securities. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22(2):323-344. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-323-2022]
Drought ; Water security ; Food security ; Indicators ; Monitoring ; Early warning systems ; Meteorological factors ; Precipitation ; Evapotranspiration ; Soil moisture ; Vegetation index ; Socioeconomic environment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051048)
https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/22/323/2022/nhess-22-323-2022.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051048.pdf
(6.55 MB) (6.55 MB)
Drought monitoring and early warning systems (DEWSs) are seen as helpful tools to tackle drought at an early stage and reduce the possibility of harm or loss. They usually include indices attributed to meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought: physically based drought drivers. These indices are used to determine the onset, end and severity of a drought event. Drought impacts, like water and food securities, are less monitored or even not included in DEWSs. Therefore, the likelihood of experiencing these impacts is often simply linearly linked to drivers of drought. The aim of this study is to evaluate the validity of the assumed direct linkage between drivers of drought and water and food insecurity impacts of drought. We reviewed scientific literature on both drivers and impacts of drought. We conducted a bibliometric analysis based on 5000+ scientific studies in which selected drought indices (drivers) and drought-related water and food insecurities (impacts) were mentioned in relation to a geographic area. Our review shows that there is a tendency in scientific literature to focus on drivers of drought, with the preferred use of meteorological and remotely sensed drought indices. Studies reporting drought impacts are more localised, with relatively many studies focusing on sub-Saharan Africa and Australasia for impacts with regard to food security and water security, respectively. Our review further suggests that studies of food and water insecurity impacts related to drought are dependent on both the physical and human processes occurring in the geographic area, i.e. the local context. With the aim of increasing the relevance and utility of the information provided by DEWSs, we argue in favour of additional consideration of drought impact indices oriented towards sustainable development and human welfare.
6 Aniley, E.; Gashaw, T.; Abraham, T.; Demessie, S. F.; Bayabil, H. K.; Worqlul, A. W.; van Oel, P. R.; Dile, Y. T.; Chukalla, A. D.; Haileslassie, Amare; Wubaye, G. B. 2023. Evaluating the performances of gridded satellite/reanalysis products in representing the rainfall climatology of Ethiopia. Geocarto International, 38(1):2278329. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2023.2278329]
Rainfall ; Datasets ; Weather data ; Performance assessment ; Climatology ; Satellite observation ; Agroecological zones ; Precipitation / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052402)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10106049.2023.2278329?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052402.pdf
(3.33 MB) (3.33 MB)
This study evaluated performances of the Climate Hazard Group Infrared Precipitation with stations version 2.0 (CHIRPS v2.0) and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation version 2.8 (MSWEP v2.8) products against observed data. Rainfall climatology was simulated for different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Ethiopia during 1991–2020 at different temporal scales. Performance evaluations were made using continuous and statistical performance measures as well as Probability Density Function (PDF). CHIRPS v2.0 for estimating monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall totals, and MSWEP v2.8 for daily rainfall have shown better performance over all AEZs. The two products display comparable performance for detecting daily rainfall occurrences over alpine AEZ, but MSWEP v2.8 is superior in the rest four AEZs. CHIRPS v2.0 outperforms MSWEP v2.8 for detecting most of the daily rainfall intensity classes over all AEZs. The findings will play a noteworthy role to improve the quality of hydro-climate studies in Ethiopia.
7 Gashaw, T.; Wubaye, G. B.; Worqlul, A. W.; Dile, Y. T.; Mohammed, J. A.; Birhan, D. A.; Tefera, G. W.; van Oel, P. R.; Haileslassie, Amare; Chukalla, A. D.; Taye, Meron Teferi; Bayabil, H. K.; Zaitchik, B.; Srinivasan, R.; Senamaw, A.; Bantider, A.; Adgo, E.; Seid, Abdulkarim. 2023. Local and regional climate trends and variabilities in Ethiopia: implications for climate change adaptations. Environmental Challenges, 13:100794. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100794]
Climate change adaptation ; Climate variability ; Trends ; Strategies ; Rainfall ; Temperature ; Agroecological zones ; Meteorological stations ; Spatial distribution / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052409)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010023001178/pdfft?md5=7a942050dc761a0e0ab04c909ca6637b&pid=1-s2.0-S2667010023001178-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052409.pdf
(4.10 MB) (4.10 MB)
Ethiopia is experiencing considerable impact of climate change and variability in the last five decades. Analyzing climate trends and variability is essential to develop effective adaptation strategies, particularly for countries vulnerable to climate change. This study analyzed trends and variabilities of climate (rainfall, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin)) at local and regional scales in Ethiopia. The local analysis was carried out considering each meteorological station, while the regional analyses were based on agroecological zones (AEZs). This study used observations from 47 rainfall and 37 temperature stations obtained from the Ethiopian Meteorological Institute (EMI) for the period of 1986 to 2020. The Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) trend test and Theil Sen’s slope estimator were used to analyze the trends and magnitudes of change, respectively, in rainfall as well as temperature. The coefficient of variation (CV) and standardized anomaly index (SAI) were also employed to evaluate rainfall and temperature variabilities. The local level analysis revealed that Bega (dry season), Kiremt (main rainy season), and annual rainfall showed increasing trend, albeit no significant, in most stations, but the rainfall in Belg (small rainy) season showed a non-significant decreasing trend. The regional levels analysis also indicated an increasing trend of Bega, Kiremt, and annual rainfall in most AEZs, while Belg rainfall showed a decreasing trend in the greater number of AEZs. The result of both local and regional levels of analysis discerned a spatially and temporally more homogeneous warming trend. Both Tmax and Tmin revealed an increasing trend in annual and seasonal scales at most meteorological stations. Likewise, an increase was recorded for mean Tmax and Tmin in entire/most AEZs. The observed trends and variabilities of rainfall and temperature have several implications for climate change adaptations. For example, the decrease in Belg rainfall in most AEZs would have a negative impact on areas that heavily depend on Belg season’s rainfall for crop production. Some climate adaptation options include identifying short maturing crop varieties, soil moisture conservation, and supplemental irrigation of crops using harvested water during the main rainy season. Conversely, since the first three months of Bega season (October to December) are crop harvest season in most parts of Ethiopia, the increase in Bega rainfall would increase crop harvest loss, and hence, early planting date and identifying short maturing crops during the main rainy season are some climate adaptation strategies. Because of the increase in temperature, water demand for irrigation during Bega season will increase due to increased evapotranspiration. On the other hand, the increase in Kiremt rainfall can be harvested and used for supplemental irrigation during Bega as well as the small rainy season, particularly for early planting. In view of these findings, it is imperative to develop and implement effective climate-smart agricultural strategies specific to each agro-ecological zone (AEZ) to adapt to rainfall and temperature changes and variabilities.
8 Walker, D. W.; Oliveira, J. L.; Cavalcante, L.; Kchouk, S.; Neto, G. R.; Melsen, L. A.; Fernandes, F. B.; Mitroi, V.; Gondim, R. S.; Martins, E. S. P. R.; van Oel, P. R.. 2024. It's not all about drought: What “drought impacts” monitoring can reveal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103:104338. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104338]
Drought ; Monitoring ; Vulnerability ; Risk reduction ; Mitigation ; Infrastructure ; Hydrometeorology ; Crop losses ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Water resources ; Rainfall ; Water supply / Brazil
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052730)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420924001006/pdfft?md5=7cf44ae1a35e680dcbaa259211242a6f&pid=1-s2.0-S2212420924001006-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052730.pdf
(5.06 MB) (5.06 MB)
Drought impacts monitoring has been called the missing piece in drought assessment. The potential to improve drought management is high but uncertain due to rare analyses of impacts datasets, predominantly because there are few impacts monitoring programmes to generate the datasets. Drought impacts monitoring is conducted on the ground in much of Brazil by local observers at monthly and municipality scale to support the Brazilian Drought Monitor. In Ceará state, within drought-prone semiarid northeast Brazil, over 3600 drought impacts reports were completed by agricultural extension officers from 2019 to 2022. We investigated, through manual coding and observer interviews, the reported drought impacts and impact drivers. Analysis provided a catalogue of the experienced impacts and showed that impacts still occur, and are often normalised, during non-drought periods, sometimes as lingering effects of previous droughts. The impact drivers were predominantly non-extreme hydrometeorological conditions or a result of socio-technical vulnerabilities such as insufficient water infrastructure. The normalisation of “impacts” included, in particular: a generally accepted high level of crop losses and consistently low reservoir levels around which the agricultural and domestic systems are adapted. Conventional drought indices often did not align with experienced impact severity, highlighting the limitations of relying solely on these indices for emergency response. Continual impacts monitoring could be extremely valuable anywhere in the world for identifying vulnerabilities and informing proactive measures to reduce drought and other hazard risk, in addition to guiding targeted mitigation efforts.
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