Your search found 21 records
1 Belton, B.; Filipski, M. 2019. Rural transformation in central Myanmar: by how much, and for whom? Journal of Rural Studies, 67:166-176. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.02.012]
Rural areas ; Transformation ; Agricultural mechanization ; Living standards ; Household income ; Remittances ; Remuneration ; Migration ; Agrarian structure ; Labour ; Land ownership ; Arid zones / Myanmar / Mandalay / Magway / Sagaing
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049134)
(1.42 MB)
Rural Southeast Asia is undergoing a series profound changes, often referred to as ‘rural transformation’, but recent research is divided as to whether rural transformation is underway in Myanmar. This paper addresses two empirical questions. (1) Is rural transformation taking place in Myanmar? (2) How has rural transformation affected the welfare of rural households in Myanmar's Central Dry Zone? We find evidence of significant rural transformation happening in the Dry Zone. The following features stand out: First, there has been a shift in relative economic status and power between landholders and the landless, in favor of the latter. This rebalancing has occurred mainly due to rising rural wages linked to rapid migration to urban areas. Second, widespread agricultural mechanization has taken place over the same period as migration. However, despite generating some labor savings for farm households, the labor productivity boosting effects of farm machinery appear to have produced insufficient gains to offset the effects of rural wage increases. Third, migration appears to offer the prospect of greater social and economic mobility to landless and marginal farm households. For all groups of households, including the landless, remittance incomes have more than offset income earning opportunities lost in agriculture due to mechanization. Fourth, landownership patterns, gender relations, and the extent of agricultural commercialization all appear largely unaffected by these changes.
2 United Nations. Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development. 2019. Financing for sustainable development report 2019. Report of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development. New York, NY, USA: United Nations. 208p.
Sustainable Development Goals ; Financing ; Frameworks ; Economic growth ; Macroeconomics ; International trade ; Trade agreements ; International cooperation ; South-South cooperation ; Climate change ; Strategies ; Investment ; Remittances ; Fiscal policies ; Taxes ; Capital market ; Development banks ; Private enterprises ; Debt ; Lending ; Regulations ; Corporate culture ; Technological changes ; Innovation ; Data ; Monitoring ; Capacity building ; Labour market ; Employment ; Disaster risk reduction
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049177)
https://developmentfinance.un.org/sites/developmentfinance.un.org/files/FSDR2019.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049177.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049177.pdf
(7.26 MB) (7.26 MB)
3 Dessalegn, Mengistu; Nicol, Alan; Debevec, Liza. 2020. From poverty to complexity?: the challenge of out-migration and development policy in Ethiopia. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 2)
Migration ; Development policies ; Governance ; Labour mobility ; Migrants ; Agriculture ; Employment ; Remittances ; Rural areas ; Urban areas ; Poverty / Africa / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049561)
http://agrumig.iwmi.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/41/2020/01/Policy-Brief-Series-No.-2.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049561.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049561.pdf
(1.35 MB) (1.35 MB)
This brief assesses the current state of migration-related policies in Ethiopia, and provides some early recommendations and policy pointers based on work carried out under the AGRUMIG project. In Ethiopia, the scale of migration and its impacts on rural and urban transformations are underestimated and probably increasing. There is a lack of a coherent national migration policy in the country, which is a potential development hindrance. Establishing a national migration policy and improving bilateral arrangements with receiving countries could help Ethiopia reap greater positive impacts from migration and remittance income, including assisting in crucial processes of social transformation in rural areas.
4 Obi, C.; Bartolini, F.; Brunori, G.; D'Haese, M. 2020. How does international migration impact on rural areas in developing countries?: a systematic review. Journal of Rural Studies, 18p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.09.016]
Migration ; Developing countries ; Rural areas ; Remittances ; Households ; Living standards ; Rural welfare ; Indicators ; Labour ; Income ; Food security ; Land use ; Rural development
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050002)
(0.86 MB)
This study is a systematic review of literature on the impact of international migration on rural areas. We examined this impact on six rural welfare indicators, including labour, livelihood activities, income, food security, land use, and rural development. We selected 44 papers from a pool of 1544 articles published from 2007 to 2018. We found that the impact of international migration on selected indicators varies and are highly context-specific. The results point to the existence of heterogeneity in impacts, capable of creating a space of losers and winners among migrants and non-migrants households. The immediate impact is the loss labour effect, which leads to a process of feminisation of agriculture and the use of child labour. In the intermediate, this trend changes the power relationship in rural areas, briefly increasing the opportunities for the non-migrants household to control land. However, remittance helps the migrant household to move up in the income ladder, improving their food security, enabling the repurchase of land and causing a transition away from agriculture. We submit that international migration from developing countries could create a dynamic process of structural and functional transformations in rural areas, which may ultimately lead to a transition away from agriculture. We provide several policy implications and identified some research gaps for future studies.
5 Nicol, Alan; Abdoubaetova, A.; Wolters, A.; Kharel, A.; Murzakolova, A.; Gebreyesus, A.; Lucasenco, E.; Chen, F.; Sugden, F.; Sterly, H.; Kuznetsova, I.; Masotti, M.; Vittuari, M.; Dessalegn, Mengistu; Aderghal, M.; Phalkey, N.; Sakdapolrak, P.; Mollinga, P.; Mogilevskii, R.; Naruchaikusol, S. 2020. Between a rock and a hard place: early experience of migration challenges under the Covid-19 pandemic. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 22p. (IWMI Working Paper 195) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.216]
Migration ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Labour market ; Migrant labour ; Unemployment ; Livelihoods ; Health hazards ; Income ; Remittances ; Economic activities ; Poverty ; Social inequalities ; Food supply ; Households ; Rural areas ; State intervention ; Governance ; Quarantine ; Travel restrictions ; Border closures ; Policies ; Assessment ; Uncertainty / China / Ethiopia / Kyrgyzstan / Republic of Moldova / Morocco / Nepal / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050125)
(1.92 MB)
This working paper was produced under the European Union Horizon 2020 funded AGRUMIG project and traces the impact of Covid-19 on migration trends in seven project countries – China, Ethiopia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal and Thailand.
The context of global migration has changed dramatically due to the coronavirus pandemic. Both within and between countries there has been a substantial curtailment of movement. As a result of multiple lockdowns, economic activity has severely declined and labor markets have ground to a halt, with mass unemployment in industrialized economies looming on the horizon. For both migrant hosting and origin countries – some are substantially both – this poses a set of complex development challenges.
Partners of the AGRUMIG project undertook a rapid review of impacts across project countries, exploring the impacts on rural households but also identifying the persistent desire to migrate in spite of restrictions.
The context of global migration has changed dramatically due to the coronavirus pandemic. Both within and between countries there has been a substantial curtailment of movement. As a result of multiple lockdowns, economic activity has severely declined and labor markets have ground to a halt, with mass unemployment in industrialized economies looming on the horizon. For both migrant hosting and origin countries – some are substantially both – this poses a set of complex development challenges.
Partners of the AGRUMIG project undertook a rapid review of impacts across project countries, exploring the impacts on rural households but also identifying the persistent desire to migrate in spite of restrictions.
6 Karn, Sujeet; Sugden, Fraser; Sah, K. K.; Maharjan, J.; Shah, T. N.; Clement, F. 2020. Shifting gender relations in agriculture and irrigation in the Nepal Tarai-Madhesh. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 34p. (WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 10) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.211]
Gender relations ; Agricultural sector ; Women’s participation ; Women’s empowerment ; Gender equality ; Vulnerability ; Groundwater irrigation ; Communities ; Migration ; Role of women ; Farmers ; Land ownership ; Land tenure ; Water availability ; Irrigation canals ; Tube wells ; Climate change ; Water user associations ; Capacity building ; Social change ; Caste systems ; Households ; Livelihoods ; Villages ; Constraints ; Labour ; Poverty ; Economic resources ; Microfinance ; Remittances ; Enterprises ; Institutions ; Decision making ; State intervention / Nepal / Eastern Gangetic Plains / Tarai-Madhesh Region / Sunsari / Siraha / Ekamba Village Development Committee / Amaduwa Village Development Committee / Lohani / Kharotole / Bhagwanpur / Fulkahakati
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050103)
(2.95 MB)
This report explores how women perceive participation and empowerment vis-a-vis access to water and other agricultural resources in the Tarai/Madhesh of Nepal. The report argues that gendered vulnerability is indeed intricately connected with other axes of difference, such as caste and economic status, despite women’s critical role in agricultural production and their active engagement in access to water and irrigation in agriculture. Overall, women’s well-being seems to have decreased as a consequence of male out-migration. However, there are women who have also become empowered in new ways, taking up enterprise opportunities.
The authors point out that at the level of policy and external development interventions, a dominating narrative on women’s limited participation in agriculture being a result of ‘social norms’ exists. Public irrigation agencies have used this myth to absolve themselves of the responsibility for ensuring gender equality in program implementation.
The report concludes that strengthening equitable irrigation user groups alongside capacity building for farmers and program implementers are critical measures for improving women’s access to irrigation and overall well-being. Women should be ensured meaningful participation, including leadership roles.
Finally, this report recommends linking irrigation user groups to other income-generation schemes, and facilitating access to better credit, finance and agricultural inputs.
The authors point out that at the level of policy and external development interventions, a dominating narrative on women’s limited participation in agriculture being a result of ‘social norms’ exists. Public irrigation agencies have used this myth to absolve themselves of the responsibility for ensuring gender equality in program implementation.
The report concludes that strengthening equitable irrigation user groups alongside capacity building for farmers and program implementers are critical measures for improving women’s access to irrigation and overall well-being. Women should be ensured meaningful participation, including leadership roles.
Finally, this report recommends linking irrigation user groups to other income-generation schemes, and facilitating access to better credit, finance and agricultural inputs.
7 Maharjan, A.; Tuladhar, S.; Hussain, A.; Mishra, A.; Bhadwal, S.; Ishaq, S.; Saeed, B, A.; Sachdeva, I; Ahmad, B.; Ferdous, J.; Hassan, S. M. T. 2021. Can labour migration help households adapt to climate change? evidence from four river basins in South Asia. Climate and Development, 17p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1867044]
Migrant labour ; Climate change adaptation ; Households ; River basins ; Vulnerability ; Agricultural sector ; Livestock ; Water supply ; Livelihood diversification ; Remittances ; Stakeholders / South Asia / India / Nepal / Bangladesh / Pakistan / Hindu Kush Himalayan Region / Gandaki River Basin / Indus River Basin / Upper Ganga River Basin / Teesta River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050232)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17565529.2020.1867044?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050232.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050232.pdf
(1.86 MB) (1.86 MB)
The study focuses on four river basins, Gandaki, Indus, Upper Ganga and Teesta, in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region in South Asia. The region is considered one of the more environmentally vulnerable areas in the world due to recurrent natural hazards that can be exacerbated by future climate change. The dependence of the population on natural resources based livelihoods makes the region particularly vulnerable to adverse climate change impacts. Labour migration can help household adaptation, particularly when it incurs significant cash investment. The paper analyses the determinants of household adaptation, including migration, in three sectors, namely, agriculture, livestock, and water. It shows that household adaptation to the negative effects of climate change was very poor in the region, with less than a third of the households undertaking adaptation measures. While labour migration showed a positive influence on household adaptation, it was statistically significant only in agriculture. Nevertheless, migration influenced household adaptation indirectly through livelihood diversification, access to services provide of external stakeholders, and changes in household composition. The study identified location, access to climate information, and services provided by external stakeholders as important factors in household adaptation to climate change.
8 Sugden, Fraser; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Debevec, Liza; Nijbroek, R. 2022. Migration, environmental change and agrarian transition in upland regions: learning from Ethiopia, Kenya and Nepal. Journal of Peasant Studies, 49(5):1101-1131. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1894552]
Migration ; Agrarian structure ; Labour mobility ; Remittances ; Income ; Remuneration ; Capitalism ; Peasantry ; Agriculture ; Investment ; Farmers ; Landlessness ; Tenants ; Livelihoods ; Women ; Decision making ; Highlands ; Communities / Ethiopia / Kenya / Nepal / Tigray / Chirkhuwa Valley / Gatanga / Muragua / Embahasti / Raya Azebo / Kimalung / Gufagaon / Sanrang / Aaptari / Bhadare
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050498)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03066150.2021.1894552
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050498.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050498.pdf
(3.52 MB) (3.52 MB)
This paper analyses the relationship between cyclical labour migration and agrarian transition in the uplands of Nepal, Ethiopia and Kenya. It shows that while migration decision-making is linked to expanding capitalist markets, it is mediated by local cultural, political and ecological changes. In turn, cyclical migration goes on to shape the trajectory of change within agriculture. The dual dependence on both migrant income and agriculture within these upland communities often translates into an intensifying work burden on the land, and rising profits for capitalism. However, on some occasions this income can support increased productivity and accumulation within agriculture – although this depends on both the agro-ecological context and the local agrarian structure.
9 Dessalegn, Mengistu; Nicol, Alan. 2022. Migration and COVID-19 in context: labor migration in Ethiopia and its implications for policy responses. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 6)
Migration ; Migrant labour ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Labour mobility ; Policies ; Governance ; State intervention ; Employment ; Livelihoods ; Remittances ; Rural areas ; Households / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051231)
(4.19 MB)
10 Naruchaikusol, S. 2022. Migration returnee database and contribution to local development in Thailand. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 7)
Migration ; Migrant labour ; Databases ; Community development ; Governance ; State intervention ; Employment ; Remittances ; Social capital ; Policies ; Agriculture ; Households / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051232)
(2.82 MB)
11 Dessalegn, Mengistu; Debevec, L.; Nicol, Alan; Ludi, E. 2023. A critical examination of rural out-migration studies in Ethiopia: considering impacts on agriculture in the sending communities. Land, 12(1):176. (Special issue: The Impact of Rural Out-Migration on Land Use Transition) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010176]
Migration ; Rural areas ; Labour ; Agriculture ; Communities ; Household food security ; Farmland ; Land management ; Livelihoods ; Environmental factors ; Climate variability ; Social networks ; Women ; Remittances ; Investment / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051664)
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/1/176/pdf?version=1672910817
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051664.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051664.pdf
(0.28 MB) (291 KB)
Labor migration is a complex phenomenon, yet while much attention has been paid to understanding the drivers of migration, there is a huge knowledge and policy gap regarding the effects of migration on people and communities left behind. We sought to explore the impacts of rural outmigration on migrant-sending communities in Ethiopia. This remains an understudied topic when it comes to research on migration in Ethiopia. Our investigation is based on a critical review of the migration literature pertaining to Ethiopia and, more broadly. We pursued a holistic analysis of the multidimensional aspects of migration. There are indications that rural outmigration impacts involve issues related to remittances, household food security, agricultural labor use, farmland management, and rural infrastructure development. Our analysis revealed that there had been few systematic studies and limited analyses regarding the impacts of outmigration on agriculture and the livelihoods of rural people and households left behind. Instead, Ethiopia’s migration literature largely deals with migration’s causes, including environmental factors, climate variability, agricultural pressures, livelihood stresses, and changing aspirations.
12 Masotti, M.; Crivellaro, F.; Turlea, A. L.; Iori, E.; Vittuari, M. 2023. A long history of public support for agricultural development: lights and shadows of rural development programs and migration governance in the Republic of Moldova. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 15)
Agricultural development ; Rural development ; Development programmes ; Migration ; Governance ; Policies ; Agrotourism ; Rural areas ; Economic aspects ; Remittances ; Subsidies ; Financing / Republic of Moldova / Butuceni
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051985)
(7.10 MB)
13 Mollinga, P.; Lamba, A.; Aderghal, M.; Amzil, L.; Dessalegn, Mengistu; Masotti, M.; Murzakulova, A.; Kharel, A.; Sugden, F.; Pagogna, R.; Fengbo, C.; Jian, C. 2023. Making sense of diversity in agrarian and rural change outcomes of labor out-migration through comparative analysis: first lessons from China, Ethiopia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal and Thailand. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 24)
Labour ; Migration ; Migrants ; Governance ; Diversity ; Agrarian structure ; Rural development ; Policies ; Remittances ; Households ; Agriculture ; Livelihoods ; Land concentration ; Environmental factors ; Comparative analysis / China / Ethiopia / Kyrgyzstan / Republic of Moldova / Morocco / Nepal / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052014)
(3.01 MB)
14 Aderghal, M. 2023. Morocco overview [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 20)
Migration ; Governance ; Agriculture ; Rural development ; Policies ; Women ; Farmers ; Remittances ; Communities ; Households / Morocco
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052047)
(2.07 MB)
Morocco is included in the African and Euro-Mediterranean mobility space. There has been internal and international migration for generations. Migration trajectories are complex and have varied during different phases of the country’s history. Traditional migrations have been movements of mainly internal pastoral populations and commercial exchanges and pilgrimages. More recent migrations are driven by the search for work and better living conditions. Emigration for work from the countryside to the cities and abroad is a result of integrating the country’s economy into global market chains initiated at the end of the 19th century by colonial companies exploiting agricultural land, forests, and mineral resources. Independence in 1956 was followed by an extension of the labor market, an increase in the intensity of migration from the countryside to and between the cities, and a widening of access by rural and urban households to modern consumer goods. International emigration from Morocco was stimulated in the 1960s by the European demand for labor and was a factor in policies for economic growth.
15 Naruchaikusol, S. 2023. How should we enhance the pre-departure and post-migration training program for Thai overseas migrant workers? [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 13)
Migration ; Migrant labour ; Training programmes ; Foreign workers ; Employment ; Agreements ; Remittances ; Government / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052041)
(1.67 MB)
This brief focuses on international labor migration through a bilateral agreement and pre-departure training program in four major destination countries.
Migration has been a common strategy for rural households to cope with fluctuations in agricultural production and prices, land pressure, and income diversification. Internal labor migration between rural and urban areas is most often for work in construction, manufacturing and services in industrial estate areas in cities including Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phitsanulok, Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Ayutthaya, Chonburi, and Rayong. Many people leave Thailand to find work abroad, where there are better income and job prospects.
Migration has been a common strategy for rural households to cope with fluctuations in agricultural production and prices, land pressure, and income diversification. Internal labor migration between rural and urban areas is most often for work in construction, manufacturing and services in industrial estate areas in cities including Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phitsanulok, Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Ayutthaya, Chonburi, and Rayong. Many people leave Thailand to find work abroad, where there are better income and job prospects.
16 Dessalegn, Mengistu. 2023. Internal migration and agricultural labor mobility issues and policies in Ethiopia. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 4p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 17)
Migration ; Governance ; Agriculture ; Labour mobility ; Policies ; Rural areas ; Households ; Employment ; Remittances ; Decision making ; Livestock / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Gamo Highlands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052222)
(3.89 MB)
Ethiopia’s economy is dominated by agriculture, contributing 45% to 50% of gross domestic product (GDP) and employing 70% of the active workforce. Most farming remains characterized by smallholder plots, with rainfed systems predominating, yet increasingly vulnerable because of uncertain rainfall and temperature patterns. In addition, due to a complex of factors, farmland frequently suffers from the depletion of soil nutrients. As a result of too few new jobs and the rapidly expanding economically active population, about two million more people are added annually to the labor market. As a result, there is considerable international migration to the Gulf States, South Africa, Europe and North America. Internal rural-to-urban migration is also common, mainly to major cities and towns, especially to Addis Ababa and other major centers in south and southwest Ethiopia.
17 Miholjcic, N. 2021. COVID-19 and migration uncertainty in Kyrgyzstan: to leave or stay and earn?. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 11p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 4)
Migration ; Governance ; Labour ; COVID-19 ; Uncertainty ; Remittances ; Policies ; Agriculture ; Livestock ; Gender ; Women ; Households / Kyrgyzstan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052220)
(1.52 MB)
Kyrgyzstan is one of the most remittancedependent countries in the world.1 Remittance inflows to this low-income country have remained a key contributor to the country’s GDP over the past decade. Migration labor outflows continue to play a significant role in sustaining the Kyrgyz domestic economy. Due to the fact that Russia and the Central Asian region share a common history, cultural links, and lingua franca, the Russian market remains a popular destination for CA migrants.2 In 2019, almost 98% of Kyrgyz intra-family financial transfers came from the Russian Federation.3 However, the global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected remittance flows to low and middle-income countries (LMICs) generally, and remittancedependent economies such as Kyrgyzstan have found themselves deeply vulnerable during different international events, including the financial crisis of 2008 and the current pandemic. To become more resilient, the Kyrgyzstan economy needs thorough reform that can improve the domestic job market and create more effective economic incentives that can decrease dependence on remittances and migration labor outflows, particularly in rural Kyrgyzstan.
18 Sugden, F.; Aderghal, M.; Fengbo, C.; Jian, C.; Crivellaro, F.; Dessalegn, Mengistu; Kharel, A.; Gupta, S.; Kuznetsova, I.; Naruchaikusol, S.; Masotti, M.; Amzil, L.; Murzakulova, A.; Mogilevskii, R.; Mollinga, P.; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Pagogna, R.; Stratan, A.; Vittuari, M. 2023. Migration and its two-way relationship with rural change: lessons from China, Ethiopia, Moldova, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco and Thailand. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 12p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 23)
Migration ; Governance ; Labour ; Rural development ; Livelihoods ; Households ; Communities ; Farmers ; Investment ; Remittances ; Policies ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Women / China / Ethiopia / Republic of Moldova / Nepal / Kyrgyzstan / Morocco / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052213)
(6.16 MB)
The AGRUMIG project was a comparative analysis of experiences from Europe, Asia and Africa, and explored the impact of migration on the trajectory of agricultural change in rural areas. This brief reviews the findings of our seven-country study. The research focused on 19 remittance-dependent communities in seven countries: China, Ethiopia, Moldova, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco and Thailand.
19 Murzakulova, A. 2023. Kyrgyzstan overview. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 4p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 18)
Migration ; Migrant labour ; Labour mobility ; Labour market ; Households ; Rural areas ; Remittances ; Villages ; Livestock ; Cultivation ; Governance ; Policies ; Communities / Kyrgyzstan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052212)
(2.03 MB)
20 Kharel, A.; Sugden, F.; Gupta, S. 2023. Outmigration and labor mobility issues and policies in Nepal. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 21)
Migration ; Migrant labour ; Labour mobility ; Governance ; Policies ; Household ; Livelihoods ; Remittances ; Women / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052211)
(5.37 MB)
Nepal’s labor migration history dates back to the colonial period in India when Nepali youths were recruited in the army of the East India Company in the early 19th century, and even prior to this period, Nepali men served in the army of Shikh ruler Ranjit Singh in Punjab (included territories of present-day India and Pakistan). This was followed by seasonal and longer-term labor migration to India. In the last 30 years, migration has reached exceptionally high levels, with the new generation of labor migrants heading to the Gulf States and Malaysia, as well as other destinations such as South Korea, Japan, Poland and Romania. The 1981 Nepali census classified over 400,000 household members as ‘absentees’ (those who were away or intend to be away from home for six or more months) and this increased to about 2.2 million by 2021. The destination of migrants over these years changed considerably. While in 1980, an overwhelming majority (93%) went to India, from the 1990s onwards, this shifted to the Arabian Gulf States and Malaysia, which accounted for over 90% of migrants by the 2010s, with fewer than 10% continuing to travel to India.
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