Your search found 56 records
1 Zubair, L. 2004. Towards developing weather and climate prediction for Sri Lanka. Engineer, 37(2):53-58.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7226 Record No: H036518)
2 Pittock, A. B. 2009. Climate change: the science, impacts and solutions. 2nd ed. London, UK: Earthscan. 350p.
Climate change ; Environmental impact assessment ; History ; Weather forecasting ; Models ; Risk assessment ; Ozone depletion ; Land degradation ; Desertification ; Water supply ; Population growth
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G000 PIT Record No: H042238)
(0.64 MB)
3 Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). 2010. 11th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 27-29 October 2010. IWRM for national and regional integration: where science, policy and practice meet: water and land. Harare, Zimbabwe: Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). 561p.
River basins ; Water productivity ; Remote sensing ; Evapotranspiration ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Global warming ; Farmers ; Wetlands ; Rainfed farming ; Water harvesting ; Dams ; Reservoirs ; Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation programs ; Crop production ; Maize ; Indigenous knowledge ; Weather forecasting ; Indicators ; Wetlands ; Ecosystems ; Economic evaluation ; Households ; Income ; Soil moisture ; Monitoring ; Models ; Conservation tillage ; Sedimentation ; Runoff ; Erosion ; Livestock ; Drought ; Decision making / Africa / Africa South of Sahara / Malawi / South Africa / Uganda / Swaziland / Zimbabwe / Botswana / Tanzania / Southern Africa / Limpopo River Basin / Shire Valley / Roswa Dam / Enhlanzeni District / Salima District / Lifuwu Irrigation Scheme / Mulanje District / Nessa Village / Karonga District / Muyeleka Village / Lake Malawi / Kampala District / Wakiso District / Lubigi Wetland / Lower Usuthu Smallholder Irrigation Project / Okavango River Basin / Victoria Falls / Zambezi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043407)
http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/11thSymposium/WaterandLandFullPapers2010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043407.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043407.pdf
(15.02 MB) (20.13 MB)
4 Marsalek, J.; Stancalie, G.; Balint, G. (Eds.) 2006. Transboundary floods: reducing risks through flood management. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 336p. (NATO Science Series IV - Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol. 72)
Flood control ; Forecasting ; Disasters ; Risks ; International waters ; River basins ; Remote sensing ; GIS ; Discharges ; Hydrometeorology ; Hydrology ; Telemetry ; Sensors ; Land use mapping ; Models ; Weather forecasting ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Urban areas ; History ; Decision making ; Dykes ; Disaster preparedness ; Reservoirs ; International cooperation / Czech Republic / Azerbaijan / Romania / Hungary / Koros River Basin / Upper Tisza Region / Crisul Alb River Basin / Crisul Negru River Basin / Hron River Basin / Crisul Repede River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.489 G000 MAR Record No: H043960)
(0.13 MB)
5 Kabat, P.; van Schaik, H. 2003. Climate changes the water rules: how water managers can cope with today's climate variability and tomorrow's climate change. Delft, Netherlands: Dialogue on Water and Climate. 121p.
Water management ; Climate change ; Assessment ; Adaptation ; Drought ; Flooding ; Weather forecasting ; Early warning systems ; Hydrological cycle ; Health ; Sanitation ; Vectorborne diseases ; Ecosystems ; Water stress
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044396)
(11.18 MB) (11.17 MB)
6 Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP). 2012. International Training Course: Application of Space Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction. Lecture notes. Dehradun, India: Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP). 432p.
Natural disasters ; Risk management ; Socioeconomic development ; Remote sensing ; Mapping ; Meteorology ; GIS ; Satellite surveys ; Forecasting ; Image processing ; Data analysis ; Global positioning systems ; Flooding ; Drought ; Monitoring ; Earthquakes ; Landslides ; Tsunamis ; Early warning systems ; Weather forecasting ; Hydrometeorology ; Space ; Technology
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.34 G000 CEN Record No: H044954)
(0.41 MB)
7 Sene, K. 2010. Hydrometeorology: forecasting and applications. London, UK: Springer. 355p.
Hydrometeorology ; Hydrology ; Weather forecasting ; Radar satellite ; Meteorological stations ; Climate change ; Rain ; Runoff ; Water levels ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Water power ; Water demand ; Rivers ; Flow discharge ; Catchment areas ; Monitoring ; Models ; Energy generation ; Decision support systems ; Flooding ; Drought ; Snowmelt ; Reservoirs ; Dams ; Drainage systems ; Environmental impact ; Lakes ; Risk management ; Early warning systems
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.57 G000 SEN Record No: H046312)
(0.35 MB)
8 Luo, Y.; Chang, X.; Peng, S.; Khan, S.; Wang, W.; Zheng, Q.; Cai, Xueliang. 2014. Short-term forecasting of daily reference evapotranspiration using the Hargreaves–Samani model and temperature forecasts. Agricultural Water Management, 136:42-51. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.01.006]
Weather forecasting ; Models ; Weather data ; Meteorological stations ; Evapotranspiration ; Temperature / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046345)
(3.51 MB)
Accurate daily reference evapotranspiration (ET0) forecasting is necessary for real-time irrigation forecasting. We proposed a method for short-term forecasting of ET0 using the locally calibrated Hargreaves–Samani model and temperature forecasts. Daily meteorological data from four stations in China for the period 2001–2013 were collected to calibrate and validate the Hargreaves–Samani (HS) model against the Penman–Monteith (PM) model, and the temperature forecasts for a 7-day horizonin 2012–2013 were collected and entered into the calibrated HS model to forecast the ET0. The pro-posed method was tested through comparisons between ET0 forecasts and ET0calculated from observed meteorological data and the PM model. The correlation coefficients between observed and forecasted temperatures for all stations were all greater than 0.94, and the accuracy of the minimum temperature forecast (error within ±2 C) ranged from 60.48% to 76.29% and the accuracy of the maximum tempera-ture forecast ranged from 50.18% to 62.94%. The accuracy of the ET0 forecast (error within ±1.5 mm day-1) ranged from 77.43% to 90.81%, the average values of the mean absolute error ranged from 0.64 to1.02 mm day-1, the average values of the root mean square error ranged from 0.87 to 1.36 mm day-1,and the average values of the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.64 to 0.86. The sources of errors were the error in the temperature forecasts and the fact that the effects of wind speed and relative humidity were not considered in the HS model. The applications illustrated that the proposed method could provide daily ET0forecasts with a certain degree of accuracy for real-time irrigation forecasts.
9 Bloschl, G.; Franks, S.; Kumagai, M.; Musiake, K.; Rosbjerg, D. (Eds.) 2003. Water resources systems: hydrological risk, management and development. Proceedings of an International Symposium (HS02b) held during the 23rd General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG 2003), Sapporo, Japan, 30 June-11 July 2003. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). 366p. (IAHS Publication 281)
Water resources ; Hydrology ; Climate change ; Flood control ; Drought ; Precipitation ; Runoff ; Weather forecasting ; Risk assessment ; Decision support systems ; Ecosystems ; Environmental effects ; Reservoir operation ; Water allocation ; Water supply ; Water policy ; Water management ; Water conservation ; Soil conservation ; Models ; Irrigation ; Water availability ; Water use ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Flow discharge ; Rivers ; Catchment areas ; Sustainability ; Economic aspects ; Population growth ; Satellite observation ; Infiltration ; Case studies / Central Europe / Ukraine / Israel / Ethiopia / Pakistan / China / Vietnam / Taiwan / Romania / Thailand / India / Indonesia / Palestine / Nigeria / Slovenia / Northeast India / Tisza River / Blue Nile River / Yangtze River / Red River Basin / Chao Phraya River / Lake Rawa Dano / West Java / Gurara River / Kaduna River / Shiroro Dam / Benin-Owena River Basin / St. Petersburg / Dragonja Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 BLO Record No: H046619)
(0.42 MB)
10 Adger, W. N.; Lorenzoni, I.; O'Brien, K. L. (Eds.) 2009. Adapting to climate change: thresholds, values, governance. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 532p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Ecology ; Ecosystems ; Hydrological cycle ; Agriculture ; Water supply ; Flood control ; Weather forecasting ; Decision making ; Cost benefit analysis ; Economic aspects ; Fisheries ; Governance ; International cooperation ; International waters ; Water management ; Decentralization ; Resource management ; Case studies / UK / Canada / Greenland / Africa / Mozambique / Zimbabwe / Iceland / Norway / Peru / Brazil / Australia / Burkina Faso / Uganda / Tanzania / South Africa / Sussex / Kent / Medway / Thames Estuary / Limpopo River / Igloolik Island / Goulburn Broken Valley / Boscastle harbour / Kingsbury County / Oklahoma / Addington Highlands / Ceara State
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H046383)
(0.26 MB)
11 Ismail-Zadeh, A.; Fucugauchi, J. U.; Kijko, A.; Takeuchi, K.; Zaliapin, I. (Eds.) 2014. Extreme natural hazards, disaster risks and societal implications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 402p. (Special Publications of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Series 1) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139523905]
Natural disasters ; Disaster risk management ; Environmental impact assessment ; Climate change ; Early warning systems ; Volcanic eruptions ; Earthquakes ; Landslides ; Hurricanes ; Tsunamis ; Flooding ; Sea level ; Ecosystems ; Models ; Precipitation ; Weather forecasting ; Hydrometeorology ; Geological process ; Satellite observation ; Remote sensing ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Capacity building ; Educational institutions ; Case studies ; Public-private cooperation / South America / Latin America / Africa / Middle East / Africa South of Sahara / Asia Pacific Region / Saudi Arabia / Iran / Thailand / Caribbean / Mexico / Madagascar / Australia / China / Japan / India / Afar Region / Mediterranean Region / Chao Phraya River / Wenchuan / Tohoku
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.34 G000 ISM Record No: H046897)
(0.51 MB)
12 Pandey, Rajesh; Amarnath, Giriraj. 2015. The potential of satellite radar altimetry in flood forecasting: concept and implementation for the Niger-Benue River Basin. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 370:223-227. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-223-2015]
Satellite observation ; Radar ; Weather forecasting ; Floods ; River basins ; Hydrology ; Models ; Water levels ; Flow discharge ; Case studies / Nigeria / Niger River / Benue River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047061)
http://www.proc-iahs.net/370/223/2015/piahs-370-223-2015.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047061.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047061.pdf
(1.43 MB) (1.43 MB)
Flood forecasting in the downstream part of any hydrological basin is extremely difficult due to the lack of basin-wide hydrological information in near real-time and the absence of a data-sharing treaty among the transboundary nations. The accuracy of forecasts emerging from a hydrological model could be compromised without prior knowledge of the day-to-day flow regulation at different locations upstream of the Niger and Benue rivers. Only satellite altimeter monitoring allows us to identify the actual river levels upstream that reflect the human intervention at that location. This is critical for making accurate downstream forecasts. This present study aims to demonstrate the capability of altimeter-based flood forecasting along the Niger-Benue River in Nigeria. The study includes the comparison of decadal (at every 10 days from Jason-2) or monthly (at every 35 days from Envisat/AltiKa) observations from 2002 to 2014, with historical in situ measurements from 1990 to 2012. The water level obtained from these sources shows a good correlation (0.7–0.9). After validation of hydrological parameters obtained from two sources, a quantitative relation (rating curve) of upstream water level and downstream discharge is derived. This relation is then adopted for calculation of discharge at observation points, which is used to propagate the flow downstream at a desired location using a hydraulic river model. Results from this study from Jason-2 shows a promising correlation (R2 90% with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of more than 0.70) with 5 days ahead of downstream flow prediction over the Benue stream.
13 Amarnath, Giriraj; Pandey, Rajesh; Alahacoon, Niranga. 2015. Earth observation technologies for flood-risk mapping and forecast rating curve for flood recession agriculture in Nigeria. Training manual prepared for Capacity building workshop on Earth Observation Technologies for Flood-risk mapping and Forecast rating curve for Flood recession Agriculture in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, 5-7 May 2015. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 84p.
Earth observation satellites ; Satellite imagery ; Satellite surveys ; Radar satellite ; Flood control ; Mapping ; Risk management ; Weather forecasting ; Hydrology ; Models ; Computer applications ; Remote sensing ; Water levels ; Flow discharge ; Capacity building ; Training materials ; Case studies / Nigeria / Niger River / Benue River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047076)
(0.33 MB)
14 Ray, K.; Mohapatra, M.; Bandyopadhyay, B. K.; Rathore, L. S. (Eds.) 2015. High-impact weather events over the SAARC Region. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; New Delhi, India: Capital Publishing Company. 414p. [Selected papers presented at the SAARC Seminar on High Impact Weather Events over SAARC Region, New Delhi, India, 2-4 December, 2013] [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10217-7]
Weather forecasting ; Simulation models ; Remote sensing ; Radar satellite ; Satellite observation ; Assimilation ; Monsoon climate ; Rainfall patterns ; Hail ; Natural disasters ; Thunderstorms ; Cyclones ; Drought ; Temperature ; Clouds ; Early warning systems ; Diagnostic techniques ; Performance evaluation ; Statistical methods ; Agriculture ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Coastal area ; Case studies / South Asia / India / Bangladesh / Pakistan / Arabian Sea / Bay of Bengal / Uttar Pradesh / Gujarat / Bihar / Delhi / Uttarakhand / Cherrapunji
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G570 RAY Record No: H047218)
(0.37 MB)
15 Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Tefera, F. T.; Rientjes, T. 2016. Flood forecasting in Niger-Benue basin using satellite and quantitative precipitation forecast data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 52:475-484. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2016.06.021]
Weather forecasting ; Weather data ; River basins ; Precipitation ; Satellite observation ; Flooding ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Early warning systems ; International waters ; Tributaries ; Calibration ; Models / Nigeria / Cameroon / Makurdi / Niger River / Benue River / Chadda River / Tchadda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047675)
Availability of reliable, timely and accurate rainfall data is constraining the establishment of flood forecasting and early warning systems in many parts of Africa. We evaluated the potential of satellite and weather forecast data as input to a parsimonious flood forecasting model to provide information for flood early warning in the central part of Nigeria. We calibrated the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model using rainfall data from post real time Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi satellite Precipitation Analysis product (TMPA). Real time TMPA satellite rainfall estimates and European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) rainfall products were tested for flood forecasting. The implication of removing the systematic errors of the satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) was explored. Performance of the rainfall-runoff model was assessed using visual inspection of simulated and observed hydrographs and a set of performance indicators. The forecast skill was assessed for 1–6 days lead time using categorical verification statistics such as Probability Of Detection (POD), Frequency Of Hit (FOH) and Frequency Of Miss (FOM). The model performance satisfactorily reproduced the pattern and volume of the observed stream flow hydrograph of Benue River. Overall, our results show that SREs and rainfall forecasts from weather models have great potential to serve as model inputs for real-time flood forecasting in data scarce areas. For these data to receive application in African transboundary basins, we suggest (i) removing their systematic error to further improve flood forecast skill; (ii) improving rainfall forecasts; and (iii) improving data sharing between riparian countries.
16 Amarnath, Giriraj; Clark, James. 2016. Drought monitoring system helps strengthen resiliency to climate change. World Water, 39(1)January-February:14-15.
Water management ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Drought ; Monitoring techniques ; Remote sensing ; Satellite imagery ; Rain ; Weather forecasting ; Farmland / South Asia / India / Bundelkhand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047696)
(2.98 MB)
17 Amarnath, Giriraj; Alahacoon, Niranga; Gismalla, Y.; Mohammed, Y.; Sharma, Bharat R.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2016. Increasing early warning lead time through improved transboundary flood forecasting in the Gash River Basin, Horn of Africa. In Adams, T. E. III; Pagano, T. C. (Eds.). Flood forecasting: a global perspective. London, UK: Academic Press. pp.183-200.
International waters ; Weather forecasting ; Flooding ; Early warning systems ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Hydrology ; Hydrometeorology ; Topography ; Models ; Calibration ; River basins ; Flow discharge ; Hydrography ; Catchment areas ; Satellite observation ; Spatial database / Horn of Africa / Sudan / Ethiopia / Eritrea / Gash River Basin / Kassala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047695)
(1.09 MB)
18 Brocca, L.; Crow, W. T.; Ciabatta, L.; Massari, C.; de Rosnay, P.; Enenkel, M.; Hahn, S.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Camici, S.; Tarpanelli, A.; Wagner, W. 2017. A review of the applications of ASCAT [Advanced SCATterometer] soil moisture products. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 10(5):2285-2306. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2651140]
Soil moisture ; Hydrology ; Remote sensing ; Weather forecasting ; Radar ; Meteorological observations ; Satellite observation ; Hydrological cycle ; Climate change ; Rain ; Flooding ; Precipitation ; Evaporation ; Evapotranspiration ; Landslides
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048009)
Remote sensing of soil moisture has reached a level of good maturity and accuracy for which the retrieved products are ready to use in real-world applications. Due to the importance of soil moisture in the partitioning of the water and energy fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere, a wide range of applications can benefit from the availability of satellite soil moisture products. Specifically, the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) on board the series of Meteorological Operational (Metop) satellites is providing a near real time (and long-term, 9+ years starting from January 2007) soil moisture product, with a nearly daily (sub-daily after the launch of Metop-B) revisit time and a spatial sampling of 12.5 and 25 km. This study first performs a review of the climatic, meteorological, and hydrological studies that use satellite soil moisture products for a better understanding of the water and energy cycle. Specifically, applications that consider satellite soil moisture product for improving their predictions are analyzed and discussed. Moreover, four real examples are shown in which ASCAT soil moisture observations have been successfully applied toward: 1) numerical weather prediction, 2) rainfall estimation, 3) flood forecasting, and 4) drought monitoring and prediction. Finally, the strengths and limitations of ASCAT soil moisture products and the way forward for fully exploiting these data in real-world applications are discussed.
19 Withanachchi, S. S.; Kopke, S.; Withanachchi, C. R.; Pathiranage, R.; Ploeger, A. 2014. Water resource management in dry zonal paddy cultivation in Mahaweli River Basin, Sri Lanka: an analysis of spatial and temporal climate change impacts and traditional knowledge. Climate, 2(4):329-354. (Special issue: Changes in Precipitation and Impacts on Regional Water Resources). [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli2040329]
Water resources ; Water management ; Seasonal cropping ; Rice ; Water availability ; Arid zones ; Irrigated land ; Spatial distribution ; Climate change ; Monsoon climate ; Precipitation ; Drought ; Flooding ; Weather forecasting ; Uncertainty ; Indigenous knowledge ; River basin management ; Development programmes ; Administration ; Political aspects ; Socioeconomic environment / Sri Lanka / Mahaweli River Basin / Mahaweli Project / Eppawala / Thambuththegama / Horowpothana / Kantale / Dambulla
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048098)
(2.15 MB) (2.15 MB)
Lack of attention to spatial and temporal cross-scale dynamics and effects could be understood as one of the lacunas in scholarship on river basin management. Within the water-climate-food-energy nexus, an integrated and inclusive approach that recognizes traditional knowledge about and experiences of climate change and water resource management can provide crucial assistance in confronting problems in megaprojects and multipurpose river basin management projects. The Mahaweli Development Program (MDP), a megaproject and multipurpose river basin management project, is demonstrating substantial failures with regards to the spatial and temporal impacts of climate change and socioeconomic demands for water allocation and distribution for paddy cultivation in the dry zone area, which was one of the driving goals of the project at the initial stage. This interdisciplinary study explores how spatial and temporal climatic changes and uncertainty in weather conditions impact paddy cultivation in dry zonal areas with competing stakeholders’ interest in the Mahaweli River Basin. In the framework of embedded design in the mixed methods research approach, qualitative data is the primary source while quantitative analyses are used as supportive data. The key findings from the research analysis are as follows: close and in-depth consideration of spatial and temporal changes in climate systems and paddy farmers’ socioeconomic demands altered by seasonal changes are important factors. These factors should be considered in the future modification of water allocation, application of distribution technologies, and decision-making with regards to water resource management in the dry zonal paddy cultivation of Sri Lanka.
20 Fisher, J. B.; Melton, F.; Middleton, E.; Hain, C.; Anderson, M.; Allen, R.; McCabe, M. F.; Hook, S.; Baldocchi, D.; Townsend, P. A.; Kilic, A.; Tu, K.; Miralles, D. D.; Perret, J.; Lagouarde, J.-P.; Waliser, D.; Purdy, A. J.; French, A.; Schimel, D.; Famiglietti, J. S.; Stephens, G.; Wood, E. F. 2017. The future of evapotranspiration: global requirements for ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources. Water Resources Research, 53(4):2618-2626. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020175]
Evapotranspiration ; Weather forecasting ; Models ; Satellite observation ; Water resources ; Ecosystems ; Carbon cycle ; Climate change ; Agriculture ; Water use ; Drought
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048201)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016WR020175/epdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048201.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048201.pdf
(1.18 MB) (1.18 MB)
The fate of the terrestrial biosphere is highly uncertain given recent and projected changes in climate. This is especially acute for impacts associated with changes in drought frequency and intensity on the distribution and timing of water availability. The development of effective adaptation strategies for these emerging threats to food and water security are compromised by limitations in our understanding of how natural and managed ecosystems are responding to changing hydrological and climatological regimes. This information gap is exacerbated by insufficient monitoring capabilities from local to global scales. Here, we describe how evapotranspiration (ET) represents the key variable in linking ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources, and highlight both the outstanding science and applications questions and the actions, especially from a space-based perspective, necessary to advance them.
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