Your search found 11 records
1 Fung, J.; Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Moe, C.; Akple, M. 2011. Microbiological quality of urban-vended salad and its association with gastrointestinal diseases in Kumasi, Ghana. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, 4(2-4):152-166.
Salads ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Urban environment ; Risks ; Food safety ; Vegetables ; Microbiological analysis ; Water use / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044672)
(0.20 MB)
The influence of consumption of salads on exposure to gastrointestinal diseases was assessed in urban environments in Kumasi, Ghana. Data was collected using a cross-sectional survey involving 15 salad sellers and 213 consumers and microbiological laboratory analysis of 96 samples of ready-to-eat salad. Findings showed higher contamination in street-vended salads than those in cafeterias with thermotelerant coliforms levels of 4.00–5.43 log units per 100 g salad, 32% of samples had Salmonella sp., and 17% had helminth eggs. Overall, there was an insignificant inverse relationship between salad consumption and gastrointestinal diseases among street salad consumers (RR = 0.81) and a strong positive relationship with cafeteria consumers (RR = 5.51). However, stratified analysis on relative risk showed a likelihood of strong influence from other risk factors embedded in socio-economic status such as poor sanitation. We recommend more integrated studies on risk factors for gastrointestinal diseases in poor urban areas.
2 Middleton, C.; Krawanchid, D. 2014. Urbanization and sustainable development in the Mekong region. In Lebel, L.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Krittasudthacheewa, C.; Daniel, R. (Eds.). Climate risks, regional integration and sustainability in the Mekong region. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre (SIRDC); Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). pp.72-94.
Sustainable development ; Urbanization ; Urban areas ; Governance ; Rural urban relations ; Urban rural migration ; Population growth ; Poverty ; Living standards ; Economic growth ; Urban environment ; Wastes ; Ecosystems / Southeast Asia / Cambodia / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Myanmar / Thailand / Vietnam / China / Mekong Region / Yunnan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI, e-copy SF Record No: H046913)
(1.87 MB)
3 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Akoto-Dans, E. K.; Glaser, R.; Nyarko, G.; Buerkert, A. 2016. Foodsheds and city region food systems in two West African cities. Sustainability, 8(12):1-32. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121175]
Food chains ; Food supply ; Food consumption ; Food habits ; Food production ; Urban environment ; Urban population ; Climate change ; Crops ; Livestock ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Organic wastes / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047875)
In response to changing urban food systems, short supply chains have been advocated to meet urban food needs while building more sustainable urban food systems. Despite an increasing interest in urban food supply and the flows of food from production to consumption, there is a lack of empirical studies and methodologies which systematically analyse the actual proportion and nutritional significance of local and regional food supplied to urban markets. The aim of this empirical study therefore was to compare the geographical sources supplying food to the urban population (“foodsheds”) in Tamale, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to record the supplied quantities and to assess the level of interaction between the sources and the respective city. The study was conducted over two years, covering the seasons of abundant and short supply, via traffic surveys on the access roads to the two cities, and in the Tamale markets, resulting altogether in more than 40,000 records of food flow. Results indicated that food sources were highly crop- and season-specific, ranging from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional foodsheds with diverse sources across seasons. Across the commodity-specific foodsheds, city region boundaries were established. Within the proposed city region a relatively large proportion of smallholders contributed to urban food supply, taking advantage of the proximity to urban markets. While food provided from within the city region offers certain place-based benefits, like the provision of fresh perishable crops, a larger geographical diversity of foodsheds appeared to enhance the resilience of urban food systems, such as against climate related production failures.
4 Luh, J.; Ojomo, E.; Evans, B.; Bartram, J. 2017. National drinking water targets - trends and factors associated with target-setting. Water Policy, 19(5):851-866. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.108]
Drinking water ; National planning ; Standards ; International comparisons ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Millennium Development Goals ; Assessment ; Rural environment ; Urban environment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048419)
(0.42 MB)
We examine how national targets change with time and show that no consistent pattern exists across all countries examined for this article during the 1980–2013 period. Instead, countries fall into different trend types including constant, increasing, and decreasing national targets with time. We found that level of coverage is one likely factor in determining the national target of a country, where countries with low coverage levels set lower national targets compared to countries with high levels of coverage. In general, most countries set ambitious national targets that require the future rate of change to be more than 20% greater than the current rate. Setting ambitious targets is related to greater progress in increasing coverage, as long as the national target does not require countries to more than triple their current rate of change. Changes in national standards of safe water were shown to have occurred, where improved technology type was not used in national standards in 1994 but was present in 2011 and 2013. Comparison of national and international targets suggests that international targets may influence national targets, with approximately 70% of countries having national targets equal to, higher than, or converging towards international targets.
5 Storey, D.; Santucci, L.; Sinha, B. 2017. Urban nexus: an integrated approach for the implementation of the sustainable development goals. In Salam, P. A.; Shrestha, S.; Pandey, V. P.; Anal, A. K. (Eds.). Water-energy-food nexus: principles and practices. Indianapolis, IN, USA: Wiley. pp.43-54.
Sustainable Development Goals ; Urbanization ; Natural resources ; Urban environment ; Nexus ; Land use ; Land cover ; Water management ; Municipal authorities ; Case studies / Asia and the Pacific / China / India / Shenzhen / Nashik
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048736)
6 International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 2018. IWMI Annual report 2017. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 36p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.209]
Climate change ; Natural disasters ; Solar energy ; Water productivity ; Water resources ; Water management ; Sustainable development ; Gender ; Women ; Empowerment ; Cooperation ; Rural communities ; Urban environment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Resource recovery ; Water reuse ; Water accounting ; Water governance ; Groundwater ; Investment ; Ecosystems ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Aquifers ; Economic aspects ; Equity ; Collective action
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048780)
(5 MB)
7 Chen, F.; Chen, X.; Van de Voorde, T.; Roberts, D.; Jiang, H.; Xu, W. 2020. Open water detection in urban environments using high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 242:111706. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111706]
Surface water ; Observation ; Mapping ; Remote sensing ; Urban environment ; Satellite imagery ; Multispectral imagery ; Land cover / Switzerland / Belgium / USA / Baden / Brussels / Santa Barbara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049685)
(5.25 MB)
Commonly applied water indices such as the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) were originally conceived for medium spatial resolution remote sensing images. In recent decades, high spatial resolution imagery has shown considerable potential for deriving accurate land cover maps of urban environments. Applying traditional water indices directly on this type of data, however, leads to severe misclassifications as there are many materials in urban areas that are confused with water. Furthermore, threshold parameters must generally be fine-tuned to obtain optimal results. In this paper, we propose a new open surface water detection method for urbanized areas. We suggest using inequality constraints as well as physical magnitude constraints to identify water from urban scenes. Our experimental results on spectral libraries and real high spatial resolution remote sensing images demonstrate that by using a set of suggested fixed threshold values, the proposed method outperforms or obtains comparable results with algorithms based on traditional water indices that need to be fine-tuned to obtain optimal results. When applied to the ASTER and ECOSTRESS spectral libraries, our method identified 3677 out of 3695 non-water spectra. By contrast, NDWI and MNDWI only identified 2934 and 2918 spectra. Results on three real hyperspectral images demonstrated that the proposed method successfully identified normal water bodies, meso-eutrophic water bodies, and most of the muddy water bodies in the scenes with F-measure values of 0.91, 0.94 and 0.82 for the three scenes. For surface glint and hyper-eutrophic water, our method was not as effective as could be expected. We observed that the commonly used threshold value of 0 for NDWI and MNDWI results in greater levels of confusion, with F-measures of 0.83, 0.64 and 0.64 (NDWI) and 0.77, 0.63 and 0.59 (MNDWI). The proposed method also achieves higher precision than the untuned NDWI and MNDWI with the same recall values. Next to numerical performance, the proposed method is also physically justified, easy-to implement, and computationally efficient, which suggests that it has potential to be applied in large scale water detection problem.
8 Shafieiyoun, E.; Gheysari, M.; Khiadani, M.; Koupai, J. A.; Shojaei, P.; Moomkesh, M. 2020. Assessment of reference evapotranspiration across an arid urban environment having poor data monitoring system. Hydrological Processes, 34(20):4000-4016. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13851]
Evapotranspiration ; Assessment ; Arid zones ; Urban environment ; Weather data ; Monitoring ; Water requirements ; Remote sensing ; Air temperature ; Humidity ; Solar radiation ; Meteorological stations ; Models ; Sensitivity analysis / Iran Islamic Republic / Isfahan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049952)
(23.80 MB)
Estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in urban areas is challenging but essential in arid urban climates. To evaluate ET0 in an urban environment and non-urban areas, air temperature and relative humidity were measured at five different sites across the arid city of Isfahan, Iran, over 4 years. Wind speed and sunshine hours were obtained from an urban surrounding weather station over the same period and used to estimate ET0. Calculated ET0 was compared with satellite-based ET0 retrieved from the MOD16A2 PET product. Although MODIS PET was strongly correlated with the Valiantzas equation, it overestimated ET0 and showed average accuracy (r = 0.93–0.94, RMSE = 1.18–1.28 mm/day, MBE = 0.73–0.84 mm/day). The highest ET0 differences between an urban green space and a non-urban area were 1.1 and 0.87 mm/day, which were estimated by ground measurements and MODIS PET, respectively. The sensitivity of ET0 to wind speed and sunshine hours indicated a significant effect on cumulative ET0 at urban sites compared to the non-urban site, which has a considerable impact on the amount of irrigation required in those areas. Although MODIS PET requires improvement to accurately reflect field level microclimate conditions affecting ET0, it is beneficial to hydrological applications and water resource managers especially in areas where data is limited. In addition, our results indicated that using limited data methods or meteorological data from regional weather stations, leads to incorrect estimation of ET0 in urban areas. Therefore, decision-makers and urban planners should consider the importance of precisely estimating ET0 to optimize management of urban green space irrigation, especially in arid and semi-arid climates such as the city of Isfahan.
9 Kalbusch, A.; Henning, E.; Brikalski, M. P.; de Luca, F. V.; Konrath, A. C. 2020. Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on urban water consumption. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 163:105098. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105098]
COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Disease prevention ; Urban environment ; Water use ; Social isolation ; Quarantine ; Water supply ; Households ; Case studies ; Models / Brazil / Joinville
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049994)
(1.73 MB)
This article aims to assess the impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on water consumption, based on a case study in Joinville, Southern Brazil. Residential water consumption data, obtained through telemetry in two periods (before and after a governmental action imposing quarantine and social isolation), were analyzed. Complementarily, the analyses were also applied to the commercial, industrial and public consumption categories. For the analysis, Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests were applied and Prais-Winsten regression models were adjusted. The results of the Wilcoxon test show that there are significant differences between the analyzed periods, indicating a water consumption drop in the commercial, industrial and public categories, and an increase in the residential category. The regression model results confirm the effect of the restrictive actions in reducing consumption in non-residential categories. The results also indicate an increase in water consumption, which was steeper in apartment buildings than in houses, whether isolated or grouped in condominiums. A weak association was found between the variation in water consumption and the spatial distribution of buildings. Understanding water consumption related aspects is important to gather essential information to ensure the urban water supply system is resilient in a pandemic situation.
10 Iftekhar, Md. S.; Zhang, F.; Polyakov, M.; Fogarty, J.; Burton, M. 2021. Non-market values of water sensitive urban designs: a case study on rain gardens. Water Resources and Economics, 34:100178. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2021.100178]
Urban environment ; Stormwater management ; Cost benefit analysis ; Willingness to pay ; Infrastructure ; Households ; Case studies ; Models / Australia / Sydney / Melbourne
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050478)
(0.61 MB)
Rain gardens are an established element of water sensitive urban infrastructure. However, information on people's preferences for such systems is lacking. To understand whether people express willingness to pay for such systems and whether estimates are transferable between locations, we conducted choice experiments in Sydney and Melbourne. We found that people are willing to pay for rain gardens. The marginal willingness to pay for different features is similar in both locations, but the transfer of compensating surplus values between locations still generates transfer errors. The implications of transfer errors are investigated using a benefit-cost analysis of a rain garden installation.
11 Zia, S.; Nasar-u-Minallah, M.; Zahra, N.; Hanif, A. 2022. The effect of urban green spaces in reducing urban flooding in Lahore, Pakistan, using geospatial techniques. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 15(3):47-55. [doi: https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2021-135]
Flooding ; Mitigation ; Nature-based solutions ; Urban environment ; Towns ; Satellite imagery ; Landsat ; Remote sensing ; Normalized difference vegetation index ; Techniques / Pakistan / Lahore
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051482)
(1.15 MB) (1.15 MB)
Urban Green Spaces (UGS) curtails all environmental issues and ensure an eco-friendly locale. Similarly, the emergence of UGS is very helpful to cope with emerging urban flooding in cities by setting up the world standard of green space ratio (20 to 25 percent of the area) and green per capita (9m2 ) in a geographical area. Therefore, the present study is conducted to evaluate the causal effect relation of UGS with the frequency of urban flooding. For this purpose, 69 selected union councils are taken as a study area in District Lahore, Pakistan. The relation between UGS and the occurrence of floods is evaluated using geo-statistical and geospatial analysis techniques during the monsoon rainfalls from 2013 to 2019. Furthermore, the data sets of sore points (inundated areas), occurrences of urban flooding (number of event occurrences), green per capita, and green ratio are used. Results revealed that selected union councils in Lahore don’t have enough urban green spaces. There is only a 51 sq km area with adequate UGS that accounts for only 18 percent of the study area. The rest of the area does not meet the world standards of green area. There are some areas including Ravi town, Gulberg town, and Samanabad town with green per capita more than 4 green per capita. On the other hand, there are only 02 union councils including Race Course and Model Town that are comprised of a 20 percent green area. The findings of the study will be helpful for proper urban planning and strategies i.e. with greener structures.
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