Your search found 107 records
1 Sinclair, R. G. 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries by Pay Drechsel, Christopher A. Scott, Liqa Raschid-Sally, Mark Redwood and Akissa Bahri (Eds.). Book review. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(4):704-709. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.519538]
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Risk reduction ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043553)
(0.09 MB)
2 Evans, Alexandra; Jayakody, Priyantha. 2009. Use and management of wastewater in agriculture. Economic Review, 35(3-4):49-52, 67.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8029 Record No: H043749)
(0.53 MB)
3 Wichelns, Dennis; Owaygen, M.; Redwood, M. 2011. Developing country farmers need more than financial incentives to reduce the risks of wastewater irrigation. Water International, 36(4):467-475. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594250]
Wastewater irrigation ; Farmers ; Consumers ; Risk reduction ; Financing ; Agriculture ; Public policy ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044194)
(0.11 MB)
Implementing financial incentives to motivate farmers to reduce the risks of using untreated wastewater for irrigation is not feasible in most agricultural settings in developing countries. Much wastewater is diverted informally from streams and ditches, with no accounting of the volumes used by smallholder households. In addition, governance structures are often not sufficiently well established to implement appropriate policies. The authors describe the economic rationale for implementing financial incentives, while discussing alternative approaches for motivating farm-level improvements in cultural practices that might reduce risks for farmers, their families, other residents of agricultural communities and consumers.
4 Joshi, P. K.; Singh, T. P. 2011. Geoinformatics for climate change studies. New Delhi, India: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). 470p.
Remote sensing ; GIS ; Climate change ; Environmental temperature ; Global warming ; Models ; Mountains ; Glaciers ; Forests ; Ecosystems ; Phenology ; Mapping ; Sea level ; Water management ; Evapotranspiration ; Land degradation ; Satellite imagery ; Natural disasters ; Landslides ; Flooding ; Wildfires ; Risk reduction ; Research ; Greenhouse gases ; Vegetation ; Invasive species ; River basins ; Health hazards ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Malaria ; Land degradation ; Data analysis / South Africa / Nigeria / Bangladesh / Morocco / Germany / Thailand / Malaysia / Australia / Eastern Cape Province / Mooi River Basin / Weida River Basin / Murray Darling River Basin / Thuringia / Chang Mai / Kanchanaburi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 621.3678 G000 JOS Record No: H044290)
(0.33 MB)
5 Leal Filho, W. (Ed.) 2011. Experiences of climate change adaptation in Africa. London, UK: Springer. 315p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Mapping ; Economic value ; Wildlife ; Rain ; Rainfed farming ; Disasters ; Risk reduction ; Policy ; Case studies ; Indigenous knowledge ; Food security ; Pastoralism ; Grazing lands ; Lowland ; Decentralization ; Drought ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Ecosystems ; Solar energy ; Soil analysis ; Erosion ; Carbon ; Statistical analysis ; Research projects ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Environmental effects ; Ecosystems ; Models / Africa / Tanzania / Kenya / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara / Zambia / Nigeria / Kilombero Ramsar Site / Nandi District / Keiyo District / Samburu East District / Tigray / Zanzibar / Mount Kenya Ecosystem
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G100 LEA Record No: H044413)
(0.34 MB)
6 Leal Filho, W. (Ed.) 2011. Experiences of climate change adaptation in Africa. London, UK: Springer. 315p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Mapping ; Economic value ; Wildlife ; Rain ; Rainfed farming ; Disasters ; Risk reduction ; Policy ; Case studies ; Indigenous knowledge ; Food security ; Pastoralism ; Grazing lands ; Lowland ; Decentralization ; Drought ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Ecosystems ; Solar energy ; Soil analysis ; Erosion ; Carbon ; Statistical analysis ; Research projects ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Environmental effects ; Ecosystems ; Models / Africa / Tanzania / Kenya / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara / Zambia / Nigeria / Kilombero Ramsar Site / Nandi District / Keiyo District / Samburu East District / Tigray / Zanzibar / Mount Kenya Ecosystem
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G100 LEA c2 Record No: H044416)
(0.35 MB)
7 Amarnath, Giriraj. 2012. Large-scale flood event: global and regional assessment. In Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP). International Training Course: Application of Space Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction. Lecture notes. Dehradun, India: Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP). pp.187-202.
Natural disasters ; Flooding ; Assessment ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Risk reduction ; Forecasting ; Mapping / India / Indo-Gangetic Plains
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044891)
(1.04 MB)
8 Keraita, Bernard. 2012. Five easy ways to reduce health risks. In FAO. On-farm practices for the safe use of wastewater in urban and peri-urban horticulture: a training handbook for farmer field schools. [Includes contributions by IWMI staff]. 52p. Rome, Italy: FAO. pp.18-27.
Irrigation water ; Contamination ; Vegetable growing ; Health hazards ; Risk reduction ; Irrigation methods ; Ponds ; Filtration / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045088)
(0.19 MB) (862KB)
9 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay. 2012. Implementing non-conventional options for safe water reuse in agriculture in resource poor environments. In US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); National Risk Management Research Laboratory; USAID. 2012 Guidelines for water reuse. Appendix E - International case studies and international regulations. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Cincinnati, OH, USA: National Risk Management Research Laboratory; Washington, DC, USA: USAID. pp.E40-E42.
Water reuse ; Risk reduction ; Health hazards ; Wastewater treatment ; Agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Research projects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045515)
http://www.waterreuseguidelines.org/images/documents/2012epaguidelines.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045515.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045515.pdf
(0.35 MB) (27.96MB)
10 Pallawala, R. 2014. Private sector participation in climate change adaptation. Soba Parisara Prakashanaya, 23(1):49-50.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8152 Record No: H046657)
(0.12 MB)
11 Wichelns, D.; Qadir, Manzoor. 2015. Policy and institutional determinants of wastewater use in agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.93-112.
Agriculture ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water use ; Water policy ; Corporate culture ; Legislation ; Regulations ; Costs ; Farmers ; Income ; Risk reduction ; Communities
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H046963)
12 Smakhtin, Vladimir; Pavelic, Paul; Amarnath, Giriraj; McCartney, Matthew. 2015. Managing water variability, from floods to droughts. New York, NY, USA: UN. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 3p.
Water management ; Flooding ; Drought ; Natural disasters ; Risk reduction ; Economic aspects ; Water storage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047070)
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/629976-Smakhtin-Managing%20water%20variability,%20from%20floods%20to%20droughts.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047070.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047070.pdf
(0.21 MB) (215 KB)
13 Few, R.; Matthies, F. (Eds.) 2006. Flood hazards and health: responding to present and future risks. London, UK: Earthscan. 219p.
Flood control ; Risk reduction ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Mental health ; Health care ; Health education ; Infectious diseases ; Waterborne diseases ; State intervention ; Sanitation / USA / England / Wales / Mozambique / Vietnam / Mekong Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.3493 G000 FEW Record No: H047085)
(0.35 MB)
14 Sahni, P.; Ariyabandu, M. M. (Eds.) 2003. Disaster risk reduction in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Prentice-Hall of India. 372p.
Natural disasters ; Disaster risk management ; Risk reduction ; Disaster preparedness ; Public education ; Capacity building ; Community involvement ; Gender ; Living standards ; Organizations ; Partnerships ; Health services ; Development plans ; Building construction ; Information technology ; Remote sensing ; Insurance ; Drought ; Cyclones ; Case studies ; Stakeholders / South Asia / Pakistan / India / Bangladesh / Nepal / Tharparkar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.348 G570 SAH Record No: H047086)
(0.40 MB)
15 McCartney, Matthew P.; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali. 2015. Wetlands, livelihoods and human health. In Finlayson, C. M.; Horwitz, P.; Weinstein, P. (Eds.). Wetlands and human health. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.123-148.
Wetlands ; Living standards ; Public health ; Drugs ; Ecosystem services ; Rural communities ; Poverty ; Natural resources ; Natural disasters ; Risk reduction ; Floodplains ; Production possibilities ; Financing ; Social participation ; Water supply ; Agriculture ; Institutions
(Location: IWMI Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047154)
(2.00 MB)
In developing countries millions of people live a life of subsistence agriculture, mired in poverty, with limited access to basic human needs, such as food and water. Under such circumstances wetlands, through the provision of a range of direct and indirect ecosystem services, play a vital role in supporting and sustaining peoples’ livelihoods and hence, their health. This chapter discusses the role of wetlands in the context of the sustainable livelihoods framework in which wetlands are viewed as an asset for the rural poor in the form of “natural capital”. The framework is used to illustrate how ecosystem services, livelihoods and health are entwined and how the ecosystem services provided by wetlands can be converted to human health either directly or via other livelihood assets. It highlights the contributions that wetlands make to basic human needs and, either directly or through transformations to other forms of livelihood capital, the support they provide to livelihoods and overall well-being.
16 Lwasa, S.; Dubbeling, M. 2015. Urban agriculture and climate change. In de Zeeuw, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Cities and agriculture: developing resilient urban food systems. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.192-217.
Urban agriculture ; Climate change ; Food production ; Income ; Floodplains ; Flood control ; Risk reduction
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047260)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/cities_and_agriculture-developing_resilient_urban_food_systems.pdf
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/8.%20Climate%20change-min.pdf
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/8.%20Climate%20change-min.pdf
(50.6 MB)
17 Luwesi, Cush Ngonzo; Kinuthia, W.; Mutiso, M. N.; Akombo, R. A.; Doke, D. A.; Ruhakana, A. 2015. Climate change, pro-poor schemes and water inequality: strengths and weaknesses of Kauti Irrigation Water Users’ Association, Kenya. In Atakilte, B. (Ed.). Agricultural water institutions in East Africa. Uppsala, Sweden: The Nordic Africa Institute. pp.43-60.
Climate change ; Irrigation water ; Water user associations ; Farmers ; Rural areas ; Environmental degradation ; Water availability ; Water conservation ; Water scarcity ; Agricultural production ; Risk reduction ; Rain ; Drought ; Natural disasters ; Soil conservation ; Watershed management ; Food security / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047284)
http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:865548/FULLTEXT01.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047284.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047284.pdf
(0.85 MB) (2 MB)
18 Kasei, R. A.; Amisigo, B.; Mul, Marloes L. 2016. Managing floods and droughts. In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.76-91.
Natural disasters ; Flooding ; Drought ; Rain ; Risk reduction ; Risk management ; River basins ; Resilience ; Water storage ; Groundwater recharge ; Land use ; Deforestation ; Urban development / West Africa / Benin / Burkina Faso / Ivory Coast / Ghana / Mali / Togo / Volta River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047726)
19 Makombe, G.; Namara, R. E.; Awulachew, S. B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Kanjere, M. 2017. An analysis of the productivity and technical efficiency of smallholder irrigation in Ethiopia. Water SA, 43(1):48-57. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v43i1.08]
Floodplains ; Satellite observation ; Satellite imagery ; Households ; Natural disasters ; Indigenous knowledge ; Remote sensing ; Risk reduction ; Living standards ; Farmland ; Hydrology ; Climate change ; Catchment areas / Zambia / Barotseland
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047929)
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/download/150821/140399
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047929.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047929.pdf
(327 KB)
Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopia’s economy, contributing more than 40% to GDP and providing a livelihood to about 80% of the population. Agriculture is dominated by smallholders growing predominantly rainfed cereals, making economic performance dependent on rainfall availability. This study used the stochastic frontier production function to analyse the productivity and technical efficiency of 4 different agricultural production systems in Ethiopia; namely, irrigated seasonal farms on traditional irrigation systems, irrigated seasonal farms on modern communal irrigation systems, rainfed seasonal farms for farmers who have access to irrigation and rainfed seasonal farms for farmers who do not have access to irrigation. Simple random samples of farmers were selected from lists of farmers. The sample of farmers constituted 122 from the traditional irrigated sites, 281 from the modern communal irrigated sites and 350 from the control rainfed sites of farmers without access to irrigation. For those farmers, from both traditional and modern communal irrigation, who also had access to rainfed farms, their rainfed farms were included in the sample of rainfed with access to irrigation. This sample constituted 434 farmers. The marginal productivity of land on modern communal irrigation systems shows that this is the smallholder irrigation option that should be developed by the Government of Ethiopia. However, the marginal productivity of land in the ‘rainfed without access to irrigation’ category is higher than that of the traditional irrigated system. Thus additional developed land should be put under ‘rainfed without access to irrigation’ before it is put under traditional irrigation; otherwise it should be developed into modern communal irrigation. The average technical efficiency for the modern irrigated system was estimated to be about 71%, whereas this was estimated to be 78% for the ‘rainfed without access to irrigation’ system. There are potential gains to be realised in improving efficiency in these two systems.
20 Woldetsadik, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Itanna, F.; Erko, B.; Gebrekidan, H. 2017. Microbiological quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) irrigated with wastewater in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and effect of green salads washing methods. International Journal of Food Contamination, 4:1-9. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-017-0048-8]
Microbiological analysis ; Leaf vegetables ; Lettuces ; Wastewater irrigation ; Faecal coliforms ; Helminths ; WHO ; Contamination ; Irrigation water ; Risk reduction ; Bacteriological analysis ; Farmland ; Wastewater treatment ; Households ; Water pollution ; Water use / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047981)
http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40550-017-0048-8.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047981.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047981.pdf
(561 KB)
Background: In Addis Ababa, where irrigation water for vegetable production is commonly derived from the highly polluted Akaki river, information on microbial contamination of water and irrigated vegetable is scanty. An assessment was done to determine the microbiological quality of irrigation water and lettuce harvested from 10 urban farming sites of Addis Ababa. The efficacy of 5 lettuce washing methods were also assessed. A total of 210 lettuce and 90 irrigation water samples were analyzed for faecal coliform and helminth eggs population levels. Results: The mean faecal coliform levels of irrigation water ranged from 4.29-5.61 log10 MPN 100 ml-1, while on lettuce, the concentrations ranged from 3.46-5.03 log10 MPN 100 g-1. Helminth eggs and larvae were detected in 80% of irrigation water and 61% of lettuce samples. Numbers ranged from 0.9-3.1 eggs 1000 ml-1 and 0.8-3.7 eggs 100 g-1 wet weight for irrigation water and lettuce, respectively. The helminth eggs identified included those of Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia and Strongloyides larvae. Ascaris lumbricoides and Hookworm were most prevalent in both irrigation water and lettuce samples. Compared with the WHO recommendations and international standards, the faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels in irrigation water and lettuce samples exceeded the recommended levels. Irrespective of the tested washing methods, faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels were somehow reduced. Among the washing methods, potable tap water washing - rinsing (2 min) followed by dipping in 15 000 ppm vinegar solution for a minute supported the highest faecal coliorm reduction of 1.7 log10 units, whereas lowest reduction of 0.8 log10 units was achieved for the same procedure without vinegar. Conclusion: Compared with international standards, both faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels exceeded recommended thresholds in water and lettuce, but still in a potential risk range which can be easily mitigated if farmers and households are aware of the potential risk. Aside preventing occupational exposure, potential risk reduction programs should target households which have so far no guidance on how best to wash vegetables. The result of the present study suggest that the vinegar based washing methods are able to reduce faecal coliform towards low level while the physical washing with running water may help to substantially decrease potential risk of helminth parasitic infections.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
