Your search found 55 records
1 Dissanayake, Priyanka. 2009. The role of pollution prevention strategies, best management practices and cleaner production in hospital wastewater management. Paper presented at the International Perspective on Environmental and Water Resources Conference, (2nd Developing Nations Conference) of the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) and Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Bangkok, Thailand, 5-7 January 2009. 8p.
Hospitals ; Effluents ; Wastewater management ; Water Pollution Control ; Best practices ; Guidelines ; Pollutants ; Toxic substances ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Constraints ; Pollution control / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Kurunegala / Wan Ela / Beu Ela / Wilgoda Anicut
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042123)
(0.33 MB)
Hospital effluents can be especially hazardous and toxic due to their content of chemical, pathogenic and bio-hazardous wastes. Many of these toxic pollutants are not fully removed or neutralized by traditional municipal wastewater treatment plants, which are primarily designed to address parameters such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), etc. They are also not easily removed by filtration, settling or flocculation. The common disposal of liquid waste from hospitals into the municipal network collection system or in cesspits is of serious concern and it requires swift and effective address. Wastewater from hospitals contains pollutants that are hazardous and require on-site management to prevent contaminating the city’s sewage system and other surface waters. Unlike industrial operations that typically have a few large volume waste streams; hospitals generate different volumes of a wide variety of wastes and emissions. Most important chemicals in hospital wastewater are disinfectants (due to their major use in hospital practice), antibiotics, cytostatic agents, anesthetics, heavy metals (silver, chromium, zinc, lead, copper, platinum, and mercury), rare earth elements (gadolinium, indium, and osmium) and iodinated X-ray contrast media. Pollution prevention strategies and Best Management Practices (BMPs) to pollutant load reduction at the source is the best solution available to overcome this problem. The pollutant load reduction can be initiated by applying pollution prevention strategies and Best Management Practices (BMPs) to practices that use these chemicals. The goal of pollution prevention in healthcare environments is the same as throughout industry do to eliminate and/or reduce pollution at the source. The major difference when undertaking pollution prevention at healthcare facilities is that they do not manufacture a ‘product’, operate a fabrication ‘process’ or generate waste materials that can be readily recycled, reused or reprocessed. Therefore, the role of Pollution Prevention Strategies, Best Management Practices and Cleaner Production will be somewhat different than other industrial sectors. Pollution Prevention Strategies, Best Management Practices and Cleaner Production applicable to hospital wastewater management in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh are addressed in this paper.
2 Simmons, R.; Qadir, Manzoor; Drechsel, Pay. 2010. Farm-based measures for reducing human and environmental health risks from chemical constituents in wastewater. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.209-238. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Pollutants ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Soil amendments ; Bioremediation ; Nutrients ; Arsenic ; Salinity ; Irrigation methods
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042611)
(0.26 MB)
There is a significant imbalance between the number of publications describing potential and actual environmental and health impacts from chemically contaminated wastewater, and reports outlining concrete options to minimize the related risks where conventional wastewater treatment is not available. This gap applies more to inorganic and organic contaminants than excess salts or nutrients. This chapter outlines some of the options available that could be considered in and around the farm, looking at heavy metals, salts, excess nutrients and organic contaminants. The emphasis is placed on low-cost options applicable in developing countries. While such measures can reduce negative impacts to a certain extent, it remains crucial to ensure that hazardous chemicals are replaced in production processes; industrial wastewater is treated at source and/or separated from other wastewater streams used for irrigation purposes; and fertilizer application rates and related possible subsidies adjusted to avoid over- fertilization.
3 Keatinge, J. D. H.; Waliyar, F.; Jamnadas, R. H.; Moustafa, A.; Andrade, M.; Drechsel, Pay; Hughes, J. d’A.; Kardirvel, P.; Luther, K. 2010. Relearning old lessons for the future of food - by bread alone no longer: diversifying diets with fruit and vegetables. Crop Science, 50:S-51-S-62. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0528]
Malnutrition ; Human nutrition ; Diets ; Vegetables ; Fruits ; Pest management ; Cropping systems ; Climate ; Adaptation ; Marketing ; Pollutants ; Health hazards
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042650)
http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/Supplement_1/S-51
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042650.mht
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042650.mht
(0.86 MB)
Diversifying diets and agricultural enterprises with fruit and vegetables is a potent weapon in the current global battle against malnutrition and poverty. Agricultural science can contribute substantially to enhance the development prospects and health of not only disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals at one end of the spectrum but also the growth and equity of national economies at the other. Moreover, with relatively simple applied research, new crop species and technologies can rapidly enter the development pathway to benefit even the poorest people or nations. More upstream research can help to guard fruit and vegetable production against the vagaries of potential climatic uncertainty, which is projected to become more prominent over future decades. However, historical and continuing widespread underinvestment in fruit and vegetable research and development from the national to the global level may severely compromise the world’s ability to use such highvalue species for crop diversification and as a major engine of development growth to ensure global food and nutritional security.
4 Amarasiri, S. 2009. Arresting pollution of water. Economic Review, 35(3-4):53-59.
Water pollution ; Pollutants ; Remediation ; Diseases ; Acid rain ; Wells ; Lakes ; Reservoirs ; Plankton blooms ; Sea pollution ; Lagoons / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8029 Record No: H043750)
(0.77 MB)
5 Clark, J. W.; Viessman. W.; Hammer, M. J. 1977. Water supply and pollution control. 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Harper and Row. 857p.
Water supply ; History ; Water pollution ; Chemical treatment ; Biological treatment ; Pollutants ; Air pollution ; Solid wastes ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Water distribution ; Water users ; Water use ; Water budget ; Water quality ; Models ; Water requirements ; Runoff ; Yields ; Reservoirs ; Pumping ; Sludges ; Processing ; Waste treatment ; Industrial wastes ; Wastewater treatment ; Filters ; Filtration ; Chemicals ; Water reuse ; Legal aspects ; Water rights ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 CLA Record No: H043923)
(0.18 MB)
6 Witten, J.; Horsley, S.; Jeer, S.; Flanagan, E. K. 1995. Guide to Wellhead Protection. Michigan, MI, USA: American Planning Association (APA). Planning Advisory Service (PAS) 102p. (PAS Report No.457/458)
Groundwater ; Wells ; Water conservation ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Hydrology ; Aquifers ; Pollutants ; Contamination ; Financing ; Models ; Environmental effects ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9104 G000 WIT Record No: H044217)
(0.33 MB)
7 Rossouw, J. N.; Gorgens, A. H. M. (Comps.) 2005. Knowledge review of modelling non-point source pollution in agriculture from field to catchment scale. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission (WRC). 286p. (WRC Report 1467/1/05)
Water pollution ; Nonpoint pollution ; Pollutants ; Simulation models ; Water management ; Pesticides ; Sediment ; Erosion ; Pathogens ; Pollution control ; Policy / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8073 Record No: H044304)
(35.49 MB)
8 Simmons, R.; Qadir, Manzoor; Drechsel, Pay. 2011. Mesures mises en oeuvre aux champs pour reduire les risques pour la santé humaine et l’environnement lies aux constituants chimiques des eaux usees. In French. [Farm-based measures for reducing human and environmental health risks from chemical constituents in wastewater]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.227-257. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Pollutants ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Soil amendments ; Bioremediation ; Nutrients ; Arsenic ; Salinity ; Irrigation methods
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044468)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044468.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044468.pdf
(0.80 MB) (5.96MB)
There is a significant imbalance between the number of publications describing potential and actual environmental and health impacts from chemically contaminated wastewater, and reports outlining concrete options to minimize the related risks where conventional wastewater treatment is not available. This gap applies more to inorganic and organic contaminants than excess salts or nutrients. This chapter outlines some of the options available that could be considered in and around the farm, looking at heavy metals, salts, excess nutrients and organic contaminants. The emphasis is placed on low-cost options applicable in developing countries. While such measures can reduce negative impacts to a certain extent, it remains crucial to ensure that hazardous chemicals are replaced in production processes; industrial wastewater is treated at source and/or separated from other wastewater streams used for irrigation purposes; and fertilizer application rates and related possible subsidies adjusted to avoid over- fertilization.
9 Yandle, B.; Bhattarai, M.; Vijayaraghavan, M. 2004. Environmental Kuznets Curves: a review of findings, methods, and policy implications. PERC Research study 02-1 update. Bozeman, MT, USA: Property and Environment Research Center (PERC). 38p.
Environmental effects ; Environmental policy ; Economic aspects ; Income ; Water quality ; Air quality ; Water pollution ; Pollutants ; Models ; Policy
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044740)
(0.16 MB) (165KB)
10 Corwin, D. L.; Loague, K. M. (Eds.) 1996. Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the Vadose Zone. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America (SSSA). 319p. (SSSA Special Publication No. 48)
GIS ; Models ; Information technology ; Pollutants ; Sensitivity analysis ; Surface water ; Water flow ; Groundwater ; Soil hydraulic properties ; Soil salinity ; Pesticides ; Leaching
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 526.0285 G000 COR Record No: H045259)
(0.32 MB)
11 Ahmari, A.; Nikiema, Josiane; Cabana, H. 2013. Application of continuous biofiltration process for treatment of wastewater contaminated by Bisphenol A (BPA). [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the 96th Canadian Chemistry Conference, Quebec, Canada, 26-30 May 2013. 1p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045932)
(0.05 MB)
BPA with worldwide production of 4 billion kilograms in 2006 is one of the main emerging pollutants in the world. In 1993 to 2010, around 32.96 tons of BPA was directly discharged to the Canadian environment by industries and in 2008, around11.2 tons specifically have contaminated the water and land. In this project, a series of BPA removal tests was conducted to study the efficiency of a bench scale bio-filter, with a wood chips medium to remove BPA from aqueous solution. Our results showed that the BPA elimination performance was influenced by the hydraulic loading rate and hydrodynamics behavior of the bio-filter. With initial BPA concentration less than 75 ppm, removal efficiency of biofilter was complete and BPA concentration of effluent was not detectable (less than 4.43 ppb).The main two metabolites of BPA biodegradation were 2,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol and 2,3-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol. Based on our knowledge, in this project, for the first time biofilter is applied for removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater and the results represents high efficiency of the system.
12 McCray, J. E.; Geza, M.; Murray, K. E.; Poeter, E. P.; Morgan, D. 2009. Modelling onsite wastewater systems at the watershed scale: a user's guide. London, UK: IWA Publishing. 229p.
Water management ; Water quality ; Wastewater ; Watersheds ; Guidelines ; Tanks ; Environmental effects ; Water pollution ; Pollutants ; Models ; Calibration ; GIS ; Vegetation ; Land cover ; Land use ; Decision making ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 MCC Record No: H046148)
(0.51 MB)
13 Kravchenko, J.; Rango, T.; Akushevich, I.; Atlaw, B.; McCornick, Peter G.; Merola, R. B; Paul, C; Weinthal, E.; Harrison, C.; Vengosh, A.; Jeuland, M. 2014. The effect of non-fluoride factors on risk of dental fluorosis: evidence from rural populations of the Main Ethiopian Rift. Science of the Total Environment, 488-489:595-606. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.087]
Rural population ; Dental caries ; Fluorides ; Fluorosis ; Drinking water ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Pollutants ; Health hazards ; Household consumption ; Milk consumption / Ethiopia / Main Ethiopian Rift
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046313)
(0.34 MB)
Elevated level of fluoride (F-) in drinking water is a well-recognized risk factor of dental fluorosis (DF). While considering optimization of region-specific standards for F-, it is reasonable, however, to consider how local diet, water sourcing practices, and non-F- elements in water may be related to health outcomes. In this study, we hypothesized that non-F- elements in groundwater and lifestyle and demographic characteristics may be independent predictors or modifiers of the effects of F- on teeth. Dental examinations were conducted among 1094 inhabitants from 399 randomly-selected households of 20 rural communities of the Ziway–Shala lake basin of the Main Ethiopian Rift. DF severity was evaluated using the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI). Household surveys were performed and water samples were collected from community water sources. To consider interrelations between the teeth within individual (in terms of DF severity) and between F- and non-F- elements in groundwater, the statistical methods of regression analysis, mixed models, and principal component analysis were used. About 90% of study participants consumed water from wells with F- levels above theWHO recommended standard of 1.5 mg/l. More than 62% of the study population had DF. F- levels were a major factor associated with DF. Age, sex, and milk consumption (both cow's and breastfed)were also statistically significantly (p b 0.05) associated with DF severity; these associations appear both independently and as modifiers of those identified between F- concentration and DF severity. Among 35 examined elements in groundwater, Ca, Al, Cu, and Rb were found to be significantly correlated with dental health outcomes among the residents exposed to waterwith excessive F- concentrations. Quantitative estimates obtained in our study can be used to explore new water treatment strategies, water safety and quality regulations, and lifestyle recommendations which may be more appropriate for this highly populated region.
14 Keraita, Bernard; Medlicott, K.; Drechsel, Pay; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2015. Health risks and cost-effective health risk management in wastewater use systems. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.39-54.
Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water use ; Water quality ; Pathogens ; Pollutants ; Cost benefit analysis ; WHO
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H046960)
15 Qadir, Manzoor; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Jimenez, B.; Siebe, C.; Siemens, J.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2015. Environmental risks and cost-effective risk management in wastewater use systems. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.55-72.
Environmental impact assessment ; Risk management ; Cost benefit analysis ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water use ; Agriculture ; Water quality ; On-farm research ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Salinity ; Pollutants ; Nutrients
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H046961)
16 Balana, Bedru B.; Jackson-Blake, L.; Martin-Ortega, J.; Dunn, S. 2015. Integrated cost-effectiveness analysis of agri-environmental measures for water quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 161:163-172. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.035]
Cost benefit analysis ; Agriculture ; Environmental management ; Hydrology ; Chemicals ; Water quality ; Water management ; Wastewater treatment ; Land management ; Nitrates ; Phosphorus ; Pollutants ; Case studies / Scotland / River Dee catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047103)
(1.20 MB)
This paper presents an application of integrated methodological approach for identifying cost-effective combinations of agri-environmental measures to achieve water quality targets. The methodological approach involves linking hydro-chemical modelling with economic costs of mitigation measures. The utility of the approach was explored for the River Dee catchment in North East Scotland, examining the cost-effectiveness of mitigation measures for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollutants. In-stream nitrate concentration was modelled using the STREAM-N and phosphorus using INCA-P model. Both models were first run for baseline conditions and then their effectiveness for changes in land management was simulated. Costs were based on farm income foregone, capital and operational expenditures. The costs and effects data were integrated using ‘Risk Solver Platform’ optimization in excel to produce the most cost-effective combination of measures by which target nutrient reductions could be attained at a minimum economic cost. The analysis identified different combination of measures as most costeffective for the two pollutants. An important aspect of this paper is integration of model-based effectiveness estimates with economic cost of measures for cost-effectiveness analysis of land and water management options. The methodological approach developed is not limited to the two pollutants and the selected agri-environmental measures considered in the paper; the approach can be adapted to the cost-effectiveness analysis of any catchment-scale environmental management options.
17 Rajapaksha, R. M. C. P. 2014. Soil biodiversity: microorganisms in soils of Sri Lanka. Bttaramulla, Sri Lanka: Biodiversity Secretraiat. Ministry of Environment & Renewable Energy. 70p.
Biodiversity conservation ; Biotechnology ; Soil microorganisms ; Soil properties ; Soil genesis ; Prokaryotae ; Fungi ; Algae ; Microbial flora ; Organic compounds ; Pollutants ; Biological control ; Plant pathologists ; Habitats ; Forest ecosystems ; Wetlands ; Biosensors ; Food crops / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9516 G744 BIO Record No: H047221)
18 Keraita, B.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Agricultural water reuse in low-income settings: health risks and risk management strategies. In Eslamian, S. (Ed.). Urban water reuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 505-512.
Agriculture ; Water reuse ; Income ; Less favoured areas ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Farmers ; Crops ; Pathogens ; Organic compounds ; Pollutants ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Helminthoses ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047362)
(0.83 MB)
Wastewater may be defined as the combination of liquid wastes discharged from domestic households, farms, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments eventually mixed with groundwater, surface water, and stormwater. Wastewater is increasingly receiving global attention as it is seen as one of the alternative solutions to increasing global water scarcity. Indeed, wastewater is globally being reused in many applications including groundwater recharge, industrial reuse like for cooling, environmental and recreational uses, nonpotable urban uses, and indirect or direct potable reuse.
However, agricultural irrigation and landscaping is by far the largest wastewater use sector. Indeed, millions of farmers worldwide are involved in wastewater irrigation activities. However, wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and contaminants, which may pose health risks if not well managed. These pollutants include salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products. The kind and extent of health risks depend on many factors including the types and levels of contaminants as well as regional risk relevance. In low-income countries, risks from pathogens receive the most attention. This is because people in these countries are most affected by diseases caused by poor sanitation such as diarrheal diseases and helminth infections, so high loads of pathogenic microorganisms are often found in wastewater systems.
Focusing on low-income contexts, this chapter presents health risks posed by wastewater irrigation activities and some practical examples on how these risks could be managed.
However, agricultural irrigation and landscaping is by far the largest wastewater use sector. Indeed, millions of farmers worldwide are involved in wastewater irrigation activities. However, wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and contaminants, which may pose health risks if not well managed. These pollutants include salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products. The kind and extent of health risks depend on many factors including the types and levels of contaminants as well as regional risk relevance. In low-income countries, risks from pathogens receive the most attention. This is because people in these countries are most affected by diseases caused by poor sanitation such as diarrheal diseases and helminth infections, so high loads of pathogenic microorganisms are often found in wastewater systems.
Focusing on low-income contexts, this chapter presents health risks posed by wastewater irrigation activities and some practical examples on how these risks could be managed.
19 Ong, C. N. 2016. Water reuse, emerging contaminants and public health: state-of-the-art analysis. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4):514-525. (Special issue: Water Reuse Policies for Potable Use). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1096765]
Water reuse ; Water supply ; Public health ; Drinking water ; Pollutants ; Water quality ; Wastewater treatment ; Technological changes ; Organic chemicals ; Nanomaterials ; Environmental effects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047572)
(1.06 MB)
This article addresses the issue of quality in reused water for potable purpose. The concerns of potential presence of pathogens and inorganic and organic constituents in the reused water and their health implications are discussed. Presently, there are no specific or international guidelines or standards for treatment or monitoring when municipal wastewater is used for potable purpose. Research to advance the safety, reliability and economic sustainability of reuse is also lacking. When assessing the risks associated with reclaimed water, the potential of production failure and reliability also needs to be addressed and mitigated.
20 Seager, J.; Bechtel, J.; Bock, S.; Dankelman, I.; Fordham, M.; Gabizon, S.; Thuy Trang, N.; Perch, L.; Qayum, S.; Roehr, U.; Schoolmeester, T.; Steinbach, R.; Watts, M.; Wendland, C.; Aguilar, L.; Alvarez, I.; Araujo, K.; Basnett, B. S.; Bauer, J.; Bowser, G.; Caterbow, A.; Corendea, C.; Donners, A.; Dutta, S.; Halle, S.; halainen, M.; Ismawati, Y.; Joshi, D.; Kiwala, L.; Kolbeinsdottir, L.; van Koppen, Barbara. 2016. Global gender and environment outlook. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 233p.
Gender ; Women's participation ; Equity ; Environmental sustainability ; Environmental effects ; Environmental health ; Environmental policy ; Sustainable development ; Food production ; Food security ; Food policy ; Agricultural production ; Domestic water ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water use ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Wastewater treatment ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Energy generation ; Energy management ; Energy consumption ; Renewable energy ; Marine areas ; Coastal area ; Rural communities ; Ecosystems ; Fisheries ; Living standards ; Pollutants ; Contamination ; Forest resources ; Forest degradation ; Forest management ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Disasters ; Conflict ; Health hazards ; Households ; Land ownership
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047666)
http://uneplive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/gender_and_environment_outlook.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047666.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047666.pdf
(76.06 MB)
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