Your search found 44 records
1 Krishnan, S.; Islam, A.; Machiwal, D.; Sena, D. R.; Villholth, K. G. 2009. Using the living wisdom of well drillers to construct digital groundwater data bases across Indo-Gangetic basin. In Mukherji, Aditi; Villholth, K. G.; Sharma, Bharat R.; Wang, J. (Eds.) Groundwater governance in the Indo-Gangetic and Yellow River basins: realities and challenges. London, UK: CRC Press. pp.247-263. (IAH Selected Papers on Hydrogeology 15)
Databases ; Groundwater management ; Wells ; Drilling ; Indigenous knowledge ; Hydrology ; Aquifers ; Farmers ; Stakeholders ; Social participation / India / Nepal / Indo-Gangetic Basin / Vaishali District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.6.3 G570 MUK Record No: H042233)
2 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel,Pay; Seidu, R.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Konradsen, F. 2010. Harnessing farmers’ knowledge and perceptions for health-risk reduction in wastewater-irrigated agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.337-354. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Excreta ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Risk management ; Farmers ; Indigenous knowledge
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042617)
(0.23 MB)
This chapter addresses the importance of understanding farmers’ knowledge and perceptions on health-risk and risk-reduction measures for the development of mutually acceptable risk-management strategies. Drawing on studies from different countries, the chapter shows that it is not realistic to expect high risk awareness. In cases where farmers are aware of health risks, they assess mitigation measures in view of their overall impact on work efficiency and crop yield rather than only the potential health benefits to be gained. The chapter asserts that for on-farm risk-reduction measures to be successful, it is pertinent that farmers’ needs and constraints are incorporated into the formulation of recommended practices. This might happen through indigenous processes but can be supported through farm-based participatory approaches where farmers and scientists work together in developing risk reduction measures. An important first step is the identification of mutually accepted problem indicators. Where health benefits for farmers and consumers are not sufficient reasons for the adoption of safer practices, other triggers have to be identified as well as appropriate communication channels for effective outreach.
3 Waters-Bayer, A.; Bayer, W. 2009. Enhancing local innovation to improve water productivity in crop–livestock systems. Rangeland Journal, 31(2):231-235.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 636 100 AME Record No: H042782)
(0.58 MB)
In their efforts to adapt to changing conditions and grasp opportunities, small-scale farmers have been innovating since time immemorial. With increasing scarcity of water, harnessing water productivity in crop–livestock systems will require enhancing such local innovation processes, including both endogenous development and local adaptation of exogenous interventions. The paper highlights the importance of taking an innovation systems perspective in this endeavour. The various actors involved in agricultural production, extension, research, education, policymaking and trade who can contribute to or constrain innovation processes need to be recognised and their interactions understood. Particularly in the realm of working with water – often the task of women and girls – gender aspects must be addressed, including women’s role in innovation processes and the impact of change in water access and use on women’s workloads and decision-making. The paper presents examples of technical and socio-institutional innovation to improve crop–livestock water productivity that have been developed by local resource users. It demonstrates how scientists and technical advisors in research and development organisations can harness these dynamics in local knowledge by identifying local innovations, exploring together with local people the rationale behind them, and explaining in scientific terms why they work. It argues for an approach to research that allows farmers to be creative and that strengthens their capacities to continue to adapt to changing conditions. It stresses the role of researchers in revealing how farmers are developing solutions that challenge official policy, and then joining forces with farmers to bring about policy change to accommodate and encourage local innovation. Thus, it presents one ‘intervention’ that could enhance crop–livestock water productivity: promoting an approach of recognising local innovation and engaging in participatory research with local people who are developing their own ways to make the most of scarce water.
4 Krishnan, S. 2008. Duel among duals?: popular science of basaltic hydrogeology in a village of Saurashtra. In Kumar, M. Dinesh (Ed.). Managing water in the face of growing scarcity, inequity and declining returns: exploring fresh approaches. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Partners Meet, IWMI TATA Water Policy Research Program, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India, 2-4 April 2008. Vol.1. Hyderabad, India: International Water Management Institute (IWMI), South Asia Sub Regional Office. pp.391-411.
Groundwater management ; Hydrogeology ; Wells ; Drilling ; Indigenous knowledge ; Villages ; Case studies / India / Saurashtra / Rajasthan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G635 KUM Record No: H042915)
(0.82 MB)
Just as scientific data collection forms the backbone for national-level policy making on groundwater, There is a parallel stream of popular science that is used in decision making by farmers. These two ‘dual’ streams of knowledge exist together, sometimes complement, and at others times at conflict with each other in a ‘duel’. People’s knowledge on hydrology is not ‘dying’, but thriving and growing well, being refreshed continually by interfaces with science. It may be crude and unpolished, but it is localized, pervasive and relevant to needs of people. Especially in case of hard rock areas, the high hydrogeologic variability makes observation as important as theory. Such observation over decades leads to a developing science such as found in hard rock Saurashtra. It is this innate knowledge in society that has energised the action on conservation of water over the past two decades. Pockets of knowledge sources in villages are repositories of this science. Tapping such pockets, example that of well drillers, and harnessing them towards the state-organized data collection can potentially open up a new direction for localized groundwater management. The Jasdan area of Rajkot district has stirred in terms of groundwater recharge and conservation. In this area, the main actors of groundwater, apart from farmers are well drillers and related professionals of different vocations. Each professional has their own role, but as the main risk- taker, the farmer is the final decision-maker. Decisions on well drilling, location of ponds or recharge structures are made within these multiple points of knowledge sources. Innate terminology such as Kanh, Aadwan and Pad are used for describing hydrogeology, but these words have their roots in the local language. The main structures such as dykes and pore interspaces are easily located by knowledge generated through years of both, vertical and extensive horizontal drilling. Further, using these basic concepts, other applied subjects such as, well hydraulics, can be explained in these same terms. Comparison of this village hydrogeology with regional-level databases shows that there is rich information stored within these knowledge sources. The large level picture of surface lineaments available through geophysical and remote sensing studies, imparts a global picture to this localized knowledge and a potential fusing of these two can be highly potent. Perhaps, this apparent duality between formal science and people’s science is just an illusion, a product of our point of observation, and both of these possibly belong to the same process of societies’ program of knowledge generation. Thus, as this case study shows, instead of launching new data collection programs at village-level or persisting with the nation-wide monitoring networks for groundwater as is the current practice, it might be better to listen to the people and tap the right knowledge sources. There might be a large treasure hidden beneath just by scratching the surface.
5 McIntyre, B. D.; Herren, H. R.; Wakhungu, J.; Watson, R. T. (Eds.) 2009. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD): Agriculture at a Crossroads, synthesis report: a synthesis of the global and sub-global IAASTD Reports. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press. 95p.
Biofuels ; Biotechnology ; Climate change ; Health ; Natural resources management ; Indigenous knowledge ; Women ; Trade policy
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.927 G000 MCI Record No: H042939)
http://www.agassessment.org/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Synthesis%20Report%20(English).pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042939.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042939.pdf
(5.47 MB)
6 McIntyre, B. D.; Herren, H. R.; Wakhungu, J.; Watson, R. T. (Eds.) 2009. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD): Agriculture at a Crossroads, executive summary of the synthesis report. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press. 23p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.927 G000 MCI Record No: H042941)
http://www.agassessment.org/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Executive%20Summary%20of%20the%20Synthesis%20Report%20(English).pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042941.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042941.pdf
(1.27 MB)
7 Mapedza, Everisto. 2010. Indigenous forestry. In Warf, B. Encyclopedia of geography. London, UK: Sage. 2p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043253)
(0.09 MB)
Indigenous forestry started getting recognition after the failure of state-dominated forestry, which excluded historical forestry management by indigenous and local communities. Indigenous forestry is defined as an approach that sees local indigenous forestry users as taking a central role in how their resources are managed and used. The indigenous forestry approach contrasts with conventional or scientific forestry, which brings in outside knowledge that indigenous people are then forced to use in planning, management, and use of their forests.
8 Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). 2010. 11th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 27-29 October 2010. IWRM for national and regional integration: where science, policy and practice meet: water and land. Harare, Zimbabwe: Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). 561p.
River basins ; Water productivity ; Remote sensing ; Evapotranspiration ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Global warming ; Farmers ; Wetlands ; Rainfed farming ; Water harvesting ; Dams ; Reservoirs ; Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation programs ; Crop production ; Maize ; Indigenous knowledge ; Weather forecasting ; Indicators ; Wetlands ; Ecosystems ; Economic evaluation ; Households ; Income ; Soil moisture ; Monitoring ; Models ; Conservation tillage ; Sedimentation ; Runoff ; Erosion ; Livestock ; Drought ; Decision making / Africa / Africa South of Sahara / Malawi / South Africa / Uganda / Swaziland / Zimbabwe / Botswana / Tanzania / Southern Africa / Limpopo River Basin / Shire Valley / Roswa Dam / Enhlanzeni District / Salima District / Lifuwu Irrigation Scheme / Mulanje District / Nessa Village / Karonga District / Muyeleka Village / Lake Malawi / Kampala District / Wakiso District / Lubigi Wetland / Lower Usuthu Smallholder Irrigation Project / Okavango River Basin / Victoria Falls / Zambezi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043407)
http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/11thSymposium/WaterandLandFullPapers2010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043407.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043407.pdf
(15.02 MB) (20.13 MB)
9 Peiris, K.; Narayana, M.; Wijesinghe, S. 2008. Ecosystem based indigenous water management. Colombo, Sri Lanka: National Science Foundation. 44p. (National Science Foundation Science Book Series 3)
Tanks ; Design ; Indigenous knowledge ; History ; Ecosystems ; Irrigation systems ; Canals ; Irrigated rice / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G744 PEI Record No: H043753)
(0.34 MB)
10 Leal Filho, W. (Ed.) 2011. Experiences of climate change adaptation in Africa. London, UK: Springer. 315p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Mapping ; Economic value ; Wildlife ; Rain ; Rainfed farming ; Disasters ; Risk reduction ; Policy ; Case studies ; Indigenous knowledge ; Food security ; Pastoralism ; Grazing lands ; Lowland ; Decentralization ; Drought ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Ecosystems ; Solar energy ; Soil analysis ; Erosion ; Carbon ; Statistical analysis ; Research projects ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Environmental effects ; Ecosystems ; Models / Africa / Tanzania / Kenya / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara / Zambia / Nigeria / Kilombero Ramsar Site / Nandi District / Keiyo District / Samburu East District / Tigray / Zanzibar / Mount Kenya Ecosystem
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G100 LEA Record No: H044413)
(0.34 MB)
11 Leal Filho, W. (Ed.) 2011. Experiences of climate change adaptation in Africa. London, UK: Springer. 315p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Mapping ; Economic value ; Wildlife ; Rain ; Rainfed farming ; Disasters ; Risk reduction ; Policy ; Case studies ; Indigenous knowledge ; Food security ; Pastoralism ; Grazing lands ; Lowland ; Decentralization ; Drought ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Ecosystems ; Solar energy ; Soil analysis ; Erosion ; Carbon ; Statistical analysis ; Research projects ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Environmental effects ; Ecosystems ; Models / Africa / Tanzania / Kenya / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara / Zambia / Nigeria / Kilombero Ramsar Site / Nandi District / Keiyo District / Samburu East District / Tigray / Zanzibar / Mount Kenya Ecosystem
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G100 LEA c2 Record No: H044416)
(0.35 MB)
12 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Seidu, R.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie.; Cofie, Olufunke; Konradsen, F. 2011. Mobiliser les connaissances et les perceptions des agriculteurs pour reduire les risques sanitaires de l’agriculture irriguee avec des eaux usees. In French. [Harnessing farmers’ knowledge and perceptions for health-risk reduction in wastewater-irrigated agriculture]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.363-383. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Excreta ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Risk management ; Farmers ; Indigenous knowledge
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044474)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044474.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044474.pdf
(0.98 MB) (5.96MB)
This chapter addresses the importance of understanding farmers’ knowledge and perceptions on health-risk and risk-reduction measures for the development of mutually acceptable risk-management strategies. Drawing on studies from different countries, the chapter shows that it is not realistic to expect high risk awareness. In cases where farmers are aware of health risks, they assess mitigation measures in view of their overall impact on work efficiency and crop yield rather than only the potential health benefits to be gained. The chapter asserts that for on-farm risk-reduction measures to be successful, it is pertinent that farmers’ needs and constraints are incorporated into the formulation of recommended practices. This might happen through indigenous processes but can be supported through farm-based participatory approaches where farmers and scientists work together in developing risk reduction measures. An important first step is the identification of mutually accepted problem indicators. Where health benefits for farmers and consumers are not sufficient reasons for the adoption of safer practices, other triggers have to be identified as well as appropriate communication channels for effective outreach.
13 Erkossa, T.; Ayele, G. 2003. Indigenous knowledge and practices for soil and water management in East Wollega, Ethiopia. Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, Gottingen, Germany, 8-10 October 2003. 15p.
Indigenous knowledge ; Soil management ; Soil fertility ; Water management ; Farmers ; Erosion ; Land degradation ; Nutrients ; Tillage ; Crops ; Highlands ; Land use ; Indicators / Ethiopia / Oromia region / Jimma Horro / Diggaa Leeqaa / East Wollega
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044817)
http://www.tropentag.de/2003/abstracts/links/Erkossa_DiG4j4Tt.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044817.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044817.pdf
(0.09 MB) (88.23KB)
The study was conducted in western Ethiopia in order to identify local soil and water management related knowledge and practices of the farmers in order to utilize the output in further research and development interventions in the area. The awareness about the existence and extent of land degradation and nutrient depletion; and its contributory factors are pre-requisite for farmers to undertake any effort to arrest the problem. Farmers in the study area recognized soil erosion and nutrient depletion, and established cause and effect relationship between factors. The major causes of land degradation and nutrient depletion are soil erosion, intensive Tillage, exhaustion of nutrients by crops and deforestation. Apparently, crop type and crop management were emphasized particularly with respect to soil erosion. Small cereals like tef (Eragrostis tef), which require highly intensive tillage and smooth seedbed are considered detrimental while legumes and oil crops contribute positively to the land quality. On the side of the solution to these over-riding problems, they have various options ranging from simple mechanical or agronomic to integrated; and from a field level to a watershed scale. Some of the indigenous soil and water management practices identified in the area are consistent with similar practices found in different parts of the country (AZENE, 1997; MILLION, 1996; KEBEDE et al., 1996), while some are unique to the area. Joro for soil conservation and nutrient management, and Ciicata, Kolaasaa and their integration with crop rotation for soil fertility maintenance and weed control are among the unique practices in the area. The practices are widely used in the study areas, and are appreciated by all the farmers. Detail description and rationale of every practice is discussed in this paper.
14 Mirza, M. M. Q.; Ahmed, A. U.; Ahmad, Q. K. (Eds.) 2008. Interlinking of rivers in India: issues and concerns. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. 298p.
Water resources development ; Water management ; Rivers ; Flow discharge ; Indigenous knowledge ; Water crisis ; Food security ; Water security ; Economic development ; Costs ; Simulation models ; Hydrology ; Water sharing ; Energy generation ; Environmental effects ; Social aspects ; Legal aspects ; Public health ; Waterborne diseases ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Downstream ; Upstream ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Flooding ; Drought / South Asia / Central Asia / East Asia / South Asia / India / Nepal / Europe / Bangladesh / China / Latin America
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.6 G000 MIR Record No: H044957)
(0.50 MB)
15 Singh, R. 2008. The indigenous knowledge systems of water management in India. In Mirza, M. M. Q.; Ahmed, A. U.; Ahmad, Q. K. (Eds.). Interlinking of rivers in India: issues and concerns. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. pp.235-251.
Natural resources management ; Water management ; Water harvesting ; Water level ; Groundwater recharge ; Indigenous knowledge ; Rivers ; History / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.6 G000 MIR Record No: H045879)
16 Jyothi, V.; Panabokke, C. R. 2010. Evolution of the indigenous village irrigation systems of Sri Lanka. Economic Review, April-May:3-9.
Indigenous knowledge ; Villages ; Irrigation systems ; History ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Tanks ; Ponds ; Waterfalls ; Surveys / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045936)
(1.33 MB)
17 Oweis, T.; Hachum, A.; Bruggeman, A. (Eds.) 2004. Indigenous water-harvesting systems in West Asia and North Africa. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) 173p.
Water resources ; Water harvesting ; History ; Techniques ; Drinking water ; Ponds ; Dams ; Lakes ; Indigenous knowledge ; Arid zones ; Rain water management ; Runoff ; Reservoirs ; Agriculture / West Asia / North Africa / Tunisia / Jordan / Morocco / Syria / Libya / Iraq / Egypt / Yemen / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 OWE Record No: H045946)
(0.43 MB)
18 Jayawardena, I. 2015. Sustainable hydro-ecosystem management as echoed in ancient cascade system of Sri Lanka. Soba Parisara Prakashanaya, 24(1):22-24.
Ecosystems ; Hydrological factors ; Sustainability ; Indigenous knowledge ; Water use ; Waterfalls ; Tank irrigation ; Catchment areas ; Soils / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8159 Record No: H047164)
(0.86 MB)
19 Barker, D. H.; Watson, A. J.; Sombatpanit, S.; Northcutt, B.; Maglinao, Amado R.; Ang, T. M. (Eds.) 2004. Ground and water bioengineering for erosion control and slope stabilization. Enfield, NH, USA: Science Publishers. 419p.
Biotechnology ; Watershed management ; Water conservation ; Erosion control ; Sloping land ; Soil stabilization ; Soil conservation ; Soil fertility ; Humid tropics ; Ecosystems ; Vegetation ; Root systems ; Nitrogen fixing trees ; Hedging plants ; Terrace cropping ; Mulching ; Indigenous knowledge ; Cultural methods ; Forest fires ; Highlands ; Dams ; Rivers ; Sedimentation ; Mudstone ; Granite soils ; Volcanic soils ; Mine spoil ; Landslides ; Hurricanes ; Sustainability ; Smallholders ; Cropping systems ; Cassava ; Road construction ; Case studies / Asia Pacific Region / USA / Philippines / China / Hong Kong / Nepal / India / Sri Lanka / Pakistan / Bangladesh / Vanuatu / Indonesia / South Western Taiwan / Korea / Papua New Guinea / South Africa / Maharashtra / Mangala Dam / Halsema Highway / Subic Freeport Expressway / Kosong / Rabaul
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 624.151363 G000 BAR Record No: H047280)
(0.43 MB)
20 Htwe, C. M.; Ngwe, K.; Win, K. K.; Mar, S. S. 2016. Estimating soil nutrient supplying capacity for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. In Kywe, M.; Ngwe, K.; Oo, A. N. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Ninth Agricultural Research Conference, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 12-13 January 2016. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Yezin Agricultural University. pp.158-176.
Irrigated rice ; Soil fertility ; Fertilizer application ; NPK fertilizers ; Site specific nutrient management ; Nutrient uptake ; Agricultural production ; Seasonal cropping ; Crop yield ; High yielding varieties ; Hybrids ; Indigenous knowledge / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047578)
(1.79 MB)
Soil nutrient supply capacity, nutrient use efficiency and fertilizer requirement for the consecutive rice cropping in irrigated system were investigated using a randomized complete block design with different fertilization treatments, including control (no fertilizer application), PK, NK, NP and NPK fertilization with four replications at Myanmar Rice Research Center (MRRC). Short duration rice varieties, Pale Thwe-1 (hybrid) and Yadanar Toc (HYV) were used to determine the soil indigenous nutrient supply capacity, to evaluate the omission plots for estimating fertilizer use efficiencies and to estimate the indigenous nutrients (N, P and K) as an requirement for working out a site specific fertilizer recommendation. The results of five treatments in four seasons indicated that the indigenous nutrient supply capacity of N, P and K (INS, IPS and IKS) ranged from (30.1 to 87.7) kg N ha-1, (8.9 to 53.7) kg P ha-1 and (43.7 to 165.3) kg K ha-1 . The nutrient use efficiencies (NUE, PUE and KUE) ranged between (2.1 to 27.8 kg kg-1 N applied), (12.8 to 63.5 kg kg-1 P applied) and (4.5 to 28.3 kg kg-1 K applied) in two rice varieties. It was also observed that rice crop could use nutrient more efficiently in dry season than in wet season. The four season's rice-rice monoculture also showed that balanced application of N, P and K promoted not only grain yield but also nutrient uptake. The yield increases of Pale Thwe-1 and Yadanar Toe over control treatment were 86, 52 % in NPK, 55, 44 % in NK and 65, and 37 % in NP a treatments, respectively. Nitrogen was the first nutrient limiting factor for yield, followed by P and then K. The greater N fertilizer requirement of Pale Thwe-1 variety was based on the greater yield target. The average amount of four season's fertilizer requirements were 160 kg N ha-1, 45 kg P ha-1 and 75 (kg K ha-1 for hybrid. Fertilizers were applied at a rate of 100 kg N ha-1, 30 kg P ha-1 and 70 kg K ha-1 for HYV. The importance of balanced fertilization in maintaining soil fertility for sustainable yield production is highly evident. The present study was conducted for only four consecutive rice cropping seasons at MRRC and the work needs further investigation.
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