Your search found 29 records
1 Costanza, R.; Cumberland, J. H.; Daly, H.; Goodland, R.; Norgaard, R. B.; Kubiszewski, I.; Franco, C. 2015. An introduction to ecological economics. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. 337p.
Environmental economics ; Economic development ; Ecology ; Ecosystem services ; Biodiversity ; Natural environment ; Sustainable development ; Gross national product ; Environmental policy ; Environmental organizations ; Regulations ; Pollution control ; User charges ; Trade policy ; Population ; Social welfare
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 577 G000 COS Record No: H046862)
(0.58 MB)
2 Owen, D. A. L. 2016. Public–private partnerships in the water reuse sector: a global assessment. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4):526-535. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1137211]
Public-private cooperation ; Water reuse ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Drinking water ; Wastewater treatment ; Development projects ; Contracts ; Databases ; Water policy ; Economic development ; Gross national product ; Population
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047743)
(0.85 MB)
Unlike contracts involving water provision, involving the private sector in water reuse projects is not seen as politically contentious. Water reuse remains a small element of public–private partnership contracts in general, but their frequency of use has increased, notably since 2005. These contracts are typically awarded in middle-to-high-income countries, and there is a relation between contract awards and water stress. In terms of population served, 5% of contracts were awarded in areas without water stress and 77% in areas with high water stress.
3 Shah, M.; Vijayshankar, P. S. (Eds.) 2016. Water: growing understanding, emerging perspectives. New Delhi, India: Orient BlackSwan. 559p. (Readings on the Economy, Polity and Society)
Water resources development ; Groundwater management ; Groundwater depletion ; Water scarcity ; Water allocation ; Drinking water ; Agriculture ; Water use efficiency ; Water demand ; Water market ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Water policy ; Institutional reform ; Privatization ; Political aspects ; River basins ; Dams ; Balance of nature ; Monsoon climate ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Wells ; Indigenous knowledge ; Socioeconomic environment ; Colonialism ; Gender ; Caste systems ; Capitalism ; Conflict ; Irrigation efficiency ; Electricity supplies ; Economic value ; Gross national product ; Agrarian reform ; Green revolution ; Case studies / India / Gujarat / Bihar / Punjab / Bengal / Indus Basin / Mahanadi Delta / Chhattisgarh / Cauvery River / Jyotirgram Scheme / Narmada Project / Sardar Sarovar Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G635 SHA Record No: H047744)
(0.38 MB)
4 Ndikumana, L.; Pickbourn, L. 2017. The impact of foreign aid allocation on access to social services in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of water and sanitation. World Development, 90:104-114. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.09.001]
Development aid ; Social services ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Population ; Public health ; Poverty ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; State intervention ; Economic indicators ; Gross national product ; Models ; Regression analysis ; Econometrics ; Sustainable development / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048002)
(0.36 MB)
The Sustainable Development target of ensuring access to water and sanitation for all by 2030 has far-reaching implications for the achievement of the other SDGs. However, achieving this target remains a major challenge for sub-Saharan Africa, and the ability of governments in the region to expand access is constrained by limited financial resources. This paper investigates whether targeting foreign aid to the water and sanitation sector can help achieve the goal of expanding access to water and sanitation services in sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis is based on panel data estimation techniques controlling for country-specific effects and potential endogeneity of regressors. The econometric results suggest that increased aid targeted to the supply of water and sanitation is associated with increased access to these services, although the relationship is non-linear. The evidence in this study makes an important contribution to the scholarly debate on aid effectiveness. It also has important practical implications for aid policy: specifically, it suggests that in addition to scaling up aid disbursements to sub-Saharan African countries, donors need to increase aid allocation to water and sanitation as well as other areas where the region lags behind. There is also a need to identify structural constraints that may limit access to water and sanitation, and utilize foreign aid so as to alleviate these constraints.
5 Chalise, S.; Naranpanawa, A. 2016. Climate change adaptation in agriculture: a computable general equilibrium analysis of land-use change in Nepal. Land Use Policy, 59:241-250. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.09.007]
Climate change adaptation ; Agricultural sector ; Land use ; Equilibrium theory ; Models ; Economic aspects ; Gross national product ; Household consumption ; Farmers ; Employment ; Crops ; Income ; Consumer prices ; Forecasting ; Rural areas / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048055)
(0.98 MB)
This paper investigates the feasibility of changes in cropland-use as an adaptation strategy to minimise the economy-wide costs of climate change on agriculture. Nepal makes an interesting case study as it is one of the most vulnerable agricultural economies within South Asia. We develop a comparative static multi-household computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for Nepal, with a nested set of constant elasticity of transformation (CET) functional forms, to model the allocation of land within different agricultural sectors. Land transformation elasticities in these CET functions are allowed to reflect the ease of switching from one crop to another based on their agronomic characteristics. The results suggest that, in the long run, farmers in Nepal tend to allocate land to crops that are comparatively less impacted by climate change, such as paddy, thereby minimising the economy-wide impacts of climate change. Furthermore, the results reveal that land-use change tends to reduce the income disparity between different household groups by significantly moderating the income losses of marginal farmers. Therefore, it is suggested that policy makers in Nepal should prioritise schemes such as providing climate-smart paddy varieties (i.e., those that are resistant to heat, drought and floods) to farmers, subsidising fertilizers, improving agronomic practices, and educating farmers to switch from crops that are highly impacted by climate change to those that are not, such as paddy.
6 Ebeke, C. H.; Etoundi, S. M. N. 2017. The effects of natural resources on urbanization, concentration, and living standards in Africa. World Development, 96:408-417. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.026]
Natural resources ; Urbanization ; Living standards ; Water availability ; Sanitation ; Informal sector ; Governance ; Urban population ; Slums ; Off farm employment ; Income ; Gross national product ; Econometrics ; Models / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048239)
(0.30 MB)
This paper examines the effects of natural resource abundance on urbanization and living standards in Africa. Our central hypothesis is that the exploitation of natural resources in a context of poor governance quality creates the conditions for rapid urbanization and urban concentration, and ultimately lowers living standards in primal cities. Using a large panel of African countries, our results show that an increase in the share of natural resources leads to a rapid increase in urbanization and urban concentration, even after taking into account endogeneity issues, or after using more exogenous measures of resource dependency. The paper also establishes a negative association between the resource abundance, the quality of life in large cities and the degree of informality via the increase in urbanization rate and urban concentration. Importantly, we have established that these results mostly hold in the context of bad governance. More specifically, the resource-led urbanization and concentration booms take place mainly in countries characterized by poor governance records. Furthermore, poor governance quality is associated with a more detrimental effect of urbanization and urban concentration on the quality of life in African cities. These results suggest that ongoing transformations experienced by these countries call for complementary policies to ensure a more balanced and efficient urbanization process.
7 Weiler, F.; Klock, C.; Dornan, M. 2018. Vulnerability, good governance, or donor interests?: the allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. World Development, 104:65-77. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.001]
Climate change adaptation ; Development aid ; Donors ; Funding ; Financing ; Governance ; Developing countries ; Indicators ; Gross national product ; Political aspects ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048698)
(0.99 MB)
Developed countries provide increasing amounts of aid to assist developing countries adapt to the impacts of climate change. How do they distribute this aid? While donors agreed to prioritise "particularly vulnerable" countries, we know from the general aid allocation literature that donors (also) use aid as a foreign policy tool to promote their own economic and political goals. In this paper, we analyse data on bilateral adaptation aid from 2010 through 2015 to assess to what extent adaptation aid is provided in response to recipient need (that is, vulnerability to climate change impacts) as opposed to recipient merit (that is, good governance) and donors’ interests. In contrast to previous research, we find that donors partly take into account vulnerability to climate change. Countries that are physically more exposed to climate change tend to be more likely to receive some adaptation aid and also receive more adaptation aid per capita, as do poorer countries, small island developing states and—to a lesser extent—least developed countries. Countries with lower adaptive capacity, however, do not receive more adaptation aid; instead, donors reward well-governed countries with adaptation aid as well as use adaptation aid to promote their own economic interests. Furthermore, adaptation aid flows very closely follow general development aid flows. The extent to which adaptation aid is new and additional thus remains unclear.
8 Nhemachena, Charles; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso. 2017. Agricultural growth trends and outlook for Lesotho. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 30p. (ReSAKSS-SA Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2016)
Agricultural development ; Agricultural sector ; Performance evaluation ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural productivity ; Environmental effects ; Climate change ; Socioeconomic environment ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Equity ; Economic indicators ; Gross national product ; Agricultural trade ; Expenditure ; Agroecological zones ; Soils ; Arable land ; Development programmes / Southern Africa / Lesotho
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048751)
http://resakss.org/sites/default/files/ReSAKSS-SA%20-%20ATOR%20-%202016%20-%20high%20res%20with%20crop%20marks%20%28002%29.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048751.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048751.pdf
(1.05 MB) (1.05 MB)
9 Holmatov, Bunyod; Lautze, Jonathan; Manthrithilake, Herath; Makin, Ian. 2017. Water security for productive economies: applying an assessment framework in southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 100:258-269. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2017.04.007]
Water security ; Water productivity ; Economic aspects ; Agricultural production ; Electricity generation ; Industrial uses ; Water resources ; Water supply ; Water stress ; Drought ; Resilience ; Gross national product ; Indicators ; SADC countries / Southern Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048773)
(1.14 MB)
Achieving water security has emerged as a major objective in Africa, yet an analytical or diagnostic framework for assessing water security in African countries is not known to exist. This paper applies one key dimension of the 2016 Asian Development Bank's (ADB) Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO) to assess levels of water security for productive economies in countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Economic aspects of water security cover four areas: economic activities in the broad sense, agriculture, electricity, and industry. Water security in each area is measured through application of a set of indicators; results of indicator application are then aggregated to determine economic water security at a country-level. Results show that economic water security in SADC is greatest in the Seychelles and South Africa, and lowest in Madagascar and Malawi. Opportunities for strengthening economic water security in the majority of SADC countries exist through improving agricultural water productivity, strengthening resilience, and expanding sustainable electricity generation. More profoundly, this paper suggests that there is clear potential and utility in applying approaches used elsewhere to assess economic water security in southern Africa.
10 Eastin, J. 2018. Climate change and gender equality in developing states. World Development, 107:289-305. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.021]
Climate change ; Gender equity ; Women's participation ; Human rights ; Developing countries ; Environmental effects ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Gross national product ; Agriculture ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048828)
(0.43 MB)
It is commonly accepted that women can be more vulnerable than men to the adverse environmental effects of climate change. This paper evaluates whether the unequal distribution of costs women bear as a result of climate change are reflected across broader macro-social institutions to the detriment of gender equality and women’s rights. It argues that gender disparities in climate change vulnerability not only reflect preexisting gender inequalities, they also reinforce them. Inequalities in the ownership and control of household assets and rising familial burdens due to male out-migration, declining food and water access, and increased disaster exposure can undermine women’s ability to achieve economic independence, enhance human capital, and maintain health and wellbeing. Consequences for gender equality include reductions in intra-household bargaining power, as women become less capable of generating independent revenue. Outside the home, norms of gender discrimination and gender imbalances in socio-economic status should increase as women are less able to participate in formal labor markets, join civil society organizations, or collectively mobilize for political change. The outcome of these processes can reduce a society’s level of gender equality by increasing constraints on the advancement of laws and norms that promote co-equal status. I empirically test this relationship across a sample of developing states between 1981 and 2010. The findings suggest that climate shocks and climatic disasters exert a broadly negative impact on gender equality, as deviations from long-term mean temperatures and increasing incidence of climatological and hydro-meteorological disasters are associated with declines in women’s economic and social rights. These effects appear to be most salient in states that are relatively less-democratic, with greater dependence on agriculture, and lower levels of economic development.
11 Aragie, E.; Pauw, K.; Pernechele, V. 2018. Achieving food security and industrial development in Malawi: are export restrictions the solution? World Development, 108:1-15. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.020]
Food security ; Industrial development ; Export control ; Trade policies ; Maize ; Oilseeds ; Prices ; Markets ; Gross national product ; Households ; Farmers ; Income ; Models ; Sensitivity analysis / Malawi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048850)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18301025/pdfft?md5=81cc95d4b2800b02e37888117662d9dd&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X18301025-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048850.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048850.pdf
(0.57 MB) (592 KB)
Restrictions on staple or cash crop exports are frequently imposed in developing countries to promote food security or industrial development. By diverting production to local markets, these policies tend to reduce prices and increase domestic supply of food or intermediate inputs in the short term, to the benefit of consumers or manufacturers, which make them attractive to policymakers. However, in the long term, export restrictions discourage agricultural production, which may ultimately negate the short-term gains. This study assesses the economy-wide effects of Malawi’s long-term maize export ban, which was only recently lifted, and a proposed oilseed export levy intended to improve food security and support local processing industries, respectively. We find that maize export bans only benefit the urban non-poor, while poor farmers’ incomes and maize consumption levels decline in the longer run. The oilseed export levy also fails to achieve its long run objectives: even when tax revenues are used to further subsidize food processors, their gains in value-addition are outweighed by declining agricultural value-addition. More generally, these results show that while export restrictions may have the desired outcomes in the short run, production responses may render the policies ineffective in the medium to long run. Ultimately, such restrictive policies reinforce a subsistence approach to agriculture, which is inconsistent with the stated economic transformation goals of many Sub-Saharan African countries.
12 Pettinotti, L.; de Ayala, A.; Ojea, E. 2018. Benefits from water related ecosystem services in Africa and climate change. Ecological Economics, 149:294-305. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.03.021]
Ecosystem services ; Water resources ; Climate change adaptation ; Natural resources ; Economic value ; Gross national product ; Biodiversity ; Models ; Estimation ; Meta-analysis ; Case studies / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048916)
(1.57 MB)
The present study collects original monetary estimates for water related ecosystem service benefits on the African continent from 36 valuation studies. A database of 178 monetary estimates is constructed to conduct a meta-analysis that, for the first time, digs into what factors drive water related ecosystem service values in Africa. We find that the service type, biome and other socioeconomic variables are significant in explaining benefits from water related services. In order to understand the importance that benefits from water related ecosystem services have for climate change, we explore the relationship between these benefits and the countries' vulnerability and readiness to adapt to climate change. We find that countries face synergies and trade-offs in terms of how valuable their water related ecosystem services are and their potential vulnerability and adaptation capacity. While more vulnerable countries are associated with lower benefits from ecosystem services, countries with a higher readiness to adapt are also associated with lower ecosystem service values. Results are discussed in light of natural capital accounting and ecosystem-based adaptation.
13 McMillan, M.; Rodrik, D.; Sepulveda, C. (Eds.) 2016. Structural change, fundamentals, and growth: a framework and case studies. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 305p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292147]
Structural change ; Economic growth ; Economic structure ; Frameworks ; Case studies ; Agricultural productivity ; Trade liberalization ; Gross national product ; Manufacturing ; Trade policies ; Industrialization ; Human capital ; Labour market ; Unemployment ; Government policy ; Private sector ; Tariffs ; Constraints ; Political aspects ; Social change ; Transformation ; Households ; Developing countries ; Urbanization / India / Vietnam / Botswana / Ghana / Nigeria / Zambia / Brazil / Gujarat / Maharashtra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.9 G000 MCM Record No: H049061)
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/131168/filename/131379.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049061.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049061.pdf
(4.12 MB) (4.12 MB)
14 Mani, M.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Chonabayashi, S.; Markandya, A.; Mosier, T. 2018. South Asia’s hotspots: the impact of temperature and precipitation changes on living standards. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 101p. (South Asia Development Matters) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1155-5]
Climate change ; Living standards ; Extreme weather events ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Forecasting ; Resilience ; Greenhouse gases ; Carbon ; Water availability ; Monsoon climate ; Gross national product ; Policies ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Indicators ; Models ; Uncertainty / South Asia / Bangladesh / India / Sri Lanka / Pakistan / Nepal / Afghanistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049071)
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/201031531468051189/pdf/128323-PUB-PUBLIC-DOC-DATE-7-9-18.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049071.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049071.pdf
(5.29 MB) (5.29 MB)
South Asia is highly vulnerable to climate change. Average temperatures have been rising throughout the region, and rainfall has become more erratic. These changes are projected to continue accruing over the coming decades. South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards is the first book of its kind to provide granular spatial analysis of the long-term impacts of changes in average temperature and precipitation on one of the world’s poorest regions. South Asia’s Hotspots finds that higher temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns will reduce living standards in communities across South Asia—locations that the book terms hotspots. More than 800 million people in South Asia currently live in communities that are projected to become hotspots under a carbon-intensive climate scenario. Global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will reduce the severity of hotspots. Diverse and robust development is the best overall prescription to help people in hotspots. The book also suggests actions tailored to each country in the region such as increasing employment in non-agricultural sectors, improving educational attainment, and expanding access to electricity that would offset the declines in living standards associated with hotspots. South Asia’s Hotspots complements previous studies detailing the impacts of sea-level rise and extreme events on the people of South Asia. Together, these bodies of work create a sound analytical basis for investing in targeted policies and actions to build climate resilience throughout the region.
15 Matchaya, Greenwell C. 2020. Public spending on agriculture in southern Africa: sectoral and intra-sectoral impact and policy implications. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(6):1228-1247. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.05.002]
Agricultural sector ; Public expenditure ; Spending ; Agricultural development ; Gross national product ; Gross agricultural product ; Policies ; Research ; Subsidies ; Inflation ; Investment ; Crops ; Livestock ; Fisheries ; Forestry ; Models / Southern Africa / Malawi / Zambia / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049865)
(0.71 MB)
The purpose of this paper is two-fold: firstly, it examines the relationship between public agriculture expenditure and agriculture sector growth, and secondly, it examines the heterogeneous effects of expenditure on agriculture growth depending on which subsectors within agriculture receive the investments. The co-integration analysis results offer insights into a number of issues: (i) it is found that agricultural expenditures are important for agriculture sector growth in Malawi, Eswatini (Swaziland) and Zambia and (ii) that within the agricultural sectors, investing in research and development, subsidies, and in neglected areas (livestock, fisheries) alongside crops can expand the agricultural sector more. Policy makers should increase public spending in agriculture but should also emphasize on improving intra-sectoral allocations, targeting areas that create sectoral growth.
16 Konapala, G.; Mishra, A. 2020. Dynamics of virtual water networks: role of national socio-economic indicators across the world. Journal of Hydrology, 589:125171. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125171]
Virtual water ; Water resources ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Economic growth ; Indicators ; Gross national product ; National income ; Population ; Trends ; Sustainability ; Water use ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049926)
(6.10 MB)
Intensified water usage due to rapid industrialization is often dictated by economic policies based on monetary growth rather than sustainable use of environmental resources. In addition, interdependence within economic sectors further interweaves water usage through product transactions, which further makes it difficult to quantify the dynamics of hydro-economic systems at regional, national and global scale. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of domestic virtual water networks (VWN) of 189 countries based on concept of information theory by quantifying network metrics that describes VWN flow capacity, robustness, efficiency and flexibility. These networks represent virtual water interconnected through economic sectors within a specified country built based on environmentally extended multi region input output (EE-MRIO) approach. We further estimated trends associated with network metrics, as well as coupling intensity between metrics with respect to socio-economic indicators, such as, population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI). It was observed that capacity and flexibility of VWNs are strongly and positively correlated indicating that a high capacity VWN can be more flexible. Our results also indicate that, in general a higher percentage of developing countries (i.e. both least developing and developing nations) have exhibited increasing trends in capacity, robustness, efficiency and flexibility of VWN compared to developed nations. It was revealed that the dynamics of VWNs are positively coupled with socio-economic growth for few countries, which indicates the sustainable behavior of VWN with socio-economic growth. Our results argue that the information theory-based metrics by embedding water footprints can holistically capture sustainability aspect of the VWN dynamics.
17 Uddin, M. Md. M. 2020. What are the dynamic links between agriculture and manufacturing growth and environmental degradation?: evidence from different panel income countries. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 7:100041. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100041]
Agricultural sector ; Manufacturing ; Environmental degradation ; Economic growth ; Gross national product ; Energy consumption ; Urbanization ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Sustainability ; Renewable energy ; Policies ; Developing countries ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049928)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665972720300234/pdfft?md5=d666d8862ad5e97146bb4e27b6d0f5cb&pid=1-s2.0-S2665972720300234-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049928.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049928.pdf
(0.60 MB) (616 KB)
The study investigates the causal association between sectoral growth of agriculture and manufacturing in Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework for 115 countries over the period 1990–2016. Results show a long-run equilibrium relationship between CO2, CH4 and PM2.5 emissions and their macroeconomic determinants of agriculture and manufacturing GDP growth, energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness and transportation. Further agricultural GDP growth (YA2) has not significant impact causing CO2 emissions for lower-middle, upper-middle- and high-income groups while it has a significant positive impact for low income group. In CH4 emission, agriculture sector shows an inverted U-shaped EKC for low, lower-middle, and high-income groups and in PM2.5 emissions for all the income groups. However, manufacturing GDP growth shows a U-shaped EKC on CO2 emissions and an inverted U-shaped EKC on CH4 emissions for all the income groups. In the subsequent, pair wise Granger causality test shows that the variables have bidirectional and/or unidirectional causality for all the income panels. Our results suggest that promoting sectoral energy efficient policies, greener technologies and stringent regulation by the government can shield environment from degradation in the country.
18 Doeffinger, T.; Borgomeo, E.; Young, W. J.; Sadoff, Claudia; Hall, J. W. 2020. A diagnostic dashboard to evaluate country water security. Water Policy, 22(5):825-849. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.235]
Water security ; Evaluation ; Indicators ; Databases ; Case studies ; Water resources ; Water stress ; Sustainable Development Goals ; International waters ; Socioeconomic environment ; Environmental effects ; Gross national product ; Trends ; Groundwater / Pakistan / Afghanistan / Tajikistan / Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049944)
(0.59 MB)
While water security is widely regarded as an issue of global significance and concern, there is not yet a consensus on a methodology for evaluating it. The difficulty in operationalizing the concept comes from its various interpretations and characteristics at different spatial and temporal scales. In this paper, we generate a dashboard comprised of 52 indicators to facilitate a rapid assessment of a country’s water security and to focus the first step of a more comprehensive water security diagnostic assessment. We design the dashboard around a conceptualization of water security that builds upon existing framings and metrics. To illustrate its usefulness, we apply the dashboard to a case study of Pakistan and a regional cross-country comparative analysis. The dashboard provides a rapid view of the water security status, trends, strengths, and challenges for Pakistan. The cross-country comparative analysis tentatively identifies relationships between indicators such as water stress and the transboundary dependency ratio, with countries exhibiting high values in both variables being especially vulnerable to transboundary water risk. Overall, this dashboard (1) provides quantitative information on key water-related variables at the country level in a consistent manner and (2) helps to design and focus more in-depth water security diagnostic studies.
19 Janjua, S.; Hassan, I. 2020. Use of bankruptcy methods for resolving interprovincial water conflicts over transboundary river: case study of Indus River in Pakistan. River Research and Applications, 36(7):1334-1344. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3621]
Water resources ; International waters ; Conflicts ; Bankruptcy ; Gross national product ; River basins ; Water allocation ; Agriculture ; Water requirements ; Water scarcity ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Water deficit ; Sustainability ; Salinity ; Case studies / Pakistan / Indus River / Punjab / Sindh / Baluchistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049969)
(0.88 MB)
Sustainable transboundary water governance is often challenged by conflicts between agents, which necessitates the design of cooperative and self-enforcing alternatives to facilitate equitable water distribution. A pervasive and critical problem related to many transboundary rivers is that the total allocation or demand of riparian states is usually much more than that of the total available water. This problem is a major cause of disputes, both nationally and internationally. A key challenge concerns how to allocate the available water among riparian states with competing and often conflicting needs under an uncertain supply–demand gap. To address this pervasive allocation problem related to transboundary rivers, the bankruptcy method is used. The bankruptcy method distributes water among riparian states when their total demand exceeds the total available water. We investigate the utility of this method in the Indus River – a river that is shared among the four provinces of Pakistan, namely, Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) – using five commonly used bankruptcy rules and the Shapely value. Two new bankruptcy rules namely the “groundwater-based rule” and “the proposed rule” are also proposed to address the usage of groundwater: the land affected by salinity and the gross domestic product (GDP) of each province. Additionally, this paper introduces a new method to compare and contrast the bankruptcy rules, the Shapely value and the two proposed rules. The findings suggest that the groundwater-based rule has the lowest dispersion and is the preferred method for water allocation in the Indus River Basin. The use of the bankruptcy rules, the Shapely value and the two proposed methods has the potential to address the supply–demand mismatches of shared rivers. The proposed framework for selecting the best rule is recommended as an effective tool to facilitate negotiation over practical water allocation within transboundary river basins.
20 Amarasinghe, Upali; Amarnath, Giriraj; Alahacoon, Niranga; Ghosh, Surajit. 2020. How do floods and drought impact economic growth and human development at the sub-national level in India? Climate, 8(11):123. (Special issue: Climate Change and Water-Related Agricultural Risks) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8110123]
Flooding ; Drought ; Natural disasters ; Economic growth ; Gross national product ; Climate change adaptation ; Mitigation ; Monsoon climate ; Rain ; Trends ; Satellite observation ; Estimation ; River basins ; Groundwater recharge ; Investment ; Population / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050046)
(3.66 MB) (3.66 MB)
This paper tries to shift the focus of research on the impact of natural disasters on economic growth from global and national levels to sub-national levels. Inadequate sub-national level information is a significant lacuna for planning spatially targeted climate change adaptation investments. A fixed-effect panel regression analyses of 19 states from 2001 to 2015 assess the impacts of exposure to floods and droughts on the growth of gross state domestic product (GSDP) and human development index (HDI) in India. The flood and drought exposure are estimated using satellite data. The 19 states comprise 95% of the population and contribute 93% to the national GDP. The results show that floods indeed expose a large area, but droughts have the most significant impacts at the sub-national level. The most affected GSDPs are in the non-agriculture sectors, positively by the floods and negatively by droughts. No significant influence on human development may be due to substantial investment on mitigation of flood and drought impacts and their influence on better income, health, and education conditions. Because some Indian states still have a large geographical area, profiling disasters impacts at even smaller sub-national units such as districts can lead to effective targeted mitigation and adaptation activities, reduce shocks, and accelerate income growth and human development.
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