Your search found 14 records
1 Garrick, D.; Hope, R. 2013. Water security risk and response: the logic and limits of economic instruments. In Lankford, B.; Bakker, K.; Zeitoun, M.; Conway, D. (Eds.). Water security: principles, perspectives and practices. Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp.204-219. (Earthscan Water Text Series)
Water security ; Risk management ; Economic aspects ; Costs ; Water pollution ; Water supply ; Water market ; Sanitation ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G662 IND Record No: H046275)
2 Grafton, R. Q.; McLindin, M.; Hussey, K.; Wyrwoll, P.; Wichelns, D.; Ringler, C.; Garrick, D.; Pittock, J.; Wheeler, S.; Orr, S.; Matthews, N.; Ansink, E.; Aureli, A.; Connell, D.; De Stefano, L.; Dowsley, K.; Farolfi, S.; Hall, J.; Katic, Pamela; Lankford, B.; Leckie, H.; McCartney, Matthew; Pohlner, H.; Ratna, N.; Rubarenzya, M. H.; Raman, S. N. S.; Wheeler, K.; Williams, J. 2016. Responding to global challenges in food, energy, environment and water: risks and options assessment for decision-making. Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies, 3(2):275-299. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.128]
Risk assessment ; Food security ; Food production ; Energy ; Sustainable development ; Intensification ; Resilience ; Environmental effects ; Water resources ; Decision making ; Households ; Stakeholders ; Farmers ; Poverty
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047589)
(1.14 MB) (1.14 MB)
We analyse the threats of global environmental change, as they relate to food security. First, we review three discourses: (i) ‘sustainable intensification’, or the increase of food supplies without compromising food producing inputs, such as soils and water; (ii) the ‘nexus’ that seeks to understand links across food, energy, environment and water systems; and (iii) ‘resilience thinking’ that focuses on how to ensure the critical capacities of food, energy and water systems are maintained in the presence of uncertainties and threats. Second, we build on these discourses to present the causal, risks and options assessment for decision-making process to improve decisionmaking in the presence of risks. The process provides a structured, but flexible, approach that moves from problem diagnosis to better risk-based decision-making and outcomes by responding to causal risks within and across food, energy, environment and water systems.
3 Hall, J. W.; Grey, D.; Garrick, D.; Fung, F.; Brown, C.; Dadson, S. J.; Sadoff, C.W. 2014. Water security: coping with the curse of freshwater variability: institutions, infrastructure, and information for adaptation. Science, 346(6208):429-430. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257890]
Freshwater ; Water resources ; Water security ; Flooding ; Drought ; Economic aspects ; Investment ; Risk management
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048104)
(0.43 MB)
4 Grey, D.; Garrick, D.; Blackmore, Dom; Kelman, J.; Muller, M.; Sadoff, Claudia. 2013. Water security in one blue planet: twenty-first century policy challenges for science. Philosophical Transactions A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371(2002):1-10. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0406]
Water security ; Water policy ; Water availability ; Hydrology ; Risk management ; Economic aspects ; Investment ; River basins ; Ecosystem services
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048106)
http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roypta/371/2002/20120406.full.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048106.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048106.pdf
(974 KB)
Water-related risks threaten society at the local, national and global scales in our inter-connected and rapidly changing world. Most of the world's poor are deeply water insecure and face intolerable water-related risks associated with complex hydrology. Most of the world's wealthy face lower water-related risks and less complex hydrology. This inverse relationship between hydrological complexity and wealth contributes to a divided world. This must be addressed if global water security is to be achieved. Using a risk-based framework provides the potential to link the current policy-oriented discourse on water security to a new and rigorous science-based approach to the description, measurement, analysis and management of water security. To provide the basis for this science-based approach, we propose an encompassing definition rooted in risk science: water security is a tolerable level of water-related risk to society. Water security policy questions need to be framed so that science can marshal interdisciplinary data and evidence to identify solutions. We join a growing group of scientists in asserting a bold vision for science leadership, calling for a new and comprehensive understanding of the planet's water system and society's water needs.
5 Sadoff, C. W.; Hall, J. W.; Grey, D.; Aerts, J. C. J. H.; Ait-Kadi, M.; Brown, C.; Cox, A.; Dadson, S.; Garrick, D.; Kelman, J.; McCornick, Peter; Ringler, C.; Rosegrant, M.; Whittington, D.; Wiberg, D. 2015. Securing water, sustaining growth. Report of the GWP/OECD Task Force on Water Security and Sustainable Growth. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford. 171p.
Water security ; Water scarcity ; Water supply ; Sustainable development ; Economic growth ; Investment ; Energy conservation ; Sanitation ; River basins ; Aquifers ; Urban areas ; Hydrological factors
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047036)
http://www.water.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/SCHOOL-OF-GEOGRAPHY-SECURING-WATER-SUSTAINING-GROWTH-DOWNLOADABLE.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047036.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047036.pdf
(11.03 MB)
6 Roic, K.; Garrick, D.; Qadir, M. 2017. The ebb and flow of water conflicts: a case study of India and Pakistan. In Adeel, Z.; Wirsing, R. G. (Eds.). Imagining industan: overcoming water insecurity in the Indus Basin. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp.49-66. (Water Security in a New World) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32845-4_4]
International waters ; Domestic water ; Conflict ; International cooperation ; Databases ; River basins ; Dams ; Political aspects ; Population ; Violence ; Case studies / India / Pakistan / Indus Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 ADE Record No: H048211)
(2.11 MB)
A growing body of evidence suggests that domestic water conflicts are not only more prevalent and violent than water conflicts at the international level, they can also have regional and international implications. Using India and Pakistan as a case study, this chapter explores how water conflicts within these two countries affect water relations between them. The chapter uses two forms of research. First, it employs event databases to provide a general overview of the frequency and intensity of water conflict and cooperation both between and within India and Pakistan from 1948 to 2014. Second, it draws on expert perspectives to provide more context and analysis of how water conflicts at these two scales-domestic and international- interact. The chapter concludes that water conflicts within India are largely self-contained and have no bearing on its water relations with Pakistan, whereas water conflicts within Pakistan are closely tied to India's actions upstream and therefore have a tendency to irritate water relations between them internationally.
7 Dadson, S.; Hall, J. W.; Garrick, D.; Sadoff, C.; Grey, D.; Whittington, D. 2017. Water security, risk, and economic growth: insights from a dynamical systems model. Water Resources Research, 53(8):6425-6438. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020640]
Water security ; Weather hazards ; Risk reduction ; Water poverty ; Water policy ; Economic growth ; Models ; Decision making ; Investment ; Assets ; Constraints
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048226)
(2.09 MB)
Investments in the physical infrastructure, human capital, and institutions needed for water resources management have been noteworthy in the development of most civilizations. These investments affect the economy in two distinct ways: (i) by improving the factor productivity of water in multiple economic sectors, especially those that are water intensive such as agriculture and energy and (ii) by reducing acute and chronic harmful effects of water-related hazards like floods, droughts, and water-related diseases. The need for capital investment to mitigate risks and promote economic growth is widely acknowledged, but prior conceptual work on the relationship between water-related investments and economic growth has focused on the productive and harmful roles of water in the economy independently. Here the two influences are combined using a simple, dynamical systems model of water-related investment, risk, and growth. In cases where initial water security is low, initial investment in water-related assets enables growth. Without such investment, losses due to water-related hazards exert a drag on economic growth and may create a poverty trap. The presence and location of the poverty trap is context-specific and depends on the exposure of productive water-related assets to water-related risk. Exogenous changes in water-related risk can potentially push an economy away from a growth path toward a poverty trap. Our investigation shows that an inverted-U-shaped investment relation between the level of investment in water security and the current level of water security leads to faster rates of growth than the alternatives that we consider here, and that this relation is responsible for the "S"-curve that is posited in the literature. These results illustrate the importance of accounting for environmental and health risks in economic models and offer insights for the design of robust policies for investment in water-related productive assets to manage risk, in the face of environmental change.
8 Grafton, R. Q.; Williams, J.; Perry, C. J.; Molle, F.; Ringler, C.; Steduto, P.; Udall, B.; Wheeler, S. A.; Wang, Y.; Garrick, D.; Allen, R. G. 2018. The paradox of irrigation efficiency: higher efficiency rarely reduces water consumption. Science, 361(6404):748-750. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9314]
Irrigation efficiency ; Water use ; Irrigation methods ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Surface irrigation ; Water accounting ; Water policy ; Watersheds ; River basins ; Crop production
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049033)
(1.42 MB)
Reconciling higher freshwater demands with finite freshwater resources remains one of the great policy dilemmas. Given that crop irrigation constitutes 70% of global water extractions, which contributes up to 40% of globally available calories (1), governments often support increases in irrigation efficiency (IE), promoting advanced technologies to improve the “crop per drop.” This provides private benefits to irrigators and is justified, in part, on the premise that increases in IE “save” water for reallocation to other sectors, including cities and the environment. Yet substantial scientific evidence (2) has long shown that increased IE rarely delivers the presumed public-good benefits of increased water availability. Decision-makers typically have not known or understood the importance of basin-scale water accounting or of the behavioral responses of irrigators to subsidies to increase IE. We show that to mitigate global water scarcity, increases in IE must be accompanied by robust water accounting and measurements, a cap on extractions, an assessment of uncertainties, the valuation of trade-offs, and a better understanding of the incentives and behavior of irrigators.
9 Anderson, E. P.; Jackson, S.; Tharme, R. E.; Douglas, M.; Flotemersch, J. E.; Zwarteveen, M.; Lokgariwar, C.; Montoya, M.; Wali, A.; Tipa, G. T.; Jardine, T. D.; Olden, J. D.; Cheng, L.; Conallin, J.; Cosens, B.; Dickens, Chris; Garrick, D.; Groenfeldt, D.; Kabogo, J.; Roux, D. J.; Ruhi, A.; Arthington, A. H. 2019. Understanding rivers and their social relations: a critical step to advance environmental water management. WIREs Water, 6(6):1-21. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1381]
Rivers ; Environmental flows ; Water management ; Human relations ; Social conditions ; Freshwater ; Water allocation ; Water governance ; Indigenous peoples ; Living standards ; Cultural values ; Ecological factors ; Ecosystems ; Declarations ; Case studies / Honduras / India / Canada / New Zealand / Australia / Patuca River / Ganga River / Athabasca River / Murray-Darling Basin / Kakaunui River / Orari River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049329)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wat2.1381
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049329.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049329.pdf
(3.57 MB) (3.57 MB)
River flows connect people, places, and other forms of life, inspiring and sustaining diverse cultural beliefs, values, and ways of life. The concept of environmental flows provides a framework for improving understanding of relationships between river flows and people, and for supporting those that are mutually beneficial. Nevertheless, most approaches to determining environmental flows remain grounded in the biophysical sciences. The newly revised Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018) represents a new phase in environmental flow science and an opportunity to better consider the co-constitution of river flows, ecosystems, and society, and to more explicitly incorporate these relationships into river management. We synthesize understanding of relationships between people and rivers as conceived under the renewed definition of environmental flows. We present case studies from Honduras, India, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia that illustrate multidisciplinary, collaborative efforts where recognizing and meeting diverse flow needs of human populations was central to establishing environmental flow recommendations. We also review a small body of literature to highlight examples of the diversity and interdependencies of human-flow relationships—such as the linkages between river flow and human well-being, spiritual needs, cultural identity, and sense of place—that are typically overlooked when environmental flows are assessed and negotiated. Finally, we call for scientists and water managers to recognize the diversity of ways of knowing, relating to, and utilizing rivers, and to place this recognition at the center of future environmental flow assessments.
10 Garrick, D.; De Stefano, L.; Yu, Winston; Jorgensen, I.; O’Donnell, E.; Turley, L.; Aguilar-Barajas, I.; Dai, X.; de Souza Leao, R.; Punjabi, B.; Schreiner, B.; Svensson, J.; Wight, C. 2019. Rural water for thirsty cities: a systematic review of water reallocation from rural to urban regions. Environmental Research Letters, 14(4):043003. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0db7]
Water allocation ; Water supply ; Rural communities ; Urbanization ; Access and benefit-sharing ; Transfer of waters ; Projects ; Water demand ; Water rights ; Water use ; Rural urban relations ; Conflicts ; Compensation ; Water policy ; Decision making
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049531)
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0db7/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049531.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049531.pdf
(2.10 MB) (2.10 MB)
Background: Competition for freshwater between cities and agriculture is projected to grow due to rapid urbanization, particularly in the Global South. Water reallocation from rural to urban regions has become a common strategy to meet freshwater needs in growing cities. Conceptual issues and associated measurement problems have impeded efforts to compare and learn from global experiences. This review examines the status and trends of water reallocation from rural to urban regions based on academic literature and policy documents.
Methods: We conduct a systematic literature review to establish the global reallocation database (GRaD). This process yielded 97 published studies (academic and policy) on rural-to-urban reallocation. We introduce the concept of reallocation ‘dyads’ as the unit of analysis to describe the pair of a recipient (urban) and donor (rural) region. A coding framework was developed iteratively to classify the drivers, processes and outcomes of water reallocation from a political economy perspective.
Results: The systematic review identified 69 urban agglomerations receiving water through 103 reallocation projects (dyads). Together these reallocation dyads involve approximately 16 billion m3 of water per year moving almost 13 000 kilometres to urban recipient regions with an estimated 2015 population of 383 million. Documented water reallocation dyads are concentrated in North America and Asia with the latter constituting the majority of dyads implemented since 2000.
Synthesis: The analysis illustrates how supply and demand interact to drive water reallocation projects, which can take many forms, although collective negotiation and administrative decisions are most prevalent. Yet it also reveals potential biases and gaps in coverage for parts of the Global South (particularly in South America and Africa), where reallocation (a) can involve informal processes that are difficult to track and (b) receives limited coverage by the English-language literature covered by the review. Data regarding the impacts on the donor region and compensation are also limited, constraining evidence to assess whether a water reallocation project is truly effective, equitable and sustainable. We identify frameworks and metrics for assessing reallocation projects and navigating the associated trade-offs by drawing on the concept of benefit sharing.
Methods: We conduct a systematic literature review to establish the global reallocation database (GRaD). This process yielded 97 published studies (academic and policy) on rural-to-urban reallocation. We introduce the concept of reallocation ‘dyads’ as the unit of analysis to describe the pair of a recipient (urban) and donor (rural) region. A coding framework was developed iteratively to classify the drivers, processes and outcomes of water reallocation from a political economy perspective.
Results: The systematic review identified 69 urban agglomerations receiving water through 103 reallocation projects (dyads). Together these reallocation dyads involve approximately 16 billion m3 of water per year moving almost 13 000 kilometres to urban recipient regions with an estimated 2015 population of 383 million. Documented water reallocation dyads are concentrated in North America and Asia with the latter constituting the majority of dyads implemented since 2000.
Synthesis: The analysis illustrates how supply and demand interact to drive water reallocation projects, which can take many forms, although collective negotiation and administrative decisions are most prevalent. Yet it also reveals potential biases and gaps in coverage for parts of the Global South (particularly in South America and Africa), where reallocation (a) can involve informal processes that are difficult to track and (b) receives limited coverage by the English-language literature covered by the review. Data regarding the impacts on the donor region and compensation are also limited, constraining evidence to assess whether a water reallocation project is truly effective, equitable and sustainable. We identify frameworks and metrics for assessing reallocation projects and navigating the associated trade-offs by drawing on the concept of benefit sharing.
11 Matthews, N.; Dalton, J.; Matthews, J.; Barclay, H.; Barron, J.; Garrick, D.; Gordon, L.; Huq, S.; Isman, T.; McCornick, P.; Meghji, A.; Mirumachi, N.; Moosa, S.; Mulligan, M.; Noble, A.; Petryniak, O.; Pittock, J.; Queiroz, C.; Ringler, C.; Smith, Mark; Turner, C.; Vora, S.; Whiting, L. 2022. Elevating the role of water resilience in food system dialogues. Water Security, 17:100126. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100126]
Food systems ; Water management ; Resilience ; Water governance ; Water systems ; Innovation ; Decision making ; Participation ; Policies ; Water resources ; Climate change ; Ecosystems ; Learning ; Information dissemination
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051489)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468312422000177/pdfft?md5=925a0cf228e088fef886a408882c02f5&pid=1-s2.0-S2468312422000177-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051489.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051489.pdf
(0.54 MB) (551 KB)
Ensuring resilient food systems and sustainable healthy diets for all requires much higher water use, however, water resources are finite, geographically dispersed, volatile under climate change, and required for other vital functions including ecosystems and the services they provide. Good governance for resilient water resources is a necessary precursor to deciding on solutions, sourcing finance, and delivering infrastructure. Six attributes that together provide a foundation for good governance to reduce future water risks to food systems are proposed. These attributes dovetail in their dual focus on incorporating adaptive learning and new knowledge, and adopting the types of governance systems required for water resilient food systems. The attributes are also founded in the need to greater recognise the role natural, healthy ecosystems play in food systems. The attributes are listed below and are grounded in scientific evidence and the diverse collective experience and expertise of stakeholders working across the science-policy interface: Adopting interconnected systems thinking that embraces the complexity of how we produce, distribute, and add value to food including harnessing the experience and expertise of stakeholders s; adopting multi-level inclusive governance and supporting inclusive participation; enabling continual innovation, new knowledge and learning, and information dissemination; incorporating diversity and redundancy for resilience to shocks; ensuring system preparedness to shocks; and planning for the long term. This will require food and water systems to pro-actively work together toward a socially and environmentally just space that considers the water and food needs of people, the ecosystems that underpin our food systems, and broader energy and equity concerns.
12 Beresford, M.; Wutich, A.; Garrick, D.; Drew, G. 2023. Moral economies for water: a framework for analyzing norms of justice, economic behavior, and social enforcement in the contexts of water inequality. WIREs WATER, 10(2):e1627. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1627]
Economic behaviour ; Water insecurity ; Water sharing ; Privatization ; Frameworks ; Water markets ; Communities ; Households ; Farmers ; Conflicts ; Irrigation systems ; Households ; Political aspects / Bolivia / Cochabamba
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051978)
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wat2.1627
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051978.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051978.pdf
(3.15 MB) (3.15 MB)
Over the past two decades, scholars have invoked E. P. Thompson's and James Scott's concept of a “moral economy” to explain how people mobilize notions of justice to make claims to water. We draw together 20 years of literature to assess the state-of-the-art present in research on moral economies for water. We trace the historical foundations of the moral economies concept and its relevance to water; define the three basic components of a moral economy for water—(1) shared understandings of justice, (2) normative economic practices, (3) social pressure mechanisms—and provide examples of how they manifest globally. We then discuss how moral economies for water can cycle through four basic states—balanced struggle, intensified reaction, mass revolt, and collapse and dissolution—at different scales. We also explore the implications of the moral economies framework for key areas of current research on water: water sharing, water commons, water markets, and biocultural outcomes, and discuss the ways in which the moral economies framework dovetails with recent advances in water research, especially the economics of water and development. We argue that the moral economies framework is a powerful explanatory tool for understanding the relationships between ideas of water justice, economic behaviors, and mechanisms of social enforcement that complements other methodological approaches and theoretical perspectives. We envision moral economies for water as a field that can facilitate a range of norm-based analyses of economic behavior and water justice, including across scales—from local to global—and in broad, integrative, multiscalar, and cross-disciplinary ways.
13 Dai, X.; Garrick, D.; Svensson, J.; Li, J.; Yue, Q. 2023. Performance evaluation of China's agricultural water rights markets (2002–2020) Water Policy, 25(12):1187-1205. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2023.232]
Water rights ; Water markets ; Agricultural water use ; Performance assessment ; Sustainability ; Economic development ; Water supply ; Water conservation ; Villages ; Irrigation water ; Surface water ; Evaluation ; Indicators / China / Zhangye / Heihe River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052457)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/25/12/1187/1344911/025121187.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052457.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052457.pdf
(0.72 MB) (740 KB)
The water rights market has been promoted in China since 2000. The lack of data and suitable evaluation methods impeded efforts to evaluate the market performance systematically. This research examines the characteristics, performance, and variation of China's agricultural water rights market (AWRM) on the basis of data from the field investigation, China Water Exchange, academic literature, and policy documents. We construct a comprehensive evaluation index system from the aspects of efficiency, fairness, and sustainability and quantitatively evaluate the performance of seven typical agricultural water markets in China. From 2002 to 2020, there were 1,752 cases of agricultural water transactions in China, with a total trading volume of 10.09 million m3. The market scale is increasing and the development of AWRM can be divided into three stages. Most agricultural water rights transactions happened in the west and the north. The average performance of typical AWRMs was poor. Typical water markets had the highest score for fairness and the lowest score for sustainability. Water markets in the humid areas performed the best, whereas the markets in the higher transaction level performed better. Water markets in areas with higher economic development had better performance.
14 Balasubramanya, S.; Garrick, D.; Brozovic, N.; Ringler, C.; Zaveri, E.; Rodella, A.-S.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Schmitter, Petra; Durga, Neha; Kishore, A.; Minh, Thai Thi; Kafle, K.; Stifel, D.; Balasubramanya, S.; Chandra, A.; Hope, L. 2024. Risks from solar-powered groundwater irrigation. Science, 383(6680):256-258. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi9497]
Groundwater irrigation ; Solar powered irrigation systems ; Pumps ; Emission reduction ; Water use ; Carbon / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052565)
(1.39 MB)
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