Your search found 49 records
1 McCartney, Matthew. 2013. The value of wetlands for livelihood support in Tanzania and Zambia. In Wood, A.; Dixon, A.; McCartney, Matthew. (Eds.). Wetland management and sustainable livelihoods in Africa. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.43-62.
Wetlands ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Case studies ; Household income ; Food security ; Environmental effects / Tanzania / Zambia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045885)
(1.37 MB)
2 Weeramunda, A. J.; Damayanthi, M. K. N. 2011. Pul Eliya re-visited: a case study of agrarian change. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute (HARTI). 133p. (HARTI Research Report 136)
Agrarian reform ; Socioeconomic environment ; Geography ; Rain ; Land use ; Land tenure ; Infrastructure ; Households ; Household income ; Population ; Education ; Social aspects ; Rice ; Production costs ; Water management ; Highlands ; Case studies / Sri Lanka / Pul Eliya / Anuradhapura / North Central Province
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 307.72 G744 WEE Record No: H046393)
(0.37 MB)
3 Gamage, D.; Damayanthi, M. K. N. 2012. Major dimensions of contemporary smallholder agriculture sector in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute (HARTI). 88p. (HARTI Research Report 146)
Smallholders ; Agricultural development ; Population ; Censuses ; Socioeconomic environment ; Education ; Employment ; Unemployment ; Household income ; Statistical analysis ; Land tenure ; Land use ; Crop production ; Rice ; Production costs ; Farmers ; Farm income ; Farm equipment ; Diversification ; Research / Sri Lanka / Polonnaruwa / Matale / Anuradhapura / Ampara / Galle / Matara / Puttalam / Hambantota / Kurunegala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630 G744 GAM Record No: H046394)
(0.34 MB)
4 Rambukwella, R. N. K.; Vidanapathirana, R. P.; Somaratne, T. G. 2007. Evaluation of crop insurance scheme in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute (HARTI). 108p. (HARTI Research Study 122)
Crop insurance ; Agricultural insurance ; Livestock insurance ; Policy ; Risk management ; Legislation ; Private sector ; Rice ; Farmers ; State intervention ; Economic aspects ; Loans ; Household income ; Crop losses / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa / Kurunegala / Hambantota
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 368.121 G744 RAM Record No: H046406)
(0.79 MB)
5 Sanderatne, N.; de Alwis, S. 2014. National and household food security in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA). 112p. (CEPA Study Series 8 - 2014)
Household income ; Household expenditure ; Food security ; Right to food ; Food production ; Food policies ; Development projects ; Political aspects ; Economic aspects ; Rice ; Subsidies ; Imports ; Nutrition ; Malnutrition / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.19 G744 SAN Record No: H046772)
(0.33 MB)
6 Kabir, K. A.; Sundaray, J. K.; Mandal, S.; Deo, D. A.; Burman, D.; Sarangi, S. K.; Bhattacharya, A.; Karim, M.; Shahrier, M. B.; Castine, S.; Phillips, M. 2015. Homestead farming system: comparative characterization and role in resource poor farmers’ livelihood in Bangladesh and West Bengal. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.251-264.
Farming systems ; Domestic gardens ; Farmers ; Living standards ; Rural poverty ; Household income ; Vegetables ; Fruits ; Aquaculture ; Livestock ; Food consumption ; Food production ; Nutrition ; Soil salinity ; Ponds ; Farmland ; Constraints ; Coastal area / India / Bangladesh / Ganges Delta / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047206)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047206.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047206.pdf
(0.43 MB) (11.9 MB)
7 Jumbe, C. B. L.; Nkhata, R. 2015. Does participation in communal water management improve household income? evidence from Malawi. Water Resources and Rural Development, 5:31-46. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2015.06.002]
Water management ; Irrigation management ; Community management ; Irrigation schemes ; Farmer participation ; Household income ; Farm income ; Crop yield ; Rice ; Maize ; Poverty ; Models ; Statistical methods ; Case studies / Malawi / Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047971)
(0.39 MB)
This paper presents empirical evidence of whether participation in community water resource management improves household agricultural income using a case study of irrigation co-management under the Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi. An endogenous switching regression was applied on a dataset of 412 farmers to correct the outcome (net agricultural income) for sample selection bias. Propensity score matching was then used to measure the impact of participation in irrigation co-management on net annual agricultural income. Despite variations in the magnitude of benefits among different groups, empirical evidence suggests that net annual agricultural income of the poor, youths and female-headed farmers participating in the scheme would have worsened had they not participated in the scheme.
8 Rahut, D. B.; Ali, A.; Imtiaz, M.; Mottaleb, K. A.; Erenstein, O. 2016. Impact of irrigation water scarcity on rural household food security and income in Pakistan. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 16(3):675-683. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.179]
Water scarcity ; Irrigation water ; Rural areas ; Household income ; Food security ; Poverty ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Cereal crops ; Wheat ; Maize ; Rice ; Crop yield ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Baluchistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048086)
(0.16 MB)
As Pakistan is currently facing a severe shortage of irrigation water, this paper analyzes the determinants of water scarcity and its impact on the yield of cereal crops (wheat, maize and rice), household income, food security and poverty levels by employing the propensity-score-matching approach. This study is based on a comprehensive set of cross-sectional data collected from 950 farmers from all four major provinces in Pakistan. The empirical analysis indicated that farmers with a water-scarcity problem have lower yield and household income, and are food insecure. Poverty levels were higher: in the range of 7–12% for a household facing a water-scarcity problem. The policy implications of the study are that the public and private sector in Pakistan needs to invest in irrigation water management to maintain the productivity of cereal crops which is important for household food security and poverty reduction.
9 Manero, A. 2017. Income inequality within smallholder irrigation schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5):770-787. (Special issue: The Productivity and Profitability of Small Scale Communal Irrigation Systems in South-eastern Africa). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1152461]
Irrigation schemes ; Smallholders ; Income distribution ; Equity ; National income ; Farm income ; Nonfarm income ; Household income ; Poverty ; Economic growth ; Gini coefficient ; Marginal analysis / Africa South of Sahara / Zimbabwe / Tanzania / Mozambique / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Silalabuhwa Irrigation Scheme / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Magozi Irrigation Scheme / 25 de Setembro Irrigation Scheme / Khanimambo Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048112)
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2016.1152461?needAccess=true#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzA3OTAwNjI3LjIwMTYuMTE1MjQ2MT9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048112.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048112.pdf
(1.38 MB) (1.38 MB)
Equitable income distribution is recognized as critical for poverty reduction, particularly in developing areas. Most of the existing literature is based on region- or country-wide data; fewer empirical studies exist at community levels. This article examines income disparities within six smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Mozambique, comparing inequality at local and national levels, as well as decomposing inequality by group and by source. The results present significant contrasts between schemes and compared to national figures. This evidences that, inadvertently, nation-wide strategies may overlook high inequality at smaller scales, and thus, development policies should be tailored to the specific areas of intervention.
10 Sivongxay, A.; Greiner, R.; Garnett, S. T. 2017. Livelihood impacts of hydropower projects on downstream communities in central Laos and mitigation measures. Water Resources and Rural Development, 9:46-55. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2017.03.001]
Water power ; Development projects ; Living standards ; Sustainability ; Social impact ; Downstream ; Communities ; Household income ; Economic development ; Strategies ; Financing ; Capital ; Natural resources ; Case studies / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Sengsavang / Namsanam / Kengsavang / Mahaxai / Naxeng / Nam Ngum 1 Hydropower Project / Theun Hinboun Hydropower Project / Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project / Nam Lik 1-2 Hydropower Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048196)
(1.17 MB)
We examine the social impacts of reservoir construction and management on communities located downstream from four hydropower projects in central Laos using the sustainable livelihoods framework to categorise and quantify impacts across environmental, financial, physical, human and social domains. Hydropower projects had profound impacts on the livelihoods of riparian households living downstream of the case study dams. Many were positive. Employment, social programs and infrastructure development were direct benefits. Indirect benefits included improvements in tourism and hospitality facilities as a consequence of hydropower project infrastructure such as access roads. For most case study households, these beneficial impacts outweighed adverse impacts on riverine fisheries. Minimising negative impacts and maximising the potential benefits requires that the construction, operation, and direct and indirect relations of the project operator with the communities meet appropriate standards of social responsibility. Policy implications of the research for hydropower policy in Laos, such as conditioning development, are discussed.
11 Tambo, J. A.; Wunscher, T. 2017. Farmer-led innovations and rural household welfare: evidence from Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 55:263-274. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.018]
Farmer participation ; Agricultural practices ; Innovation ; Household income ; Social welfare ; Household expenditure ; Household consumption ; Indicators ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Impact assessment ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models ; Econometrics ; Rural areas / Ghana / Bongo / Kassena Nankana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048318)
(0.43 MB)
It is well recognized that agricultural innovations could emerge from many sources, including rural farmers. Yet the numerous micro-level studies on impacts of agricultural innovations have largely focussed on externally promoted technologies, and a rigorous assessment of impacts of farmer-led innovations is lacking. We address this issue by analyzing the effect of farmer-led innovations on rural household welfare, measured by income, consumption expenditure, and food security. Using household survey data from northern Ghana and applying endogenous switching regression and maximum simulated likelihood techniques, we find that farmer-led innovations significantly increase household income and consumption expenditure per adult equivalent. The innovations also contribute significantly to the reduction of household food insecurity by increasing food consumption expenditure, by decreasing the duration of food shortages, and by reducing the severity of hunger. Furthermore, we find that these effects are more pronounced for farm households whose innovative activities are minor modifications of existing techniques. Overall, our results show positive welfare effects of farmer-led innovations, and thus support increasing arguments on the need to promote farmer-led innovations (which have been largely undervalued) as a complement to externally promoted technologies in food security and rural poverty reduction efforts.
12 Keerthiratne, S.; Tol, R. S. J. 2018. Impact of natural disasters on income inequality in Sri Lanka. World Development, 105:217-230. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.001]
Natural disasters ; Household income ; Equity ; Household expenditure ; Farm income ; Economic impact ; Population ; Socioeconomic environment ; Regression analysis ; Models / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048763)
(0.79 MB)
We explore the relationship between natural disasters and income inequality in Sri Lanka as the first study of this nature for the country. The analysis uses a unique panel data set constructed for the purpose of this paper. It contains district inequality measures based on household income reported in six waves of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of Sri Lanka during the period between 1990 and 2013, data on disaster affected population and other economic and social indicators. Employing a panel fixed effects estimator, we find that contemporaneous natural disasters and their immediate lags significantly and substantially decrease inequality in per adult equivalent household income as measured by the Theil index. Findings are robust across various inequality metrics, sub-samples and alternative estimators such as Ordinary Least Squares and System GMM. However, natural disasters do not affect household expenditure inequality. Either households behave as if they have a permanent income or all households reduce their expenditure proportionately irrespective of their income level in responding to natural disasters. Natural disasters decrease non-seasonal agricultural and non-agricultural income inequality but increase seasonal agricultural income inequality. Income of richer households is mainly derived from non-agricultural sources such as manufacturing and business activities and non-seasonal agricultural activities. Poorer households have a higher share of agricultural income.
13 Ali, A.; Rahut, D. B.; Mottaleb, K. A. 2018. Improved water-management practices and their impact on food security and poverty: empirical evidence from rural Pakistan. Water Policy, 20(4):692-711. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.044]
Water management ; Food security ; Poverty ; Rural areas ; Irrigation practices ; Water conservation ; Agriculture ; Crop yield ; Farmers ; Household income ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Balochistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048884)
(0.28 MB)
Using a comprehensive data set collected through field survey of 950 farmers across Pakistan, the current study evaluates water-management practices and their impact on food security and poverty. The results show that rural households mainly adopted four water-management practices (bund making, deep plowing, the adoption of stress-tolerant varieties, and irrigation supplements) and that the wealth, education, and gender of the farmer (male) positively influences the adoption of improved water-management practices. The propensity score matching approach shows that the adoption of improved water-management practices improves wheat and rice yields, household income and food security levels, and reduces poverty levels. The food security levels of households adopting improved water-management practices are higher: in the range of 3–12%. Higher wheat yields are in the range of 26.8–70.4 kg/acre and higher rice yields are in the range of 48.4–85.2 kg/acre. Higher household income levels are in the range of rupees 2,573–4,926 and the lower poverty levels are in the range of 2–7%. Hence, agricultural policy should promote improved water-management practices among rural households.
14 Belton, B.; Filipski, M. 2019. Rural transformation in central Myanmar: by how much, and for whom? Journal of Rural Studies, 67:166-176. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.02.012]
Rural areas ; Transformation ; Agricultural mechanization ; Living standards ; Household income ; Remittances ; Remuneration ; Migration ; Agrarian structure ; Labour ; Land ownership ; Arid zones / Myanmar / Mandalay / Magway / Sagaing
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049134)
(1.42 MB)
Rural Southeast Asia is undergoing a series profound changes, often referred to as ‘rural transformation’, but recent research is divided as to whether rural transformation is underway in Myanmar. This paper addresses two empirical questions. (1) Is rural transformation taking place in Myanmar? (2) How has rural transformation affected the welfare of rural households in Myanmar's Central Dry Zone? We find evidence of significant rural transformation happening in the Dry Zone. The following features stand out: First, there has been a shift in relative economic status and power between landholders and the landless, in favor of the latter. This rebalancing has occurred mainly due to rising rural wages linked to rapid migration to urban areas. Second, widespread agricultural mechanization has taken place over the same period as migration. However, despite generating some labor savings for farm households, the labor productivity boosting effects of farm machinery appear to have produced insufficient gains to offset the effects of rural wage increases. Third, migration appears to offer the prospect of greater social and economic mobility to landless and marginal farm households. For all groups of households, including the landless, remittance incomes have more than offset income earning opportunities lost in agriculture due to mechanization. Fourth, landownership patterns, gender relations, and the extent of agricultural commercialization all appear largely unaffected by these changes.
15 Bjornlund, H.; Zuo, A.; Wheeler, S. A.; Parry, K.; Pittock, J.; Mdemu, M.; Moyo, M. 2019. The dynamics of the relationship between household decision-making and farm household income in small-scale irrigation schemes in southern Africa. Agricultural Water Management, 213:135-145. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.10.002]
Irrigation schemes ; Small scale systems ; Farmers ; Household income ; Decision making ; Living standards ; Strategies ; Gender ; Labour ; Models ; Socioeconomic environment / Southern Africa / Mozambique / Zimbabwe / United Republic of Tanzania / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Magozi Irrigation Scheme / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Silalatshani Irrigation Scheme / 25 de Setembro Irrigation Scheme / Khanimambo Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049140)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377418305481/pdfft?md5=623f0afb5a14e8ed0d133bcf1b30ae6b&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377418305481-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049140.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049140.pdf
(0.59 MB) (612 KB)
Irrigation has been promoted as a strategy to reduce poverty and improve livelihoods in southern Africa. Households’ livelihood strategies within small-scale irrigation schemes have become increasingly complex and diversified. Strategies consist of farm income from rain-fed and irrigated cropping as well as livestock and an increasing dependence on off-farm income. The success of these strategies depends on the household’s ability to make decisions about how to utilize its’ financial, labour, land and water resources. This study explores the dynamics of decision-making in households on-farm household income within six small-scale irrigation schemes, across three southern African countries. Household survey data (n = 402) was analyzed using ordered probit and ordinary least squares regression. Focus group discussions and field observations provided qualitative data on decision-making in the six schemes. We found strong support for the notion that decision-making dynamics strongly influence total household income. Households make trade-offs between irrigation, dryland, livestock and off-farm work when they allocate their labour resources to maximize household income; as opposed to maximizing the income from any individual component of their livelihood strategy, such as irrigation. Combined with the impact of the small plot size of irrigated land, this is likely to result in sub-optimal benefits from expensive investments in irrigation infrastructure. Policy-makers must consider this when developing and implementing new policies.
16 Balana, Bedru B.; Sanfo, S.; Barbier, B.; Williams, Timothy; Kolavalli, S. 2019. Assessment of flood recession agriculture for food security in northern Ghana: an optimization modelling approach. Agricultural Systems, 173:536-543. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.03.021]
Agricultural practices ; Floodplains ; Water management ; Crop production ; Food security ; Models ; Supplemental irrigation ; Household income ; Food consumption ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Rainfed farming ; Soil moisture ; Dry season ; Wet season ; Land allocation ; Communities / Ghana / White Volta River Basin / Bawku West / Talensi / West Mampurusi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049190)
(0.95 MB)
Food insecurity is a recurrent problem in northern Ghana. Food grown during the rainy season is often insufficient to meet household food needs, with some households experiencing severe food insecurity for up to five months in a year. Flood recession agriculture (FRA) – an agricultural practice that relies on residual soil moisture and nutrients left by receding flood water – is ordinarily practiced by farmers along the floodplains of the White Volta River in northern Ghana under low-input low-output conditions. Opportunities abound to promote highly productive FRA as a means of extending the growing season beyond the short rainy season (from May to September) into the dry season and thereby increase household income and food security of smallholder farmers. This study uses an optimization modelling approach to explore this potential by analyzing the crop mix and agricultural water management options that will maximize household income and enhance food security. Results indicate that growing cowpea, groundnut and melon under residual-moisture based FRA and high value crops (onion, pepper, and tomato) under supplementary irrigation FRA maximize household income and food security. The cash income from the sale of FRA crops was sufficient to purchase food items that ensure consumption smoothing during the food-insecure months. The study concludes that the full potential of FRA will be realized through a careful selection of crop mixtures and by enhancing access of farmers to improved seeds, integrated pest management and credit and mainstreaming FRA through targeted policy interventions and institutional support.
17 Ferrer, A. J.; Yen, B. T.; Kura, Y.; Minh, N. D.; Pavelic, Paul; Amjath-Babu, T. S.; Sebastian, L. 2018. Analyzing farm household strategies for food security and climate resilience: the case of climate-smart villages of Southeast Asia. Wageningen, Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). 31p. (CCAFS Working Paper 248)
Food security ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Farmers ; Household income ; Strategies ; Living standards ; Indicators ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Villages ; Agricultural production ; Intensification ; Extensification ; Diversification ; Commercialization ; Land use ; Irrigation canals ; Gender ; Migration ; Assets ; Case studies / South East Asia / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Cambodia / Vietnam / Ekxang / Rohal Suong / Tra Hat
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049238)
(1.15 MB) (1.15 MB)
This paper develops a conceptual framework with an indicator-based approach to assess Climate-Smart Villages (CSVs) and applies it to case study sites in Lao PDR (Ekxang CSV), Cambodia (Rohal Suong CSV), and Vietnam (Tra Hat CSV) in Southeast Asia. The intensification, extensification, diversification, commercialization, alteration of practices, use of common lands, migration strategies that can augment climate resilience, farm income, assets, and food security are assessed based on a composite index of the strategies and key outcome variables. The study demonstrates a method that can be applied widely for assessing climate-smart agriculture strategies and finding possible entry points for climate-smart interventions. The influence of gender in resource control and livelihood strategies is also discussed. It is also evident that the climate-smart interventions can augment different livelihood strategies of farmers and enhance the developmental and climate resilience outcomes. There is a need to prioritize the possible interventions in each case and implement them with the help of donor agencies, local institutions, and government offices.
18 Saruchera, D.; Lautze, Jonathan. 2019. Small reservoirs in Africa: a review and synthesis to strengthen future investment. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 45p. (IWMI Working Paper 189) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.209]
Small scale systems ; Reservoirs ; Rehabilitation ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation investment ; Reinvestment ; Cost benefit analysis ; Water availability ; Water storage ; Water institutions ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water users ; Dams ; Sedimentation ; Infrastructure ; Performance indexes ; Food security ; Living standards ; Household income ; Public health ; Environmental sustainability ; Land use ; Impact assessment ; Nongovernmental organizations ; State intervention ; Financing ; Funding ; Socioeconomic development ; Rural communities ; Entrepreneurship ; Gender ; Women’s participation ; Empowerment ; Livestock ; Case studies / Africa / Zambia / Nteme Reservoir / Keemba Reservoir / Chuuka Reservoir / Makoye Reservoir / Bodela/Siyafakwenda Reservoir / Mboole Reservoir / Chifusa Reservoir / Chuundwe Reservoir / Milangu Reservoir / Mulabalaba Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049244)
(1.46 MB)
Small reservoirs are a critical coping mechanism in water-stressed rural areas in Africa, providing immense livelihood benefits that include improved food and water security, entrepreneurial activities and climate resilience. Challenges associated with the implementation of investments in small reservoirs include appropriate site selection, weak institutions, insufficient maintenance and sedimentation. The findings from this study suggest that the benefits of small reservoirs may be tapped more efficiently by rehabilitating old sites rather than building new infrastructure. However, the findings also point to broader lessons on the need to change the way of doing business, i.e., to adopt a long-term, more holistic approach (or model) to the construction and maintenance of small reservoirs that matches the degree of the challenge associated with sustainably tapping the benefits of the water that they store.
19 Adzawla, W.; Kane, A. 2018. Gender perspectives of the determinants of climate adaptation: the case of livelihood diversification in northern Ghana. Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 21(2):113-127. [doi: https://doi.org/10.15414/raae.2018.21.02.113-127]
Climate change adaptation ; Gender ; Living standards ; Diversification ; Women's participation ; Male involvement ; Farmer participation ; Decision making ; Strategies ; Crop production ; Maize ; Livestock ; Trading ; Household income ; Socioeconomic environment ; Probit analysis ; Models ; Forecasting / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049248)
(1.05 MB)
Livelihood diversification is one of the essential climate adaptation strategies with positive outcomes on household’s standard of living. Therefore, the identification of factors that are necessary for livelihood diversification are crucial. Within a gender perspective, this study analysed the determinants of livelihood diversification among farmers in the northern regions of Ghana. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 619 farmers and the data was analysed using multivariate probit regression for the pooled and separately for the gender groups. The livelihood diversification strategies identified were crop diversification, crop-livestock diversification, crop-trade diversification, crop-agro-processing diversification and crop-professional/skilled employment. The multivariate probit results showed that socioeconomic, institutional factors, climate factors, and household assets have significant influence on each diversification strategy. The assumption of gender difference in the factors that influences livelihood diversification is appropriate since some factors which influence specific livelihood diversification for females do not have significant effect on males. Improving the financial assets, social and human assets of farmers is important to enhance the diversification of farmers. There is also the need to improve awareness of farmers on climate shocks in order to enhance diversification decisions.
20 Keovilignavong, Oulavanh; Suhardiman, Diana. 2020. Linking land tenure security with food security: unpacking farm households’ perceptions and strategies in the rural uplands of Laos. Land Use Policy, 90:104260. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104260]
Land tenure ; Perception of tenure security ; Food security ; Land use planning ; Land policies ; Household income ; Living standards ; Strategies ; Farmers' attitudes ; Non-farm employment ; Government policy ; Land governance ; Highlands ; Villages ; Rural areas ; Case studies / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Nambak / Houaykong / Namai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049372)
(1.58 MB)
Land tenure, or access and rights to land, is essential to sustain people’s livelihoods. This paper looks at how farm households perceive land tenure (in)security in relation to food (in)security, and how these perceptions evolve throughout different policy periods in Laos. The paper highlights the centrality of farmers’ strategies in configuring the dynamic relationships between tenure (in)security and food (in)security, by demonstrating how farmers’ perceived and de facto land tenure insecurity shapes their decisions to diversify livelihood options to ensure food security. While the paper’s key findings reveal the close interlinkages between land tenure (in) security and food (in)security, we argue that the first does not automatically result in the latter. In contrast, we show how perceived and de-facto land tenure insecurity pushes farmers to explore alternative strategies and avenues to ensure food supply, through farm and non-farm employment. From a policy perspective, the paper highlights the need to put people’s livelihoods at the center of land governance, thus moving beyond the current positioning of land as merely a means for agricultural production or environmental conservation.
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