Your search found 13 records
1 Senthilnathan, S.; Palanisami, K.; Ranganathan, C. R.; Umetsu, C. 2009. Deficit rainfall insurance payouts in most vulnerable agro climatic zones of Tamil Nadu, India. In Vulnerability and resilience of social-ecological systems. Kyoto, Japan: Inter-University Research Institute Corporation, National Institutes for the Humanities, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. pp.138-145.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042401)
(0.99 MB)
Weather based insurance is a resilience strategy adopted by farmers. It is intended to provide protection to the cultivator against declined rainfall, which is deemed to adversely affect the crop during its cultivation period. It is becoming popular nowadays in India due to high fluctuation in rainfall and other climate related parameters. The present paper provides a method to compute the initial premium for each crop based on the premium structure given by Agricultural Insurance Company of India Limited, New Delhi. For this, the duration in each stage of selected crop identified by Crop Production Guide(2005) jointly published by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and Department of Agriculture, Government of Tamil Nadu and 30 years of rainfall data from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) were used. The payout structure was derived for each stage of the selected crop in the respective district. The strike or upper threshold of the rainfall corresponds to the 30 year average accumulated rainfall of the district reference weather station while the exit or lower threshold is intended to equal the water requirement of the respective crop necessary to avoid complete crop failure. This way, the weather based crop insurance acts as a resilience mechanism for rainfall uncertainties.
2 Rambukwella, R. N. K.; Vidanapathirana, R. P.; Somaratne, T. G. 2007. Evaluation of crop insurance scheme in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute (HARTI). 108p. (HARTI Research Study 122)
Crop insurance ; Agricultural insurance ; Livestock insurance ; Policy ; Risk management ; Legislation ; Private sector ; Rice ; Farmers ; State intervention ; Economic aspects ; Loans ; Household income ; Crop losses / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa / Kurunegala / Hambantota
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 368.121 G744 RAM Record No: H046406)
(0.79 MB)
3 Bouet, A.; Laborde, D. (Eds.) 2017. Agriculture, development, and the global trading system: 2000 - 2015. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 469p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292499]
International trade ; Agricultural policies ; Development programmes ; Trade policies ; Trade agreements ; Negotiation ; Food security ; Food stocks ; Agricultural prices ; Domestic markets ; Price volatility ; Market access ; Economic impact ; Tariffs ; Subsidies ; Trade organizations ; WTO ; European Union ; Legal frameworks ; Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Cotton ; Rice ; Wheat ; Oilseeds ; Soybeans ; Imports ; Exports ; Taxes ; Food aid ; Farmers ; Models / USA / Russian Federation / Brazil / India / China / Canada / Qatar / Uruguay / Indonesia / Doha Development Agenda / Bali
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048949)
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/131381/filename/131592.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048949.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048949.pdf
(5.42 MB) (5.42 MB)
This book is devoted to the complex relationship between the global trading system and food security, focusing on two important elements: the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) and how food price volatility can be managed, or not, through trade instruments. The first section of the book is based on the premise that more trade integration can fight poverty and alleviate hunger. The second section examines whether managing price volatility is doable through more or less trade integration. This section deals in particular with policy instruments available for policy makers to cope with price volatility: food stocks, crop insurance, and export restrictions. Analysis concludes that without a strong and efficient World Trade Organization (WTO) capable of conducting ambitious trade negotiations, the food security target will be much more difficult to hit.
4 Aheeyar, Mohamed; de Silva, Sanjiv; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Arulingam, Indika. 2019. Unpacking barriers to socially inclusive weather index insurance: towards a framework for inclusion. Water, 11(11):2235. (Special issue: Selected Papers from 2019 World Water Week) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112235]
Weather hazards ; Agricultural insurance ; Flooding ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Gender equity ; Gender equality ; Women ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Landlessness ; Strategies ; Microfinance ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Case studies ; Villages / India / Bangladesh / Bihar / Sirajganj
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049374)
(0.29 MB) (296 KB)
Floods account for a majority of disasters, especially in South Asia, where they affect 27 million people annually, causing economic losses of over US$1 billion. Climate change threatens to exacerbate these risks. Risk transfer mechanisms, such as weather index insurance (WII) may help buffer farmers against these hazards. However, WII programs struggle to attract the clients most in need of protection, including marginalized women and men. This risks re-enforcing existing inequalities and missing opportunities to promote pro-poor and gender-sensitive development. Key questions, therefore, include what factors constrain access to WIIs amongst heterogeneous communities, and how these can be addressed. This paper contributes to that end through primary data from two WII case studies (one in India, the other in Bangladesh) that identify contextual socio-economic and structural barriers to accessing WII, and strategies to overcome these. More significantly, this paper synthesizes the case study findings and those from a review of the literature on other WII initiatives into a framework to promote a systematic approach to address these challenges: an important step forward in moving from problem analysis to remedial action. The framework highlights actions across WII product design, implementation and post-implementation, to minimize risks of social exclusion in future WII schemes.
5 Wong, H. L.; Wei, X.; Kahsay, H. B.; Gebreegziabher, Z.; Gardebroek, C.; Osgood, D. E.; Diro, R. 2020. Effects of input vouchers and rainfall insurance on agricultural production and household welfare: experimental evidence from northern Ethiopia. World Development, 135:105074. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105074]
Agricultural production ; Agricultural insurance ; Farm inputs ; Rural areas ; Farmland ; Farmer participation ; Households ; Social welfare ; Risk management ; Government ; Villages ; Drought ; Rain / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049924)
(0.54 MB)
We report on a randomized field experiment designed to relax credit and risk constraints for agricultural activities. We conducted a study in a drought-prone region in northern Ethiopia among poor smallholders who depended on rainfed agriculture and were members of the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP). Data were collected from over 1100 farmers in 32 rural villages over two years. We find that unconditional voucher transfers designated for the purchase of agricultural inputs significantly increased usage of seeds and fertilizers (a flypaper effect), raised the amount of farmland used (a complementary effect), and induced substitution of own effort by hiring casual labor (a local spillover effect). Subsidized rainfall insurance with reduced input vouchers produced weak average effects but greatly increased investments for farmers who were relatively more patient. We do not find heterogeneous effects by farmers’ risk attitudes, however, suggesting that the effects of insurance adoption were mainly determined by how farmers in the safety net made tradeoffs inter-temporally. Insurance demand dropped quickly with the reduction in subsidy and did not correlate with time or risk preference. Therefore, to improve cost-effectiveness, insurance programs should include procedures that help identify forward-looking farmers and encourage their adoption. While our results show that initial subsidies increase future insurance demand, the effect was small and thus initial subsidies would not be a cost-effective mechanism for financially sustainable insurance. Other complementary strategies on the design, promotion, and bundling techniques of insurance would be needed.
6 Harris, G. D.; Barron, J.; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; Hussein, H.; Choi, G. (Eds.) 2021. Special issue on selected papers from 2019 World Water Week. Water, (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors)
Water policy ; Water governance ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Hygiene ; Gender ; Women's empowerment ; Water supply ; Rural areas ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Wastewater treatment ; Water scarcity ; Climate change ; Disaster risk reduction ; Flooding ; Drought ; Vulnerability ; Agricultural insurance ; International law ; Water law ; Water rights ; Conflicts ; Political aspects ; Displacement ; Refugees ; Water user associations ; Enterprises ; Financing / Middle East / North Africa / Latin America / Caribbean / Syrian Arab Republic / Lebanon / Jordan / Cambodia / India / Bangladesh / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050271)
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/special_issues/2019_WWW
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050271_TOC.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050271_TOC.pdf
(0.50 MB)
7 Ankrah, D. A.; Kwapong, N. A.; Eghan, D.; Adarkwah, F.; Boateng-Gyambiby, D. 2021. Agricultural insurance access and acceptability: examining the case of smallholder farmers in Ghana. Agriculture and Food Security, 10:19. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00292-y]
Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Climate change ; Drought ; Risk management ; Communities ; Gender ; Education ; Policies / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050529)
https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40066-021-00292-y.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050529.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050529.pdf
(1.11 MB) (1.11 MB)
Background: Weather-related risks thwart agricultural productivity gains especially in the face of climate change. Agricultural insurance serves as a reliable risk mitigation instrument for coping with climate-related hazards. This notwithstanding, agricultural insurance penetration among smallholder farmers in the global south remains low. This study investigated the access and acceptability of agricultural insurance among smallholder food crop farmers in Ghana.
Method: The study employed a mixed-methods approach involving both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study was carried out in the Northern, Volta and Western regions involving 7 communities in 5 districts. A total of 200 farmers were sampled through a multi-stage purposive sampling and interviewed. A cross-sectional survey involved 100 respondents under the quantitative approach whilst the qualitative study engaged additional 100 farmers.
Results: The results show that smallholder farmers’ access and acceptability of agricultural insurance is low (14%) and scarce but ironically considered useful by many (90%) as an effective tool to deal with agricultural risks. Inadequate knowledge about agricultural insurance products constituted the most stated reason (64%) for the scarce adoption rate, followed (23%) by the unavailability of insurance products in areas needed but absent. A few (5%) reported insurance to be expensive. Acceptability and accessibility of agricultural insurance are further influenced by gender, educational level, low knowledge, information asymmetry and wrong perception concerning agricultural insurance products. Sense of security and reduced impact of climate variabilities constituted important benefits guaranteed by agricultural insurance.
Conclusions: Agricultural insurance access and acceptability is constrained by limited knowledge of agricultural insurance products. It is recommended that more insurance companies be incentivized to augment already existing efforts by Ghana Agricultural Insurance Pool (GAIP) to enroll more smallholder farmers. The government can consider bundling existing insurance products with credit or inputs under the Planting for Food and Jobs Programme (PFJ) to improve uptake and accessibility of agricultural insurance.
Method: The study employed a mixed-methods approach involving both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study was carried out in the Northern, Volta and Western regions involving 7 communities in 5 districts. A total of 200 farmers were sampled through a multi-stage purposive sampling and interviewed. A cross-sectional survey involved 100 respondents under the quantitative approach whilst the qualitative study engaged additional 100 farmers.
Results: The results show that smallholder farmers’ access and acceptability of agricultural insurance is low (14%) and scarce but ironically considered useful by many (90%) as an effective tool to deal with agricultural risks. Inadequate knowledge about agricultural insurance products constituted the most stated reason (64%) for the scarce adoption rate, followed (23%) by the unavailability of insurance products in areas needed but absent. A few (5%) reported insurance to be expensive. Acceptability and accessibility of agricultural insurance are further influenced by gender, educational level, low knowledge, information asymmetry and wrong perception concerning agricultural insurance products. Sense of security and reduced impact of climate variabilities constituted important benefits guaranteed by agricultural insurance.
Conclusions: Agricultural insurance access and acceptability is constrained by limited knowledge of agricultural insurance products. It is recommended that more insurance companies be incentivized to augment already existing efforts by Ghana Agricultural Insurance Pool (GAIP) to enroll more smallholder farmers. The government can consider bundling existing insurance products with credit or inputs under the Planting for Food and Jobs Programme (PFJ) to improve uptake and accessibility of agricultural insurance.
8 Amarnath, Giriraj; Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Taron, Avinandan. 2021. Scaling up Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for agricultural resilience and flood-proofing livelihoods in developing countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 68p. (IWMI Research Report 180) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.213]
Flooding ; Resilience ; Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Livelihoods ; Developing countries ; Scaling ; Disaster risk management ; Risk transfer ; Business models ; Product development ; Marketing ; Public-private partnerships ; Stakeholders ; State intervention ; Financial institutions ; Microfinance ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Awareness raising ; Climate change ; Satellite observation ; Rivers ; Rain ; Flood damage ; Crop losses ; Compensation ; Subsidies ; Legal aspects ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects ; Drought ; Case studies / India / Kenya / Rwanda / United Republic of Tanzania / Malawi / Ethiopia / Senegal / Zambia / Thailand / Brazil / Mexico / Mongolia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050608)
(3.14 MB)
This research report presents the first comprehensive framework of business models in terms of developing, marketing and scaling Index-based flood insurance (IBFI). The report evaluated ten case studies on agricultural insurance schemes (macro, meso and micro levels), globally, to develop public-private partnership business models for creating value (product development) and capturing value (product marketing). This report highlights four broad groups of interrelated factors that influence the uptake and scaling of agricultural insurance: (i) behavioral factors that influence farmers’ enthusiasm to invest in insurance; (ii) financial factors that stipulate governments’ willingness to provide financial support; (iii) legal and regulatory factors, which set ground rules for fair business and govern their adherence by stakeholders; and (iv) facilitating factors, including product design and development, business models, research and development, data availability, and awareness creation, which help ensure an efficient supply of insurance services. In summary, the report highlights the need for designing innovative IBFI and its potential benefits for uptake, and efforts for implementing IBFI as a potential risk transfer tool for comprehensive climate risk management among small-scale and marginal farmers.
9 Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Amarnath, Giriraj. 2021. Economics of Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI): scenario analysis and stakeholder perspectives from South Asia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 34p. (IWMI Working Paper 199) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.228]
Flooding ; Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Economic analysis ; Stakeholders ; Disaster risk management ; Farmers ; State intervention ; Flood damage ; Crop losses ; Compensation ; Subsidies ; Insurance premiums ; Cost benefit analysis ; Economic viability ; Sustainability ; Villages ; Remote sensing ; Datasets ; Models ; Developing countries ; Case studies / South Asia / India / Bihar / Katihar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050736)
(1.32 MB)
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has recently developed an innovative Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) product to facilitate the scaling of flood insurance particularly in vulnerable economies, to provide risk cover to poor farmers against crop losses that occur due to floods. While the product developed is technically very sound, the economics of such an intervention is important to ensure the large-scale acceptance and adoption of the product by different stakeholders and for its sustenance in the long term. This paper attempts at conducting an ex ante assessment of the economics of IBFI from the perspectives of the three main stakeholders: farmers, the insurance company and the government. The paper discusses the methodological challenges and data issues encountered in undertaking an economic analysis of such a product. The issues and processes involved have been empirically demonstrated using a theoretical case study based on a synthesis of information drawn from a host of sources and certain assumptions. Field-based data are now being collected and analyzed from the locations where IBFI has recently been piloted by IWMI. This will help in further refining the process of economic evaluation and identifying the experiences of different stakeholders.
10 Gomez-Limon, J. A.; Granado-Diaz, R. 2023. Assessing the demand for hydrological drought insurance in irrigated agriculture. Agricultural Water Management, 276:108054. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108054]
Drought ; Hydrological factors ; Agricultural insurance ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Water supply ; Climate change ; Uncertainty ; Willingness to pay ; Policies ; Water allocation ; Risk management ; Case studies / Spain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051596)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377422006011/pdfft?md5=5148a10b2b24e2196fd999b01ca5769a&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377422006011-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051596.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051596.pdf
(1.08 MB) (1.08 MB)
Concerns about hydrological drought risk and irrigation water supply reliability have grown in recent years due to the increasing demand for water for irrigation and other uses, and the decline in water availability due to climate change. Hydrological drought insurance hedging against water supply gaps can be a key instrument for adapting irrigated agriculture to this new scenario, since it improves the resilience of the irrigation sector, which is having to cope with increasing uncertainty and vulnerability. The objective of this paper is to assess farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for index-based hydrological drought insurance under different policy designs, considering several different amounts of insured capital, insurance deductibles, and contract terms. To that end, it uses a discrete choice experiment as the valuation method and the Sector BXII irrigation district (southern Spain) as a case study. The results show that farmers would be willing to pay for the proposed hydrological drought insurance, stating a higher preference for policy designs with lower amounts of insured capital, lower deductibles, and shorter contract terms. Moreover, the results also show the existence of heterogeneity among farmers’ preferences, depending on their socio-economic characteristics. Finally, we compare the distribution of farmers’ WTP for different policy design options of the proposed insurance with the commercial premium estimated using actuarial analysis. The comparison confirms that only the options with lower levels of insured capital present a mean WTP below the commercial premium, while the rest of the policy design options would need to be subsidized like other agricultural insurance schemes to make them attractive to most farmers.
11 Timu, A. G.; Kramer, B. 2023. Gender-inclusive, -responsive, and -transformative agricultural insurance: a literature review. Global Food Security, 36:100672. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2023.100672]
Gender equity ; Women’s empowerment ; Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Investment ; Risk management ; Food security ; Decision making ; Institutions ; Households ; Livestock ; Case studies / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051777)
(1.58 MB)
In many low-income countries, agricultural producers face significant climate-related risks that undermine the resilience of their production and food supply systems. Agricultural insurance can help mitigate some of these risks, enabling farmers to increase farm investments, incomes, and food and nutritional security. This paper conducts a literature review to evaluate the extent to which agricultural insurance is gender-inclusive and gender-responsive (i.e., reaches and benefits both women and men), and whether there is potential for such insurance to empower women or even become gender-transformative. We find that existing agricultural insurance products are designed and delivered in ways that limit reach and benefits of insurance for women. Empirical research has focused less on the question whether insurance empowers women, let alone whether it has a transformative effect by changing institutional norms that perpetuate gender inequities. We present a case study of a crop insurance program in Kenya to discuss how agricultural insurance, if adequately designed, can have stronger impacts on gender-related outcomes. Empirically testing these approaches to agricultural insurance design is a key priority for future research.
12 Belhaj Fraj, Makram; Al-Dabbas, L.; Al-Zyoud, O.; Abu Keshek, A.; Fragaszy, Stephen; Ruckstuhl, Sandra; McDonnell, Rachael. 2022. Initial drought risk finance market assessment for Jordan. Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for the Bureau for the Middle East of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Washington, DC, USA: USAID; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 51p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.214]
Drought ; Risk management ; Finance ; Assessment ; Risk transfer ; Agricultural sector ; Livestock ; Agricultural insurance ; Microfinance ; Investment ; Smallholders ; Farmer participation ; Risk reduction ; Community organizations ; Women ; Youth / Middle East / North Africa / Jordan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052342)
(1.51 MB)
13 Aheeyar, Mohamed; Amarasinghe, Upali; Amarnath, Giriraj; Alahacoon, Niranga. 2023. Factors affecting willingness to adopt climate insurance among smallholder farmers in Sri Lanka. Climate Risk Management, 42:100575. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2023.100575]
Weather index insurance ; Willingness to pay ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Crop insurance ; Agricultural insurance ; Climate change ; Drought ; Natural disasters ; Vulnerability ; Resilience ; Risk transfer ; Risk management ; Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Households ; Socioeconomic aspects / Sri Lanka / North Central Province / Anuradhapura / Galenbindunuwewa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052411)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212096323001018/pdfft?md5=93cee7b9bb8baaad811ae19ab6f2e4b7&pid=1-s2.0-S2212096323001018-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052411.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052411.pdf
(1.14 MB) (1.14 MB)
Drought is an almost annual phenomenon affecting many parts of Sri Lanka, causing huge damage to agriculture and losses to the broader economy in general and farmers in particular. Climate change threatens to exacerbate these risks. Risk transfer mechanisms, such as crop insurance schemes, may help buffer farmers against these hazards and has gained attention as an adaptation response to become an important element in agricultural risk management. Despite the numerous efforts over several decades to popularize crop insurance as a risk transfer tool in the country under heavy subsidies, farmers’ voluntary enrollment in crop insurance has been very low. Therefore, understanding the farmers’ behaviors and attitudes towards crop insurance and the potential of such programs in emerging climate-induced vulnerabilities is critical to enhancing the welfare of the farming community. This paper assesses the factors that influence willingness to enroll for crop insurance among farmers in irrigated and rainfed farming system in the drought-prone North Central Province of Sri Lanka using a logistic regression model. The study sample consisted of 149 irrigated farmers and 51 rainfed farmers selected randomly. Regression results show that farmer’s age, agriculture as the primary source of income, irrigation as the source of water, and availability of supplementary water source are significantly related to willingness to pay (WTP) for insurance. The overall results indicate the role of household socioeconomic factors and their contextualized risk perceptions shape the adoption decision of crop insurance. The findings of the paper contribute to that end through primary data from a rainfed and irrigated areas in the province. Although the present research was carried out in a limited area, the study area is dominated by the traditional nature of agricultural practices by smallholder farmers in a drought exposed environment, the findings of the study should apply to the rest of the dry zone areas in the country. The results on factors affecting farmers’ willingness to purchase crop insurance assist the practitioners and policymakers to draft the guidelines and strategies for more inclusive interventions for agriculture risk management and building farmer resilience.
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