Your search found 21 records
1 de Stefano, L.; Llamas, M. R. (Eds.) 2013. Water, agriculture and the environment in Spain: can we square the circle? London, UK: CRC Press - Balkema. 316p.
Water management ; Public participation ; Water security ; Water use ; Water consumption ; Water footprint ; Water allocation ; Water rights ; Water availability ; Water accounting ; Virtual water ; Desalination ; Evapotranspiration ; Groundwater management ; Resource depletion ; Ecosystems ; Reservoirs ; Government policy ; Food security ; Institutions ; Land management ; Climate change ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigated farming ; Tomatoes ; Olive oil ; Farmers ; Livestock ; Environmental effects / Spain / Guadalquivir River Basin / Guadiana River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G919 DES Record No: H045809)
(0.36 MB)
2 Global Water Intelligence (GWI). 2013. Global water market 2014: meeting the world's water and wastewater needs until 2018. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Media Analytics Ltd. 459p. + 1CD.
Water market ; Water requirements ; Water resources development ; Water quality ; Water use ; Water reuse ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Industrial uses ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Urban wastes ; Equipment ; Networks ; Expenditure ; Costs ; Financing ; Market research ; Forecasting ; Pipes ; Pumps ; Valves ; Meters ; Desalination ; Technology ; Sea water ; Brackish water ; Oils ; Gases ; Energy sources ; Foods ; Beverages ; Pulp and paper industry ; Mining ; Chemicals ; Organizations ; government agencies ; Indicators / Brazil / China / India / USA / Colombia / Indonesia / Malaysia / Mexico / Russia / Australia / France / Germany / Japan / UK / Saudi Arabia / Bolivia / Canada / Chile / Costa Rica / Dominican Republic / Ecuador / El Salvador / Guatemala / Honduras / Panama / Paraguay / Peru / Trinidad / Tobago / Uruguay / Venezuela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 GLO e-copy SF Record No: H046240)
(0.50 MB)
3 Global Water Intelligence (GWI). 2013. Global water market 2014: meeting the world's water and wastewater needs until 2018. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Media Analytics Ltd. pp.427-1038 + 1CD.
Water market ; Water requirements ; Indicators ; Government agencies ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban wastes ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Desalination ; Brackish water ; Water reuse ; Financing ; Expenditure ; Market analysis ; Forecasting ; Private sector / Algeria / Angola / Austria / Azerbaijan / Belarus / Belgium / Bulgaria / Cameroon / Cote d'Ivoire / Croatia / Cyprus / Czech Republic / Denmark / Egypt / Estonia / Ethiopia / Finland / France / Germany / Ghana / Greece / Hungary / Ireland / Italy / Kazakhstan / Kenya / Latvia / Libya / Lithuania / Luxembourg / Morocco / Netherlands / Nigeria / Norway / Poland / Portugal / Romania / Russian Federation / Serbia / Slovakia / Slovenia / South Africa / Spain / Sudan / Sweden / Sweden / Switzerland / Tanzania / Tunisia / Uganda / Ukraine / UK
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 GLO e-copy SF Record No: H046241)
(0.57 MB)
4 Global Water Intelligence (GWI). 2013. Global water market 2014: meeting the world's water and wastewater needs until 2018. Vol. 3. Oxford, UK: Media Analytics Ltd. pp.1039-1500 + 1CD.
Water market ; Water requirements ; Water management ; Indicators ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Wastewater treatment ; Desalination ; Urban wastes ; Water reuse ; Financing ; Expenditure ; Market analysis ; Forecasting ; Private sector / Middle East / Asia Pacific / Australia / Bahrain / Bangladesh / China / India / Indonesia / Iran / Iraq / Israel / Japan / Jordan / Korea / Kuwait / Lebanon / Malaysia / New Zealand / Oman / Pakistan / Philippines / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Singapore / Sri Lanka / Taiwan / Thailand / Turkey / UAE / Vietnam / Yemen
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 GLO e-copy SF Record No: H046242)
(0.50 MB)
5 Sood, Aditya; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2014. Can desalination and clean energy combined help to alleviate global water scarcity? Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50(5):1111-1123. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12174]
Desalination ; Sea water ; Water scarcity ; Water demand ; Domestic water ; Energy ; Investment ; Costs ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046440)
(1.34 MB)
The major present hindrance in using desalination to help alleviate global water scarcity is the cost of this technology, which, in turn is due to energy cost involved. This study examines historical trends in desalination and breaks up the cost of desalination into energy based and nonenergy based. It then develops the learning curves (relationship between cumulative production and market price) for desalination. Assuming that the photovoltaic (PV) technology will be the dominant form of energy used in the desalination process, the existing PV learning curve and desalination learning curve are combined to explore the viability of large-scale adoption of desalination in the future. The world has been divided into seven regions and it is assumed that water demand from desalinated water will be met only within the 100-km coastal belt. It is shown that, in most of the regions, other than sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, and South Asia (where water tariffs are low), the desalination (without considering energy) becomes viable by 2040. For PV technology, less than 1 million MW per annum growth is required till 2050 to make it affordable. Globally, desalination with renewable energy can become a viable option to replace domestic and industrial water demand in the 100-km coastal belt by 2050.
6 Pitman, G. K.; McDonnell, R.; Dawoud, M. (Eds.) 2009. Abu Dhabi water resources master plan. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD). 219p.
Water resources development ; Water management ; Water availability ; Water Supply ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Water demand ; Environmental effects ; Environmental management ; Pollution ; Wastewater treatment ; Water conservation ; Desalination ; Water quality ; Energy ; Economic aspects ; Irrigation ; Agriculture ; Livestock ; Ecosystems ; Marine environment ; Households ; Legal aspects / United Arab Emirates / Abu Dhabi / Al Ain / Liwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G754 PIT Record No: H046443)
https://www.ead.ae/_data/global/abu%20dhabi%20water%20resources%20master%20plan%20-%20english%20reduced%20file%20size.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046443.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046443.pdf
(21.57 MB) (21.5 MB)
7 UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme. 2014. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014. Vol. 2. Facing the challenges. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.137-204.
Wastewater treatment plants ; Renewable energy ; Water power ; Desalination ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Hydroelectric schemes ; Electricity generation ; Greenhouse gases ; Solar energy ; Urban wastes ; Sewage sludge ; River basins ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Environmental effects ; Population growth ; Biogas ; Geothermal energy ; Sanitation ; Projects ; Case studies / Austria / China / Herzegovina / India / Saudi Arabia / Italy / Japan / Kenya / Mexico / USA / Turkey / Vienna / Yangtze River / Three Gorges Dam / Trebisnjica Multipurpose Hydrosystem / Umbria / Austin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046372)
(5.59 MB) (14.1 MB)
8 Qadir, M.; Noble, Andrew D.; Karajeh, F.; George, B. 2015. Potential business opportunities from saline water and salt-affected land resources. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 29p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 05) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2015.206]
Land resources ; Land degradation ; Saline water ; Sodic soils ; Soil salinity ; Desalination ; Crop production ; Ecosystems ; Aquaculture ; Water resources ; Water productivity ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Recycling ; Freshwater ; Soil properties ; Magnesium ; Phosphogypsum ; Energy generation ; Solar energy ; Horticulture ; Greenhouses ; Irrigation ; Deltas ; Trees ; Case studies / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046996)
(1 MB)
9 Becker, N. 2015. Water pricing in Israel: various waters, various neighbors. In Dinar, A.; Pochat, V.; Albiac-Murillo, J. (Eds.). Water pricing experiences and innovations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp.181-199. (Global Issues in Water Policy Volume 9)
Water rates ; Pricing ; Price policies ; Water costs ; Water supply ; Water use ; Desalination ; Freshwater ; Agriculture ; Domestic water ; Urban areas ; Wastewater treatment ; State intervention ; Institutional reform / Israel
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H047123)
Israel manages its water scarcity by a relatively unique combination of quantitative and pricing tools. As a semiarid climate country, efficient water pricing might prove to have much more potential welfare implications. The chapter contains a summary of the theoretical background of the different water pricing policies and reforms that have been recently implemented. The summary will then be accompanied by an effort to explain the rationale of the reforms. The chapter covers water pricing schemes in the various sectors and links them into one consistent policy vision. Currently, water pricing in Israel is more closely connected to the true scarcity value of this natural resource. Yet the goals and targets faced by water planners in Israel do not allow water prices to be the only allocation mechanism, and as such, a mixture of quantities and prices will be explored. The challenges faced now by the water regulators are new and contain pricing of different water sources (treated wastewater, desalinated water, etc.) for a variety of uses, including those that are characterized as nonmarket in nature (e.g., in-stream value) and those that should be based on basin cooperation among different countries (e.g., the Palestinian Authority, Jordan, and, potentially, Syria and Lebanon in the future).
10 de Villiers, M. 2015. Back to the well: rethinking the future of water. Fredericton, NB, Canada: Goose Lane Editions. 378p.
Water management ; Water supply ; Privatization ; International waters ; Water law ; International law ; Water use ; Conflict ; Water resources ; Aquifers ; Rivers ; Lakes ; Dams ; Groundwater pollution ; Water scarcity ; Climate change ; Water transfer ; Agriculture ; Water requirements ; Irrigation efficiency ; Population growth ; Human rights ; Desalination ; Strategies ; Case studies / North America / Europe / Middle East / Asia / Australia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 DEV Record No: H047454)
(0.22 MB)
11 Sternberg, T. 2016. Water megaprojects in deserts and drylands. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(2):301-320. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1012660]
Water resources ; Development projects ; Arid zones ; Deserts ; Water transfer ; Groundwater ; Water demand ; Agriculture ; Rivers ; Dams ; Environmental effects ; Desalination ; Economic aspects ; Population growth / USA / Libya / China / Turkey / Great Manmade River / South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme / Central Arizona Project / Southeastern Anatolia Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047571)
(0.49 MB)
Water megaprojects reconfigure the conception and use of desert landscapes. Driven by limited water resources, increasing demand and growing populations, projects are framed by statements of water delivered, end-users served and local benefits. Decision-making processes, socio-economic costs and environmental implications receive less attention. Research examines the motivations involved and evaluates the challenges of water megaprojects in deserts, including the Great Manmade River (Libya), the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme (China), the Central Arizona Project (United States) and the Greater Anatolia Project (Turkey), and assesses related projects exemplifying the diversity of water projects in drylands. Their viability and efficacy depends on human motivations and interpretations.
12 Varughese, S.; Prasad, K. V. D. 2017. Water trading opportunities and irrigation technology choice: an example from South India. Water Resources and Rural Development, 9:39-45. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2017.02.002]
Water market ; Irrigation methods ; Technology ; Water transfer ; Water supply ; Desalination ; Groundwater ; Prices ; Farmers ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Profit ; State intervention ; Econometric models / India / Tamil Nadu / Puducherry / Varahanadi Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048195)
(0.27 MB)
Farmers as well as rural and urban consumers in India are facing water shortages. There is a need to increase efficiency in the supply and use of water. In this context, we consider the potential of a market in water, for improving water management in a small river basin wherein sixteen villages are the primary beneficiaries of a reservoir on the Varaha River.
Using secondary data and observations from a household survey, we estimate the financial implications to farmers of shifting from traditional methods of cultivation, in four different scenarios (shifting to a better technology for cultivation, shifting to a dry land crop, shifting to short term cash crops, or leaving the land fallow).
Our model suggests investing in better technology and less water intensive crops would not only benefit the farmers, adding to their income by selling the “saved” water, but also provide a cost efficient alternative water supply option to the government. Given that informal water markets already exist in the study area, formal transactions in water within the ambit of markets will not require a completely new institution and would be a ‘win-win’ situation for both the Government and the participating farmers.
Using secondary data and observations from a household survey, we estimate the financial implications to farmers of shifting from traditional methods of cultivation, in four different scenarios (shifting to a better technology for cultivation, shifting to a dry land crop, shifting to short term cash crops, or leaving the land fallow).
Our model suggests investing in better technology and less water intensive crops would not only benefit the farmers, adding to their income by selling the “saved” water, but also provide a cost efficient alternative water supply option to the government. Given that informal water markets already exist in the study area, formal transactions in water within the ambit of markets will not require a completely new institution and would be a ‘win-win’ situation for both the Government and the participating farmers.
13 Molle, Francois; Closas, Alvar; Al-Zubari, W. 2018. Governing groundwater in the Middle East and North Africa Region. In Villholth Karen G.; Lopez-Gunn, E.; Conti, K.; Garrido, A.; Van Der Gun, J. (Eds.). Advances in groundwater governance. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. pp.527-553.
Groundwater ; Water governance ; Water supply ; Agriculture ; Farmers ; Irrigated land ; Aquifers ; Surface water ; Water law ; Water rates ; Water policy ; Water use ; Financial situation ; Irrigation schemes ; Rainfed farming ; Supplemental irrigation ; Wells ; Drilling ; Desalination ; Participatory approaches / North Africa / Middle East
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048564)
14 World Bank. 2018. Water scarce cities: thriving in a finite world. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 54p.
Water scarcity ; Urban areas ; Towns ; Water resources ; Water security ; Water demand ; Surface water ; Groundwater management ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Rainwater harvesting ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Sea water ; Desalination ; Water users ; Water market ; Financing ; Strategies ; Institutions ; Technology ; Infrastructure ; Cooperation / Australia / USA / Morocco / Jordan / Namibia / Malta / Singapore / Spain / Marrakech / Amman / Windhoek / Perth / Orange County / Murcia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048820)
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29623/W17100.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048820.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048820.pdf
(11.50 MB) (11.5 MB)
The report is an advocacy piece to raise awareness around the need to shift the typical way urban water has been managed and to share emerging principles and solutions that may improve urban water supply security in water scarce cities. It aims to promote successes, outline challenges and principles, and extract key lessons learned for future efforts. It builds on the experiences of over 20 water scarce cities and territories from five continents, which represent a diversity of situations and development levels. This report argues that WSS service providers, policy makers, and practitioners should look at their mandate and responsibilities in a new light, and seek to embrace integrated water resources management considerations. Drawing from successful experiences from around the world, it extracts several underlying management principles applied by effective utilities. The report then aims to demystify solutions to address urban water scarcity, comparing and contrasting related institutional, technological, economic and social aspects. It then concludes with cross-cutting considerations relevant to planners, water operators and policy makers of water scarce cities.
15 Brahim-Neji, H. B.; Del Saz-Salazar, S.; Besrour, A.; Gonzalez-Gomez, F. 2019. Estimating willingness to pay for desalinated seawater: the case of Djerba Island, Tunisia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(1):126-144. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1377060]
Sea water ; Desalination ; Households ; Willingness to pay ; Estimation ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Waste water treatment plants ; Recycling ; Contingent valuation ; Models ; Case studies / Tunisia / Djerba Island
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049057)
(0.71 MB)
Water scarcity can be a growth-limiting factor. Non-conventional water resources, such as desalinated water, represent an alternative means of guaranteeing access to water while reducing water stress. In this study, a contingent valuation survey carried out in Djerba Island, Tunisia, allows the joint modelling of two decisions: societal support for the construction of a desalination plant and households’ willingness to pay for desalinated water. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study to date has addressed this relationship. We find that although a clear majority of households are in favour of using desalinated water, far fewer are willing to pay for it. The article concludes that it is worth studying willingness to pay for desalinated water in developing countries in order to avoid investing in projects where it is doubtful that costs will be recouped.
16 Robertson, S. M.; Lyra, D. A.; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2019. Financial analysis of halophyte cultivation in a desert environment using different saline water resources for irrigation. In Hasanuzzaman, M.; Nahar, K.; Ozturk, M. (Eds.). Ecophysiology, abiotic stress responses and utilization of halophytes. Downtown Core, Singapore: Springer. pp.347-364. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3762-8_17]
Saline water ; Water resources ; Economic analysis ; Financial situation ; Halophytes ; Deserts ; Arid zones ; Arid soils ; Environmental factors ; Irrigation ; Farmers ; Desalination ; Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Crop production ; Cost benefit analysis / Middle East / North Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049183)
Increase in salinity levels poses a threat to many hot and arid farming areas in the Middle East and North Africa region. In some cases, farmers install desalination units to produce freshwater to irrigate high-value crops. However, the produced reject brine is an environmental hazard since it is disposed off in the soil creating a vicious circle of salinity aggravation. The current work focuses on the financial aspect of using the reject brine, generated from reverse osmosis (RO) unit, to grow fish (Sparidentex hasta, sobaity sea bream) and halophytic species (Salicornia bigelovii, Distichlis spicata, and Sporobolus virginicus) for various uses in an integrated farming approach. Different water treatments (RO brine, RO brine mixed with groundwater, aquabrine, and aquabrine mixed with groundwater) were tested to evaluate their impact on halophytes’ growth and production. Irrigating with RO brine resulted in positive net returns for S. bigelovii, directed for fresh tips’ production, as well as for the grasses D. spicata and S. virginicus. However, more returns were obtained when RO brine passed through the aquaculture system where it got enriched with more nutrients due to fish waste. Irrigation with brine from the aquaculture system tripled S. bigelovii production (23.7 t/ha) and increased returns per ha of approximately US $76,000 over irrigating with RO brine directly, compared to the US $5571 and the US $1884 for D. spicata and S. virginicus, respectively. Halophytic crops constitute one of the very few sustainable options to improve food and nutrition security in salt-affected regions, contributing in lands’ rehabilitation and enhancing farming livelihood income. Halophytes also constitute an imperative component to consider for nutrient-dense production systems such as integrated agri-aquaculture systems (IAAS) implemented in desert environments, and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were explored through a SWOT analysis.
17 Caldera, U.; Breyer, C. 2020. Strengthening the global water supply through a decarbonised global desalination sector and improved irrigation systems. Energy, 200:117507. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117507]
Desalination ; Water supply ; Irrigation systems ; Sea water ; Water desalting ; Forecasting ; Irrigation efficiency ; Water use efficiency ; Water demand ; Water stress ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Renewable energy ; Solar energy ; Photovoltaic systems ; Electricity generation ; Costs ; Models / USA / China / Iran Islamic Republic / India / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049616)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220306149/pdfft?md5=7119625a4e8a2f44996624d275fcdf09&pid=1-s2.0-S0360544220306149-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049616.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049616.pdf
(4.83 MB) (4.83 MB)
This study analyses the role that renewable energy based desalination, in conjunction with improvements in water use efficiency in the irrigation sector, can play towards securing future global water supplies. It is found that the global desalination demand by 2050 can be reduced by much as 30% and 60%, depending on the irrigation efficiency growth rate. India, China, USA, Pakistan and Iran account for between 56% and 62% of the global desalination demand. Decarbonising the desalination sector by 2050, will result in global average levelised cost of water decreasing from about 2.4 €/m3 in 2015, considering unsubsidised fossil fuel costs, to approximately 1.05 €/m3 by 2050, with most regions in the cost range of 0.32 €/m3 – 1.66 €/m3. Low-cost renewable electricity, in particular solar photovoltaics and battery storage, is found to form the backbone of a sustainable and clean global water supply, supported by measures to increase irrigation efficiency. The results show the untapped relationships between the irrigation and decarbonised desalination sector that can be utilised to strengthen the global water supply for the decades to come and meet United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
18 Mukherjee, A.; Scanlon, B. R.; Aureli, A.; Langan, Simon; Guo, H.; McKenzie, A. A. (Eds.) 2021. Global groundwater: source, scarcity, sustainability, security, and solutions. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 676p.
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Water scarcity ; Sustainability ; Water security ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Water governance ; Groundwater irrigation ; Groundwater pollution ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Chemical substances ; Pollutants ; Arsenic ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Agricultural production ; Water storage ; International waters ; Water use efficiency ; Domestic water ; Surface water ; Brackish water ; Freshwater ; Desalination ; Environmental control ; Monitoring ; Climate change ; Drought ; Livelihoods ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Urbanization ; Arid zones ; Cold zones ; Hydrogeology ; Deltas ; River basins ; Technology ; Machine learning ; Modelling / Middle East / East Africa / South Asia / South Africa / Australia / USA / Brazil / China / Canada / Jamaica / Morocco / Israel / India / Pakistan / Bangladesh / Afghanistan / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Indonesia / Himalayan Region / North China Plain / Alberta / Texas / Florida / Cape Town / Medan / Barind Tract / Nile River Basin / Kingston Basin / Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Delta / Pearl River Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050267)
(0.18 MB)
19 Abou-Shady, A.; El-Araby, H. 2021. Electro-agric, a novel environmental engineering perspective to overcome the global water crisis via marginal water reuse. Natural Hazards Research, 25p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2021.10.004]
Water scarcity ; Water reuse ; Environmental engineering ; Semiarid zones ; Deserts ; Water supply ; Soil reclamation ; Organic matter ; Plant growth ; Fertilizers ; Wastewater treatment ; Technology ; Desalination ; Seawater ; Coastal aquifers ; Sewage sludge ; Drinking water ; Economic evaluation ; Electrodialysis / Middle East / North Africa / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050687)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666592121000354/pdfft?md5=496122e99943c12c239fc5461feff90b&pid=1-s2.0-S2666592121000354-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050687.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050687.pdf
(5.60 MB) (5.60 MB)
Water crises in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in desert areas, are considered a challenge owing to the fact that no functioning solutions have been introduced throughout history to change the whole map from yellow to green. Current desert regions are still deserts from millions of years ago, and all scenarios that have been introduced to occupy desert regions accounts for 1%–2% of the total area. Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries that are located in such arid and semi-arid zones are disadvantaged by limited water supply because of high temperature, low precipitation, and limited water resources. We have found that, there is no consortium between different fields of interest in the hopes of eventually overcoming the global water crisis. This is practically the case when it comes to using desalination and wastewater treatment technologies and their application for agriculture. Water crises should not only be solved using desalination and wastewater treatment, but other items should be also taken into consideration such as soil, plant, and organic matter use, among others. In the present perspective, we are developing novel solutions to overcome the global water crisis via nonconventional water reuse with minimum constrains to ecosystems using the principles of the Sophisticated Desert Development Project (SDDP) or “Electro-agric technology”. Electro-agric is technique that uses electrical fields throughout agricultural practices. Electro-agric technology comprises five main sections, including water, soil, organic matter, and plants, among others, that may be achieved via the establishment of a consortium between different major establishments like the Faculties of Engineering, Agriculture, and Science. Traditional approaches for cultivating land in arid and semi-arid regions are inappropriate and electro-agric technologies may be considered as the only alternative solution for regions that are located between the latitudes 35°N to 35°S in which the arid and semi-arid weather prevails and in which in seven of the world's major deserts are located. We believe that the map of MENA countries produced will transform from yellow to green, indicating reclamation of this resource; however this can only be accomplished if we comply with electro-agric technologies. Moreover, national incomes will be increased, and new communities will be stabilized.
20 Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, M.; Baumann, J. 2022. Water reuse to free up freshwater for higher-value use and increase climate resilience and water productivity. Irrigation and Drainage, 71(S1):100-109. (Special issue: Achieving Climate Resilience Through Improved Irrigation Water Management from Farm to Basin Scale) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2694]
Water reuse ; Wastewater ; Climate change adaptation ; Resilience ; Water productivity ; Freshwater ; Water transfer ; Rural urban relations ; Water allocation ; Water scarcity ; Water conservation ; Desalination ; Agriculture ; Farmers / Iran (Islamic Republic of) / Spain / Mexico / Mashhad Plain / Llobregat Delta / Durango
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050955)
(2.28 MB) (2.28 MB)
The impact of climate change on the availability of water affects all types of land use and sectors. This complexity calls for integrated water resources management and negotiations between sectors on the most important, cost-effective, and productive allocation of water where it is a limited resource. This reflection paper shows examples of adaptation efforts to water scarcity at a scale where gains in water productivity can be derived from intersectoral water reuse and wastewater–freshwater swaps, complementing other water scarcity coping strategies (water savings, long-distance transfer, and desalination). Wastewater treatment for reuse offers opportunities across scales as it allows, for example, donor regions to be compensated with reclaimed water for the release of freshwater for higher-value use, increasing overall economic water productivity in this way. In such water swaps, farmers are compensated with higher water volumes in exchange for higher quality. The reuse of water between sectors offers opportunities to (i) expand the traditional (agricultural) water productivity concept and (ii) significantly increase water productivity at the system level. While rural–urban water reallocation can help mitigate the impacts of climate change, compensating farmers with reclaimed water remains limited for the reasons discussed in the paper.
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