Your search found 126 records
1 Simmons, Robert; Noble, Andrew; Pongsakul, P.; Sukreeyapongse, O.; Chinabut, N. 2005. Metals and food contamination: cadmium in paddy fields in Thailand and Vietnam. Paper presented at Inter Regional Workshop on Environmental Health Impacts from Exposure to Metals, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, 31 May - 3 June, 2005. 32p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 633.18 G800 SIM, CD Col Record No: H038810)
(28 MB)
2 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Wastewater irrigated vegetable production: contamination pathway for health risk reduction in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. Thesis submitted to the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Science. 202p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Contamination ; Risks ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Agricultural workers ; Diseases ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Biological analysis ; Coliform bacteria ; Helminths ; Soils ; Analytical methods ; Pesticides ; Irrigation practices / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H041491)
3 Drechsel, Pay; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Abaidoo, R. 2009. Reducing risk from wastewater use in urban farming: a case study of Accra, Ghana. In Jimenez, B; Rose, J. (Eds.). Urban water security: managing risks. Paris, France: UNESCO; Leiden, Netherlands: Taylor & Francis. pp.237-253. (UNESCO-IHP Urban Water Series 5)
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Helminths ; Health hazards ; Risk evaluation ; Irrigation methods ; Vegetables ; Contamination ; Control methods ; Urban agriculture ; Farmers ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Urbanization ; Case studies / Africa / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042200)
(1.72 MB)
4 Hussain, A.; Murtaza, G.; Ghafoor, A.; Basra, S. M. A.; Qadir, Manzoor; Sabir, M. 2010. Cadmium contamination of soils and crops by long term use of raw effluent, ground and canal waters in agricultural lands. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(6):851-856. [doi: https://doi.org/10–290/AWB/2010/12–6–851–856]
Water scarcity ; Water reuse ; Effluents ; Wastewater irrigation ; Cadmium ; Electrical conductivity ; Soil degradation ; Cereals ; Legumes ; Contamination ; Heavy metals ; Chemical analysis ; Surveys ; Canals ; Wells / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043365)
(0.14 MB)
Water scarcity in agriculture sector forced farmers to use city wastewater without any regard of its quality effects on environment and resultant contamination of soils and plants, particularly with heavy metals. A survey of effluent, tube well and canal water irrigated areas in Faisalabad, Pakistan was conducted to appraise Cd concentration in these waters and soils, and its uptake by cereal and legume crops. Water, soil and plant (seeds, shoot & roots) samples were collected and analyzed for Cd concentration. Results illustrated that wastewater contained 11.0 and 3.7 times higher Cd than tube well and canal waters, respectively. Location-wise the lowest Cd concentration was 0.6 µg L-1 at Bypass Samandari Road (BSR) while the highest was 1.4 µg L-1 at Malkhanwala (MW). Maximum AB-DTPA extractable Cd (0.30 mg kg-1 & 0.248 mg kg-1) was found in soil samples collected from 0-15 cm depths at Uchkera and Ghulam Muhammad Abad (GMA), respectively. It was the lowest (0.04 mg kg-1) in soil samples collected from Chak No. 235/RB (C235) location. Long term effluent irrigation resulted in 248 and 260% increase in Cd contents at 0-15 cm depth of soils compared to tube well and canal waters irrigated soils, respectively. In all the cases, Cd was within safe limits. About 70% of the metal was deposited in upper 30 cm layers. Seeds of effluent irrigated chickpea acquired the highest concentration of Cd (0.177 mg kg-1), while was the lowest in wheat seeds (0.034 mg kg-1). Concentration of Cd was higher in mungbean shoots (0.62 mg kg-1) than in wheat shoots. The order for Cd concentration in seeds was chickpea > maize > mungbean > wheat for wastewater irrigated crops. Similar trend of Cd concentration was observed in tube well and canal waters irrigated crops.
5 Brody, J. G.; Aschengrau, A.; McKelvey, W.; Swartz, C. H.; Kennedy, T.; Rudel, R. A. 2006. Breast cancer risk and drinking water contaminated by wastewater: a case control study. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 5(28). 11p. [doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1476-069X-5-28]
Drinking water ; Breast cancer ; Neoplasms ; Risks ; Wastewater ; Contamination ; Case studies ; Water supply ; Wells ; Groundwater / USA / Cape Cod / Massachusetts
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043729)
(0.27 MB) (272.62 KB)
Background: Drinking water contaminated by wastewater is a potential source of exposure to mammary carcinogens and endocrine disrupting compounds from commercial products and excreted natural and pharmaceutical hormones. These contaminants are hypothesized to increase breast cancer risk. Cape Cod, Massachusetts, has a history of wastewater contamination in many, but not all, of its public water supplies; and the region has a history of higher breast cancer incidence that is unexplained by the population's age, in-migration, mammography use, or established breast cancer risk factors. We conducted a case-control study to investigate whether exposure to drinking water contaminated by wastewater increases the risk of breast cancer.
Methods: Participants were 824 Cape Cod women diagnosed with breast cancer in 1988–1995 and 745 controls who lived in homes served by public drinking water supplies and never lived in a home served by a Cape Cod private well. We assessed each woman's exposure yearly since 1972 at each of her Cape Cod addresses, using nitrate nitrogen (nitrate-N) levels measured in public wells and pumping volumes for the wells. Nitrate-N is an established wastewater indicator in the region. As an alternative drinking water quality indicator, we calculated the fraction of recharge zones in residential, commercial, and pesticide land use areas.
Results: After controlling for established breast cancer risk factors, mammography, and length of residence on Cape Cod, results showed no consistent association between breast cancer and average annual nitrate-N (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 0.6 – 5.0 for = 1.2 vs. < .3 mg/L), the sum of annual nitrate-N concentrations (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.6 – 1.5 for = 10 vs. 1 to < 10 mg/L), or the number of years exposed to nitrate-N over 1 mg/L (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.5 – 1.5 for = 8 vs. 0 years). Variation in exposure levels was limited, with 99% of women receiving some of their water from supplies with nitrate-N levels in excess of background. The total fraction of residential, commercial, and pesticide use land in recharge zones of public supply wells was associated with a small statistically unstable higher breast cancer incidence (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 0.8–2.4 for highest compared with lowest land use), but risk did not increase for increasing land use fractions.
Conclusion: Results did not provide evidence of an association between breast cancer and drinking water contaminated by wastewater. The computer mapping methods used in this study to link routine measurements required by the Safe Drinking Water Act with interview data can enhance individual-level epidemiologic studies of multiple health outcomes, including diseases with substantial latency.
Methods: Participants were 824 Cape Cod women diagnosed with breast cancer in 1988–1995 and 745 controls who lived in homes served by public drinking water supplies and never lived in a home served by a Cape Cod private well. We assessed each woman's exposure yearly since 1972 at each of her Cape Cod addresses, using nitrate nitrogen (nitrate-N) levels measured in public wells and pumping volumes for the wells. Nitrate-N is an established wastewater indicator in the region. As an alternative drinking water quality indicator, we calculated the fraction of recharge zones in residential, commercial, and pesticide land use areas.
Results: After controlling for established breast cancer risk factors, mammography, and length of residence on Cape Cod, results showed no consistent association between breast cancer and average annual nitrate-N (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 0.6 – 5.0 for = 1.2 vs. < .3 mg/L), the sum of annual nitrate-N concentrations (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.6 – 1.5 for = 10 vs. 1 to < 10 mg/L), or the number of years exposed to nitrate-N over 1 mg/L (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.5 – 1.5 for = 8 vs. 0 years). Variation in exposure levels was limited, with 99% of women receiving some of their water from supplies with nitrate-N levels in excess of background. The total fraction of residential, commercial, and pesticide use land in recharge zones of public supply wells was associated with a small statistically unstable higher breast cancer incidence (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 0.8–2.4 for highest compared with lowest land use), but risk did not increase for increasing land use fractions.
Conclusion: Results did not provide evidence of an association between breast cancer and drinking water contaminated by wastewater. The computer mapping methods used in this study to link routine measurements required by the Safe Drinking Water Act with interview data can enhance individual-level epidemiologic studies of multiple health outcomes, including diseases with substantial latency.
6 Morris, B. L.; Lawrence, A. R. L.; Chilton, P. J. C.; Adams, B.; Calow, R. C.; Klinck, B. A. 2003. Groundwater and its susceptibility to degradation: a global assessment of the problem and options for management. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. 126p. (Early Warning and Assessment Report Series, RS. 03-3)
Groundwater management ; Water scarcity ; Hydrology ; Aquifers ; Water quality ; Groundwater pollution ; Contamination ; Urbanization ; Salinity
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 553.79 G000 MOR Record No: H043913)
http://www.unep.org/dewa/Portals/67/pdf/Groundwater_INC_cover.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043913.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043913.pdf
(7.46 MB) (7.45MB)
7 Witten, J.; Horsley, S.; Jeer, S.; Flanagan, E. K. 1995. Guide to Wellhead Protection. Michigan, MI, USA: American Planning Association (APA). Planning Advisory Service (PAS) 102p. (PAS Report No.457/458)
Groundwater ; Wells ; Water conservation ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Hydrology ; Aquifers ; Pollutants ; Contamination ; Financing ; Models ; Environmental effects ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9104 G000 WIT Record No: H044217)
(0.33 MB)
8 Athuraliya, N. T. C.; Abeysekera, T. D. J.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie.; Kumarasiri, R.; Bandara, P.; Karunaratne , U.; Milton, A. H.; Jones, A. L. 2011. Uncertain etiologies of proteinuric-chronic kidney disease in rural Sri Lanka. Kidney International, 80(11):1212-1221. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.258]
Public health ; Kidney diseases ; Rural areas ; Proteinuria ; Aetiology ; Risks ; Models ; Surveys ; Wastewater ; Contamination ; Water pollution / Sri Lanka / North Central Province / Central Province / Southern Province / Medawachchiya / Yatinuwara / Hambantota
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044372)
(0.44 MB)
The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of uncertain etiology may be underreported. Communitylevel epidemiological studies are few due to the lack of national registries and poor focus on the reporting of noncommunicable diseases. Here we describe the prevalence of proteinuric-CKD and disease characteristics of three rural populations in the North Central, Central, and Southern Provinces of Sri Lanka. Patients were selected using the random cluster sampling method and those older than 19 years of age were screened for persistent dipstick proteinuria. The prevalence of proteinuric-CKD in the Medawachchiya region (North Central) was 130 of 2600 patients, 68 of 709 patients in the Yatinuwara region (Central), and 66 of 2844 patients in the Hambantota region (Southern). The mean ages of these patients with CKD ranged from 44 to 52 years. Diabetes and long-standing hypertension were the main risk factors of CKD in the Yatinuwara and Hambantota regions. Age, exceeding 60 years, and farming were strongly associated with proteinuric-CKD in the Medawachchiya region; however, major risk factors were uncertain in 87% of these patients. Of these patients, 26 underwent renal biopsy; histology indicated tubulointerstitial disease. Thus, proteinuric-CKD of uncertain etiology is prevalent in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. In contrast, known risk factors were associated with CKD in the Central and Southern Provinces.
9 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2012. Changing to biofuel crops makes productive use of contaminated water. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2p. (IWMI Success Stories 013) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2012.002]
Crops ; Rice ; Biofuels ; Contamination ; Water use ; Water productivity ; Kidney diseases / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044679)
(271.50KB)
10 Lente, I.; Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Ofosu-Anim, J.; Brimah, A. K. 2012. Risk assessment of heavy-metal contamination on vegetables grown in long-term wastewater irrigated urban farming sites in Accra, Ghana. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 4(4):179-186. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-012-0077-8]
Risk assessment ; Heavy metals ; Contamination ; Vegetable growing ; Urban agriculture ; Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Sampling ; Indicators / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045012)
(0.48 MB)
Assessment was done of heavy-metal contamination and its related health risks in urban vegetable farming in Accra. Samples of irrigation water (n = 120), soil (n = 144) and five different kinds of vegetable (n = 240) were collected and analyzed for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and cobalt. All water, soil and vegetable samples contained detectable concentrations of each of the seven heavy metals except for irrigation water which had no detectable chromium, cadmium and cobalt. All heavy-metal levels were below permissible limits except lead on vegetables which was 1.8–3.5 times higher. Health risk assessments showed for all elements that normal consumption of each of the vegetables assessed poses no risk. The highest hazard index obtained was 42 % for wastewater irrigated cabbage. Though within permissible limits, cabbage and ayoyo had the highest potential risk. Compared with previous studies on the same sites, the data show that the risk from heavy metals is less significance than that from pathogen contamination which has positive implications for risk mitigation.
11 Pal, A.; Chowdhury, U. K.; Mondal, D.; Das, B.; Nayak, B.; Ghosh, A.; Maity, S.; Chakraborty, D. 2009. Arsenic burden from cooked rice in the populations of arsenic affected and nonaffected areas and Kolkata city in West Bengal India. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(9):3349-3355.
Arsenic ; Contamination ; Groundwater ; Rice ; Irrigation water ; Analytical methods / India / West Bengal / Kolkata
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045016)
(0.18 MB)
Arsenic contamination of rice irrigated with contaminated groundwater contributes to the additional arsenic burden of the population where rice is the staple food. In an arsenic contaminated area, an experimental field-based study done on nine fields elucidated significant positive correlation between arsenic in irrigation water and soil, irrigation water and rice, and also soil and rice both for Boro (groundwater) and Aman (rainwater) rice. Speciation studies showed that for both Boro (cooked) and Aman (raw) rice from contaminated area, 90% of total recovered arsenic was inorganic. In arsenic contaminated, uncontaminated villages, and Kolkata city, daily quantities of arsenic ingested by adult population from cooked rice diet are equivalent to 6.5, 1.8, and 2.3 L, respectively, of drinking water containing WHO guideline value. In contaminated area, daily intake only from cooked Boro rice for 34.6% of the samples exceeded the WHO recommended MTDI value (2 µg In-As day-1 kg-1 body wt), whereas daily intake from Aman rice was below MTDI value as was rice from uncontaminated areas and Kolkata city. Our study indicated that employing traditional rice cooking method as followed in Bengal delta and using water having arsenic<3µgL-1 for cooking, actual exposure to arsenic from rice would be much less.
12 FAO. 2012. On-farm practices for the safe use of wastewater in urban and peri-urban horticulture: a training handbook for farmer field schools. [Includes contributions by IWMI staff]. Rome, Italy: FAO. 52p.
Training materials ; Wastewater irrigation ; Horticulture ; Farmers ; Irrigation water ; Contamination ; Wastewater treatment ; Filtration ; Vegetable growing ; Urban agriculture ; Suburban agriculture ; Health hazards ; Irrigated farming ; Ponds ; Monitoring ; Indicators ; Information dissemination / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Kumasi / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G000 FAO Record No: H045086)
(0.84 MB) (862.12KB)
13 Keraita, Bernard. 2012. Contamination of irrigation water and vegetables. In FAO. On-farm practices for the safe use of wastewater in urban and peri-urban horticulture: a training handbook for farmer field schools. [Includes contributions by IWMI staff]. 52p. Rome, Italy: FAO. pp.12-17.
Irrigation water ; Contamination ; Vegetable growing ; Wastewater irrigation ; Farmers ; Health hazards
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H045087)
(0.12 MB) (862KB)
14 Keraita, Bernard. 2012. Five easy ways to reduce health risks. In FAO. On-farm practices for the safe use of wastewater in urban and peri-urban horticulture: a training handbook for farmer field schools. [Includes contributions by IWMI staff]. 52p. Rome, Italy: FAO. pp.18-27.
Irrigation water ; Contamination ; Vegetable growing ; Health hazards ; Risk reduction ; Irrigation methods ; Ponds ; Filtration / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045088)
(0.19 MB) (862KB)
15 Senanayke, N.; Mukherji, Aditi. 2012. Irrigating with arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Bengal Delta: a review of mitigation options. IWMI-Tata Water Policy Research Highlight, 12. 7p.
Groundwater irrigation ; Arsenic ; Contamination ; Drinking water ; Crop yield ; Rice / India / Bangladesh / West Bengal / Bengal Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045262)
(304.9KB)
16 Mukherji, Aditi. 2012. Rural electrification for a second green revolution in West Bengal [India]. IWMI-Tata Water Policy Research Highlight, 38. 7p.
Electrification ; Green revolution ; Agricultural development ; Groundwater development ; Contamination ; Water policy ; Tube wells ; Pumps ; Arsenic ; Water table / India / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045485)
(337.2KB)
17 Wang, B.; Zheng, X.; Lin, G. 2011. Groundwater management for sustainable water resources utilization in China. In Findikakis, A. N.; Sato, K. Groundwater management practices. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press - Balkema. pp.33-43. (IAHR Monograph)
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Water scarcity ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Precipitation ; Salt water intrusion / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 FIN Record No: H045646)
18 Hoehn, E. 2011. Groundwater quality management practices. In Findikakis, A. N.; Sato, K. Groundwater management practices. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press - Balkema. pp.193-203. (IAHR Monograph)
Groundwater management ; Water quality ; Quality standards ; Contamination ; Drinking water ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 FIN Record No: H045657)
19 Sato, K.; Shichinohe, K.; Ueno, T. 2011. Groundwater-related laws in Japan. In Findikakis, A. N.; Sato, K. Groundwater management practices. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press - Balkema. pp.283-294. (IAHR Monograph)
Groundwater resources ; Contamination ; Water law ; Local government ; Regulations ; Subsidence ; Water quality / Japan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 FIN Record No: H045661)
20 Kane-Potaka, Joanna. 2013. The story behind the success: ten case studies identifying what led to uptake of research for development. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 100p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2013.208]
Research ; Uptake ; Stakeholders ; Marketing techniques ; Development policies ; Organizations ; Institutions ; Case studies ; Contamination ; Water use ; Electricity supplies ; Water management ; Technology ; International waters ; Water sharing ; Drinking water ; Tsunami ; Groundwater irrigation ; Wetlands ; Poverty ; Soils ; Yields ; Rice
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046204)
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