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1 Garg, K. K.; Bharati, Luna; Gaur, A.; George, B.; Acharya, Sreedhar; Jella, Kiran; Narasimhan, B. 2012. Spatial mapping of agricultural water productivity using the SWAT model in upper Bhima catchment, India. Irrigation and Drainage, 61(1):60-79. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.618]
Water productivity ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation programs ; Crop production ; Mapping ; Simulation models ; Hydrology ; Models ; Water balance ; River basins ; Economic aspects / India / Upper Bhima River Basin / Ujjani Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H043722)
(1.99 MB)
The Upper Bhima River Basin is facing both episodic and chronic water shortages due to intensive irrigation development. The main objective of this study was to characterize the hydrologic processes of the Upper Bhima River Basin and assess crop water productivity using the distributed hydrologic model, SWAT. Rainfall within the basin varies from 450 to 5000 mm in a period of 3–4 months. The basin has an average rainfall of 711 mm (32 400 Mm 3 (million cubic metres)) in a normal year, of which 12.8% (4150 Mm 3 ) and 21% (6800 Mm 3) are captured by the reservoirs and groundwater reserves, respectively, 7% (2260 Mm 3 (exported as runoff out of the basin and the rest (63%) used in evapotranspiration. Agricultural water productivity for sugarcane, sorghum and millet were estimated as 2.90, 0.51 and 0.30 kg m¯3, respectively, which were signi cantly lower than the potential and global maximum in the basin and warrant further improvement. Various scenarios involving different cropping patterns were tested with the goal of increasing economic water productivity values in the Ujjani Irrigation Scheme. Analysis suggests that maximization of the area by provision of supplemental irrigation to rainfed areas as well as better on-farm water management practices can provide opportunities for improving water productivity.
2 Pavelic, Paul; Patankar, U.; Acharya, Sreedhar; Jella, Kiran; Gumma, M. K. 2012. Role of groundwater in buffering irrigation production against climate variability at the basin scale in South-West India. Agricultural Water Management, 103(1):78-87. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.10.01]
Groundwater irrigation ; Wells ; Resource depletion ; Aquifers ; Climate change ; River basins ; Rain ; Hydrology ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water scarcity / India / Upper Bhima River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044570)
(2.01 MB)
The basaltic aquifers of the Upper Bhima River Basin in India are highly utilized for irrigation but the sustainability of groundwater withdrawals and the agricultural production systems they support is largely unknown. Here we used hydrogeological data, supported by secondary data, to assess the effects of water scarcity over a decade-long period (1998–2007) on the groundwater resources at the regional basin scale. This reveals no evidence of systematic declines in total groundwater availability over the period; only shorter-term losses/gains in storage associated with successive dry/wet years. The clearest indicator of stress comes from the more widespread drying out of wells following lower rainfall years throughout the basin and especially in upland areas where aquifers are least developed and most easily drained. Groundwater in the basin offers an adaptive mechanism to climate variability to some degree, but the buffering capacity is constrained by low aquifer storativity and average residence times of just a few years. Around 40% of the basin is currently at a level of development that is of concern, and the number of irrigation wells is growing rapidly. However recent evidence of conversion from high to low water use crops indicates the adaptive capacity of farmers to water-related stresses. Surplus surface water ows may provide opportunities to enhance groundwater recharge but requires careful trade-off analysis of the downstream impacts.
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