Your search found 15 records
1 1988. From green to brown revolution. Economic and Political Weekly, 23(43):2205-2206.
Green revolution ; Mixed farming ; Governmental interrelations ; Agricultural economics ; Research / India
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H05211)
2 Dixon, J.; Gulliver, A.; Gibbon, D. 2001. Farming systems and poverty: improving farmers' livelihoods in a changing world. Rome, Italy: FAO; Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. viii, 412p.
Farming systems ; Small scale systems ; Farmers ; Poverty ; Irrigated farming ; Large-scale systems ; Cereals ; Root crops ; Millets ; Sorghum ; Rice ; Wheat ; Mixed farming ; Rain-fed farming ; Dry farming ; Pastoralism ; Livestock ; Households / Africa South of Sahara / Middle East / North Africa / Eastern Europe / Central Asia / South Asia / East Asia / Pacific Islands / Latin America / Caribbean
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630.092 G000 DIX Record No: H030212)
(280.20 KB)
3 Suphachasimat, N.; Ando, M.; Prapertchob, P.; Pakdee, P. 2006. Farmers’ decision making on the use of farm ponds in Nong Saeng Village. In Ito, O.; Caldwell, J. S.; Oda, M.; Yamamoto, Y.; Hamada, H.; Nishida, T. (Eds.). Increasing economic options in rainfed agriculture in Indochina through efficient use of water resources. Tsukuba, Japan: JIRCAS. pp.43-48.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 630 G800 ITO Record No: H039169)
4 Haileslassie, A.; Hagos, Fitsum; Mapedza, Everisto; Sadoff, Claudia W.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Gebreselassie, S.; Peden, D. 2008. Institutional settings and livelihood strategies in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for upstream/downstream linkages. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 75p. (IWMI Working Paper 132) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.313]
River basins ; Water policy ; Institutions ; Institutional development ; Farming systems ; Mixed farming ; Cereals ; Sorghum ; Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Pastoralism ; Poverty ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Labor ; Ecosystems ; Energy ; Water power ; Watershed management ; Water harvesting ; Legal aspects ; Environmental policy ; Water user associations ; Irrigation programs / Africa / Ethiopia / Sudan / Egypt / Blue Nile River Basin / Koga Irrigation Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.3 G100 HAI Record No: H041835)
(474.57KB)
Through rapid assessment of existing literature and review of policy and other official documents, the report synthesizes the existing knowledge and gaps on policies and institutions and identifies key research issues that need in-depth study. The report provides an overview of the range of key livelihoods and production systems in the Blue Nile Basin (BNB) and highlights their relative dependence on, and vulnerability to, water resources and water-related ecosystem services. It also makes an inventory of current water and land related policies and institutions in the BNB, their organizational arrangements, dynamics and linkages and key policy premises. It highlights the major problems in institutional arrangements and policy gaps and makes suggestions for an in-depth Policy and Institutional Studies to be done as part of the Upstream-Downstream Research project.
5 Descheemaeker, Katrien; Amede, Tilahun; Haileslassie, A.; Bossio, Deborah. 2011. Analysis of gaps and possible interventions for improving water productivity in crop livestock systems of Ethiopia. Experimental Agriculture, 47(Supplement S1):21-38. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479710000797]
Water productivity ; Crop production ; Livestock ; Mixed farming ; Farming systems ; Water scarcity ; Water conservation ; Models ; Feeds ; Milk production / Ethiopia / Lenche Dima Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043509)
(0.35 MB)
Low crop and livestock productivities in the mixed farming systems of Ethiopia hamper efforts to meet the increasing food demands from a stressed natural resource base. Important reasons for the low agricultural productivity are water scarcity and poor spatial and temporal rainfall distribution. Although improving agricultural water productivity would safeguard people’s livelihoods and the environment, the lack of information on best bet interventions and strategies to achieve this impedes targeted decision making. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct an ex-ante evaluation of the potential effect of selected interventions on livestock water productivity (LWP) in mixed crop-livestock systems. Baseline data were collected from a water scarce area in the Ethiopian highlands. An analysis of productivity gaps and stakeholder interviews helped to identify promising interventions, which were categorized in three groups related to feed, water and animal management. A spreadsheet model was developed that was composed of the various production components of the farming system, their interactions and influencing factors. By linking water use for feed production with livestock products through the energy supplied by the feeds, the potential effect of interventions on LWP could be simulated. The evaluation showed that the various interventions targeting feed, water and animal management could result in LWP improvements ranging from 4 to 94%. Feed and energy water productivity increased particularly with interventions like fertilizer application, and the introduction of fodder trees, concentrates, improved food-feed crops, and soil and water conservation measures. Combining the different interventions led to a stronger improvement than any of the single interventions. The results of the evaluation can inform policy-makers and development actors on which best bets to promote and invest in.
6 Derib, S. D.; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Haileslassie, A.; Amede, Tilahun. 2011. Irrigation water productivity as affected by water management in a small-scale irrigation scheme in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Experimental Agriculture, 47(Supplement S1):39-55. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479710000839]
Irrigation schemes ; River basins ; Evapotranspiration ; Canals ; Water loss ; Statistical methods ; Water productivity ; Crop production ; Irrigation efficiency ; Mixed farming ; Livestock / Africa / Ethiopia / Blue Nile Basin / Guanta Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043513)
(0.38 MB)
In Ethiopia, irrigation is mainly implemented in small-scale irrigation schemes, which are often characterized by low water productivity. This study reports on the efficiency and productivity of a typical small-scale irrigation scheme in the highlands of the Blue Nile, Ethiopia. Canal water flows and the volume of irrigation water applied were measured at field level. Grain and crop residue biomass and grass biomass production along the canals were also measured. To triangulate the measurements, the irrigation farm management, effects of water logging around irrigation canals, farm water distribution mechanisms, effects of night irrigation and water losses due to soil cracking created by prolonged irrigation were closely observed. The average canal water loss from the main, the secondary and the field canals was 2.58, 1.59 and 0.39 l s-1 100 m-1, representing 4.5, 4.0 and 26% of the total water flow respectively. About 0.05% of the loss was attributed to grass production for livestock, while the rest was lost through evaporation and canal seepage. Grass production for livestock feed had a land productivity of 6190.5 kg ha-1 and a water productivity of 0.82 kg m-3 . Land productivity for straw and grain was 2048 and 770 kg ha-1, respectively, for teff, and 1864 kg ha-1 and 758 kg ha-1, respectively, for wheat. Water productivities of the crops varied from 0.2 to 1.63 kg m-3. A significant volume of water was lost from small-scale irrigation systems mainly because farmers’ water application did not match crop needs. The high price incurred by pumped irrigation positively affected water management by minimizing water losses and forced farmers to use deficit irrigation. Improving water productivity of small-scale irrigation requires integrated interventions including night storage mechanisms, optimal irrigation scheduling, empowerment of farmers to maintain canals and proper irrigation schedules.
7 Ali, H.; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Steenhuis, T. S.; Pandey, S. 2011. Comparison of land use and land cover changes, drivers and impacts for a moisture-sufficient and drought-prone region in the Ethiopian highlands. Experimental Agriculture, 47(Supplement S1):71–83. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479710000840]
Land use ; Land cover ; Drought ; Arid lands ; Livestock ; Crop production ; Mixed farming ; Remote sensing / Ethiopia / Lenche Dima Watershed / Kuhar Michael Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043515)
(1.00 MB)
Land use and land cover changes are driven by human actions and, in turn, drive changes that alter the availability of products and services for people and livestock. For proper planning, these cause-and-effect interrelations need to be understood. This is especially important for Ethiopia where the resource base is declining and should be improved in order to feed the growing population. To better understand these interrelations,we studied trends in the natural resource base over a 35-year period for two contrasting sites in the Ethiopian Highlands: semi-arid and water-short Lenche Dima, and sub-humid and moisture-sufficient Kuhar Michael. Information was obtained using time-series satellite images, geographical positioning system, a socio-economic survey and a document review. Results showed that for sub-arid Lenche Dima there were minimal changes in land use and land cover patterns, while in water-sufficient Kuhar Michael cropland greatly increased at the expense of the grazing land and bare soil. At the same time land holding size and cattle numbers decreased in Lenche Dima while they remained the same in Kuhar Michael, although overall land holdings remained larger in Lenche Dima than in Kuhar Michael. This study thus found large differences in development of agriculture since the 1970s: intensification of agriculture is possible in the water-sufficient sub-humid climate by displacing animal husbandry with high value crops that need irrigation during the dry monsoon season. This is not possible for the semi-arid area where water is the limiting factor in production even if a market is close by. Agriculture in the semi-arid areas also requires larger land holdings because of the risk of droughts and low yields during some years. This comparative analysis suggests that without sufficient water, the shift from subsistent to commercial market-driven agriculture cannot be easily accomplished.
8 Mekonnen, S.; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Tolera, A. 2011. Livestock water productivity in a water stressed environment in northern Ethiopia. Experimental Agriculture, 47(Supplement S1):85-98. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479710000852]
Mixed farming ; Livestock ; Water productivity ; Water stress ; Water scarcity ; Households ; Animal husbandry ; Water management ; Feed production ; Organic fertilizers ; Livestock products / Ethiopia / Lenche Dima Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043516)
(0.17 MB)
Agricultural systems of Northern Ethiopia are under pressure from demographic expansion leading to land degradation and increasing water scarcity. Livestock water productivity (LWP) is an important component in improving overall productivity in mixed crop-livestock systems. The objective of the study was to characterize the existing farming system in a typical water stressed environment in the Ethiopian highlands in terms of crop and livestock production and to assess LWP at household level.To this end, the characteristic watershed of Lenche Dima watershed was chosen. An exploratory assessment of LWP variables and potential differences between farmers’ wealth classes was conducted based on a survey of 54 sample households and focus group discussions. LWP was determined as the ratio of beneficial outputs over used water. We used market values of livestock products and services to unify the livestock outputs. Water used to produce the livestock outputs was determined based on water consumption to produce the feed. The overall water used per household for livestock production ranged from 3079 ± 2335 (s.d.) m3 per year to 11 975 ± 4080 (s.d.) m3 per year for poor and better-off households, respectively. If fully valued as fuel and fertilizer, manure contributed an overall 34% of the total financial livestock output, followed by draught power (22%), transport (17%) and milk production (16%). LWP ranged from 0.07 to 0.09 US$ m-3 and was not significantly different between farmers’ wealth classes. The small differences were an indication that all farmer types had very limited access to potential LWP improvements through increased feed quality and quantity, improved animal husbandry and better veterinary care.
9 Clement, Floriane; Ishaq, Saba; Samad, Madar; Acharya, N. Sreedhar; Radha, A. Venkata; Haileslassie, A.; Blummel, M.; Dey, A.; Khan, M. A.; Shindey, D. N.; Mit, R. 2010. Improving water productivity, reducing poverty and enhancing equity in mixed crop-livestock systems in the Indo-Gangetic Basin: CPWF project report 68. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 103p.
Farming systems ; Mixed farming ; Water productivity ; Feed production ; Livestock ; Energy consumption ; Gender ; Poverty ; River basins ; Case studies / India / Indo-Gangetic Basin / West Bengal / Haryana / Uttar Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043549)
(1MB)
This CGIAR-CPWF Project was designed and conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), in partnership with international and national partners, to address the relative neglect of livestock water needs of crop-livestock farming systems. The primary objective of this project was to optimize the productive use of water in the crop-livestock farming systems of semi-arid areas to enhance livelihoods, reduce poverty, contribute to gender equity, and protect the environment. This was addressed through an integrated approach led by a multi-disciplinary team across three States of the Ganga Basin.
10 Rajan, Abhishek; Goswami, Alankrita; Verma, Shilp; Shah, Tushaar. 2018. Irrigation impacts on India's milk economy: a disintegrated analysis. In Swain, M.; Kalamkar, S. S. (Eds). Water governance in India: issues and concerns. New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers. pp.121-136.
Dairy industry ; Milk production ; Mixed farming ; Intensification ; Groundwater irrigation ; Surface water ; Irrigated sites ; Irrigation canals ; Economic value ; Households ; Livestock ; Bovines ; Models / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049509)
(4.47 MB)
11 Rajan, Abhishek; Shah, Tushaar. 2020. Impact of irrigation on India’s dairy economy. Agriculture, 10(3):53. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030053]
Mixed farming ; Milk production ; Livestock ; Farming systems ; Dairy industry ; Intensification ; Economic value ; Groundwater irrigation ; Surface water ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated sites ; Bovinae ; Households ; Models / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049547)
(0.65 MB) (668 KB)
This paper explores the impact of irrigation on India’s mixed crop-based dairy production system. It uses a four-equation recursive regression model to outline the impact of water applied under different modes (groundwater irrigation, surface water irrigation, and rainfall) on the bovine herd efficiency and dairy output. The results of the model show that rain-fed areas account for 47% of the total value of milk output, whereas area under groundwater irrigation and surface water irrigation account for 38% and 15%, respectively. Of all the different irrigation modes, groundwater irrigated areas have the most efficient bovine herd for milk production. The addition of one hectare of groundwater in an irrigated area adds around Indian Rupees (INR) 20,000 (~US $448) to the gross value of milk output of a district, which is twice the addition of one hectare of surface water in an irrigated area and five times the addition of one hectare of rainfed area. Based on the results of the model, the paper suggests that expanding well irrigation in the groundwater-abundant eastern and central tribal belt of India can yield a positive impact on milk production.
12 Marie, M.; Yirga, F.; Haile, M.; Tquabo, F. 2020. Farmers' choices and factors affecting adoption of climate change adaptation strategies: evidence from northwestern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 6(4):e03867. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03867]
Climate change adaptation ; Farmers ; Strategies ; Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Mixed cropping ; Mixed farming ; Irrigation ; Socioeconomic environment ; Households ; Farm income ; Market access ; Policies ; Models / Ethiopia / Gondar Zuria
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049687)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240584402030712X/pdfft?md5=36b5cdd951cdd0d380b2647aa56a6960&pid=1-s2.0-S240584402030712X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049687.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049687.pdf
(1.31 MB) (1.31 MB)
Climate change is a major environmental and socioeconomic challenge in Ethiopia in recent decades. The study site is one of the climate change prone areas affected by climate variability and extreme events. Therefore, a better understanding of area-specific and adaptation is crucial to develop and implement proper adaptation strategies that can alleviate the adverse effects of climate change. Therefore, this work was aimed to identify determinants of farmers' adoption of climate change adaptation strategies in Gondar Zuria District of northwestern Ethiopia. Primary data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, observation, and interviews. Besides, the secondary data were also obtained from journal articles, reports, governmental offices, and the internet. The Multinomial and Binary logistic regression models with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (21th edition) were used to analyze the data. The multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the influence of the socioeconomic characteristics of sample households on the farmer's decision to choose climate change adaptation strategies. The result showed that age, gender, family size, farm income, and farm size had a significant influence on the farmers' choice of climate change adaptation strategies. The result also revealed that crop failure, severe soil erosion and shortages of water are major climate change-related problems than others. In order to alleviate these problems, farmers have implemented mixed farming, mixed cropping, early and late planting (changing sowing period), use of drought-resistant crop varieties, application of soil and water conservation techniques, shifting to non-farm income activities and use of irrigation. In contrast, access to climate information, total annual farm income, and market access variables are significant adoption determinants of climate change adaptation strategies by farmers' in the study site. Therefore, we recommend future adaptation-related plans should focus on improving climate change information access, improving market access and enhancing research on the use of rainwater harvesting technology.
13 Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.) 2020. Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. 638p. (Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
Farming systems ; Food security ; Climate change ; Policies ; Urban agriculture ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Sustainable development ; Irrigated farming ; Large scale systems ; Mixed farming ; Agropastoral systems ; Perennials ; Agricultural productivity ; Intensification ; Diversification ; Farm size ; Land tenure ; Livestock ; Fish culture ; Agricultural extension ; Forests ; Highlands ; Drylands ; Fertilizers ; Soil fertility ; Water management ; Natural resources ; Nutrition security ; Energy ; Technology ; Investment ; Market access ; Trade ; Human capital ; Agricultural population ; Gender ; Women ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Hunger ; Socioeconomic environment ; Households ; Yield gap ; Tree crops ; Tubers ; Cereal crops ; Root crops ; Maize ; Ecosystem services ; Resilience ; Strategies / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / East Africa / Southern Africa / Central Africa / Middle East / North Africa / Sahel
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049739)
(103 MB)
14 Nienkerke, I. M.; Thorat, A.; Patt, A. 2023. From distress migration to selective migration: transformative effects of agricultural development on seasonal migration. World Development Perspectives, 29:100483. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2022.100483]
Seasonal migration ; Agricultural development ; Rural development ; Mixed farming ; Smallholders ; Land use change ; Sustainable intensification ; Livelihoods ; Households ; Villages ; Assessment ; Innovation ; Sustainability ; Migrant labour ; Irrigated land / India / Rajasthan / Gujarat / Maharashtra / Karnataka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051796)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292922000911/pdfft?md5=4eb5b2b636d9898c07e2f4019f6e6ae0&pid=1-s2.0-S2452292922000911-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051796.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051796.pdf
(3.58 MB) (3.58 MB)
Mostly for survival rather than wellbeing or profit, seasonal migration is a deeply entrenched but burdensome coping strategy among the rural poor who face seasonal livelihood insecurity, trapping many in a vicious cycle of chronic poverty and seasonal migration. Can rural agricultural development programs effectively transform these livelihoods and places of seasonal migration?
Following a mixed-methods approach, including a survey of 1,860 randomly sampled households in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka in India, we assess the potential of the Wadi program, which supports integrated farming systems, to boost the farmers’ agricultural productivity and to change their deeply entrenched but burdensome coping strategy of seasonal migration. When comparing participants of the program with non-participants, we find a significant reduction in the intensity and frequency of seasonal migration, as well as spillover effects – that is, not only the participants but also whole villages profit from an enhanced local economy. We further analyze the general challenges and migration pattern of seasonal migrants, including the factors that play a role in the decision to seasonally migrate. We find that it is crucial to change the reasons underlying seasonal migration in order to enable the development from distress to selective migration. This study’s results imply the benefits to be gained from scaling up the Wadi concept and provide evidence of its positive impacts as a contribution to the science–policy dialogue about development programs.
Following a mixed-methods approach, including a survey of 1,860 randomly sampled households in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka in India, we assess the potential of the Wadi program, which supports integrated farming systems, to boost the farmers’ agricultural productivity and to change their deeply entrenched but burdensome coping strategy of seasonal migration. When comparing participants of the program with non-participants, we find a significant reduction in the intensity and frequency of seasonal migration, as well as spillover effects – that is, not only the participants but also whole villages profit from an enhanced local economy. We further analyze the general challenges and migration pattern of seasonal migrants, including the factors that play a role in the decision to seasonally migrate. We find that it is crucial to change the reasons underlying seasonal migration in order to enable the development from distress to selective migration. This study’s results imply the benefits to be gained from scaling up the Wadi concept and provide evidence of its positive impacts as a contribution to the science–policy dialogue about development programs.
15 Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Chibarabada, T. P.; Sikka, Alok. 2023. Status of integrated crop-livestock research in the mixed farming systems of the Global South: a scoping study. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7:1241675. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1241675]
Mixed farming ; Integrated crop-livestock systems ; Farming systems research ; Cattle ; Sheep ; Fodder ; Maize ; Soil fertility ; Climate change ; Food security ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Strategies ; Systematic reviews / Global South
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052235)
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1241675/pdf?isPublishedV2=False
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052235.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052235.pdf
(1.80 MB) (1.80 MB)
Mixed farming systems (MFS) are the main food source and exist across almost all agroecological regions in the Global South. A systematic scoping review was conducted to identify the status of integrated crop-livestock research in MFS of the Global South. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was used to identify 210 studies (excluding reviews) addressing productivity, resilience, challenges, opportunities, and perceptions of integrating crops and livestock in the Global South from the Scopus and Web of Science database. Publication details, problem statement, experimental details and research outcomes of each study were extracted into an MS. Excel sheet. Descriptive methods such as frequency counting and the word frequency cloud were used to analyze the data and identify emerging themes. Integrated crop-livestock research was mostly conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia and not much from North Africa and the Caribbean. The integrated research has been focused on farm production of human food and animal feed by smallholder farmers and soil productivity. Maize was the most dominant crop, while for livestock, it was sheep and cattle. The integrated crop-livestock research seeked to address various challenges, including the growing demand for food and fodder, water scarcity, land scarcity and degradation, climate change, disease outbreaks and social changes. The review summarized proposed strategies and approaches to improve the efficiency of MFS in the Global South. Under the current challenges, feed quality and supply can be improved through adoption of high biomass, climate smart and improved drought-tolerant fodder crops. Using crop residues incorporated in crop fields for improved soil organic matter and controlled grazing were some strategies suggested for land rehabilitation. Building the resilience of smallholder farmers in MFS can be done through diversification and ensuring access to information, markets and finance. Policies that promote the business component, i.e., markets, training, gender equality, private investments, tenure systems and technology adoption were identified for the sustainability of MFS. There is need for research that integrates crop-livestock systems and natural resource management innovations and that evaluates sustainable intensification strategies to meet productivity goals without compromising social and ecological outcomes in MFS.
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