Your search found 14 records
1 Seidu, R.; Heistad, A.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Jenssen, P. D.; Stenstrom, T. A. 2008. Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines. Journal of Water and Health, 6(4):461-471. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.118]
Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Assessment ; Simulation models ; Rotavirus ; Ascaris ; Farmers ; Consumers ; Water quality ; Irrigation water ; Polluted soil ; Lettuces / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 SEI Record No: H041489)
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) models with 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations were applied to ascertain the risks of rotavirus and Ascaris infections for farmers using different irrigation water qualities and consumers of lettuce irrigated with the different water qualities after allowing post-harvest handling. A tolerable risk (TR) of infection of 7.7 £ 1024 and 1 £ 1022 per person per year were used for rotavirus and Ascaris respectively. The risk of Ascaris infection was within a magnitude of 1022 for farmers accidentally ingesting drain or stream irrigation water; ,100 for farmers accidentally ingesting farm soil and 100 for farmers ingesting any of the irrigation waters and contaminated soil. There was a very low risk (1025) of Ascaris infection for farmers using pipe 2 water. For consumers, the annual risks of Ascaris and rotavirus infections were 100 and 1023 for drain and stream irrigated lettuce respectively with slight increases for rotavirus infections along the post-harvest handling chain. Pipe irrigated lettuce recorded a rotavirus infection of 1024 with no changes due to post harvest handling. The assessment identified on-farm soil contamination as the most significant health hazard.
2 Hoekstra, A. Y.; Chapagain, A. K. 2008. Globalization of water: sharing the planet's freshwater resources. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. 208p.
Globalization ; Water resources development ; International trade ; Freshwater ; Virtual water ; Agricultural production ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Water quality ; Flow discharge ; Consumers ; Water conservation ; Water loss ; Economic aspects ; Water footprint ; Water transfer ; Tea ; Coffee ; Cotton / Netherlands / Morocco / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 HOE Record No: H043484)
(0.42 MB)
3 Hoekstra, A. Y.; Chapagain, A. K.; Aldaya, M. M.; Mekonnen, M. M. 2009. Water footprint manual: state of the art 2009. Enschede, Netherlands: Water Footprint Network. 127p.
Water footprint ; Assessment ; Guidelines ; Consumers ; Economic aspects ; Policy ; Crop production ; Irrigation scheduling ; Evapotranspiration ; Environmental flows ; Glossaries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043492)
http://www.waterfootprint.org/downloads/WaterFootprintManual2009.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043492.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043492.pdf
(1.81 MB) (1.81 MB)
4 Amoah, Philip; Keraita, Bernard; Akple, Maxwell; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Konradsen, F. 2011. Low-cost options for reducing consumer health risks from farm to fork where crops are irrigated with polluted water in West Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 37p. (IWMI Research Report 141) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2011.201]
Urban agriculture ; Consumers ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Vegetable growing ; Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigation methods ; Irrigation practices ; Wastewater treatment ; Filtration / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G190 AMO Record No: H043829)
(1007.99KB)
To identify interventions which reduce health risks of consumers where highly polluted irrigation water is used to irrigate vegetables in West Africa, scientists worked over 5 years with farmers, market traders and street food vendors in Ghana. The most promising low-cost interventions with high adoption potential were analyzed for their ability to reduce common levels of pathogens (counts of fecal coliforms and helminth eggs). The analysis showed the combination potential of various interventions, especially on-farm and during vegetable washing in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The tested market-based interventions were important to prevent new or additional contamination.
5 Chilonda, Pius; Govereh, J.; Kumwenda, I.; Chalomba, N. 2009. Recent food price trends in southern Africa: causes, impacts and responses. Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA). 77p. (ReSAKSS-SA Annual Trends Report 2009)
Food ; Prices ; Inflation ; Cereals ; Maize ; Seasonal variation ; Biofuels ; Food consumption ; Government policy ; Consumers / Africa / Southern Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 338.1 G154 CHI Record No: H044075)
(0.31 MB)
6 Wichelns, Dennis; Owaygen, M.; Redwood, M. 2011. Developing country farmers need more than financial incentives to reduce the risks of wastewater irrigation. Water International, 36(4):467-475. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594250]
Wastewater irrigation ; Farmers ; Consumers ; Risk reduction ; Financing ; Agriculture ; Public policy ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044194)
(0.11 MB)
Implementing financial incentives to motivate farmers to reduce the risks of using untreated wastewater for irrigation is not feasible in most agricultural settings in developing countries. Much wastewater is diverted informally from streams and ditches, with no accounting of the volumes used by smallholder households. In addition, governance structures are often not sufficiently well established to implement appropriate policies. The authors describe the economic rationale for implementing financial incentives, while discussing alternative approaches for motivating farm-level improvements in cultural practices that might reduce risks for farmers, their families, other residents of agricultural communities and consumers.
7 Vermeulen, S.; Zougmore, R.; Wollenberg, E.; Thornton, P.; Nelson, G.; Kristjanson, P.; Kinyangi, J.; Jarvis, A.; Hansen, J.; Challinor, A.; Campbell, B.; Aggarwal, Pramod. 2012. Climate change, agriculture and food security: a global partnership to link research and action for low-income agricultural producers and consumers. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(1):128-133. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.12.004]
Climate change ; Food security ; Agricultural production ; Consumers ; Low income groups ; Research programmes
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045818)
(0.50 MB)
To achieve food security for many in low-income and middle income countries for whom this is already a challenge, especially with the additional complications of climate change, will require early investment to support smallholder farming systems and the associated food systems that supply poor consumers. We need both local and global policy-linked research to accelerate sharing of lessons on institutions, practices and technologies for adaptation and mitigation. This strategy paper brie y outlines how the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) is working across research disciplines, organisational mandates, and spatial and temporal levels to assist immediate and longer-term policy actions.
8 Karunanayake, M. M.; Jayasinghe, J. M. D. U. K. 2005. Assessing consumer perceptions towards the risks associated with food and waterborne diseases in Sri Lanka. In Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. Proceedings of 5th Agricultural Research Symposium - Part 1, Wayamba University, Makandura, Sri Lanka, 27-28 September 2005. Makandura, Sri Lanka: Wayamba University. pp.191-195.
Consumers ; Waterborne diseases ; Foodborne diseases ; Risks ; Senses ; Acute course ; Social aspects / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046031)
(0.48 MB)
9 Switzerland. Nestle. 2007. The Nestle water management report. Vevey, Switzerland: Nestle. 42p.
Water management ; Indicators ; Water consumption ; Agriculture ; Food production ; Wastewater treatment ; Drinking water ; Risks ; Consumers ; Beverage industry ; Manufacturing ; Bottled products ; Business management ; Stakeholders ; Nutrition ; Public health ; Social aspects ; Rural areas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046221)
http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/reports/csv reports/water/water_management_report_2006_english.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046221.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046221.pdf
(2.78 MB)
10 Henseler, M.; Amoah, Philip. 2014. Marketing channels for irrigated exotic vegetables. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.51-61.
Irrigated farming ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Wholesale marketing ; Retail marketing ; Food supply ; Consumers ; Surveys / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046602)
(173 KB)
This chapter provides qualitative and quantitative information on the distribution pathways of irrigated vegetables, with a focus on lettuce, produced in Kumasi and Accra from the farm to the consumer. The data from a survey carried out in 2005 show the contribution of irrigated urban farming and the size of the beneficiary group in Accra, which is also the group at risk from crop contamination which has been quantified.
11 Hailegiorgis, D. S.; Hagos, Fitsum. 2016. Structure and performance of vegetable marketing in East Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 26:7-16.
Marketing channels ; Wholesale marketing ; Vegetables ; Performance testing ; Wholesale prices ; Profitability ; Retail marketing ; Retail prices ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural prices ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Consumers ; Trade / Ethiopia / Oromia Region / East Shoa Zone
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047764)
http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JMCR/article/download/32249/33138
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047764.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047764.pdf
Analysis of marketing performance of vegetable plays an important role in an ongoing or future market development plan. The study primarily examines market structure of major actors and assessing the market performance for key vegetable marketing actors and channels by quantifying costs and profit margins. The data was generated by household survey using pre-tested structured questionnaires. This was supplemented by secondary data collected from different published and unpublished sources. The study result shows that the total gross marketing margin was 30% with producer participation margin of 70% implying higher marketing margin of smallholder producers. The market intermediaries incurred different marketing costs such as costs of packing, sorting, transportation, loading and unloading. Central wholesalers obtain relatively highest profit in channel numbered II and III, which amounted to Birr 204,827 and 58,675, respectively. The study result signifies that the first four largest volumes of vegetable purchased by first four big traders (CR4) constitute 50% of market share, which indicates the market structure for vegetable is strongly oligopolistic. OLS regression results also revealed that there are economies of scale for wholesalers at Meki market, which clearly indicates the presence of barrier to entry/exit for wholesalers in the market. Policy implications drawn from the study indicate that changing oligopolistic market structure, capacitating unions to supply inputs and outputs and supporting actors involved in local vegetable markets.
12 Khadse, G. K.; Patni, P. M.; Talkhande, A. V.; Labhasetwar, P. K. 2016. Change in drinking water quality from catchment to consumers: a case study. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2(4):453-460. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-016-0069-0]
Drinking water ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Faecal coliforms ; Water supply ; Water distribution systems ; Consumers ; Sanitation ; Public health ; Catchment areas ; Case studies / India / Madhya Pradesh / Indore / Narmada Wastewater Treatment Plant / Devdharan Wastewater Treatment Plant
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047909)
(0.41 MB)
The study was conducted on the status of water supply at Indore through SDWQ. The performance of the Narmada and Devdharan WTPs was assessed from catchment to consumer for consecutive 7 days during three seasons. No significant change in raw water quality was observed on day-to-day basis. During monsoon, the turbidity of raw water was 690–1530 NTU which was reduced to 0.3–3.7 NTU after treatment. TC and FC were not detected in filtered water. The treated water quality was found within CPHEEO guidelines. At ESR, the residual chlorine was 0.1–0.6 mg/l. During winter, the water from ESR and from consumer ends was free from FC, whereas TC counts at consumer ends were 7–607 CFU/100 ml. During summer, on one occasion, TC and FC counts were found in ESR, whereas at the consumer ends, most of the samples were positive for TC and FC. The variation in bacterial counts amongst the different service reservoirs and consumer ends was due to poor maintenance of ESRs and enroute contamination. The proper maintenance of the distribution network, awareness about the hygienic and sanitary conditions around the public taps and proper storage of water are prerequisites in maintaining safe water supply in the city.
13 Arrazola, I.; Alvaro, N. P.; Renckens, J.; Ballesteros, H.; Hollenstein, P. 2016. The role of private actors in the Quito metropolitan district food system: with a focus on larger processing and retail. Wageningen, Netherlands: LEI-Wageningen University and Research Centre; Rotterdam, Netherlands: Paul de Graaf Ontwerp and Onderzoek; Leusden, The Netherlands: RUAF Foundation; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 45p.
Food supply ; Food consumption ; Food production ; Food marketing ; Supply chain ; Milk production ; Dairy products ; Retail marketing ; Supermarkets ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Private sector ; Economic aspects ; Income ; State intervention ; Consumers ; Meat production ; Agroecology / Ecuador / Quito
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047952)
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/Role%20of%20private%20sector%20in%20the%20Quito%20city%20region%20food%20system-final.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047952.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047952.pdf
(1.65 MB)
14 Mateva, K. I.; Tan, X. L.; Halimi, R. A.; Chai, H. H.; Makonya, G. M.; Gao, X.; Shayanowako, A. I. T.; Ho, W. K.; Tanzi, A. S.; Farrant, J.; Mabhaudhi, T.; King, G. J.; Mayes, S.; Massawe, F. 2023. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.). In Farooq, M.; Siddique, K. H. M. (Eds.). Neglected and underutilized crops: future smart food. London, UK: Academic Press. pp.557-615. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90537-4.00021-1]
Bambara groundnut ; Vigna subterranea ; Underutilized species ; Food systems ; Nutritive value ; Value chain analysis ; Economic viability ; Policies ; Food security ; Genomics ; Plant growth ; Climate change ; Climate resilience ; Abiotic stress ; Drought resistance ; Biotic stress ; Pest resistance ; Photoperiodicity ; Farmers ; Consumers / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051766)
(0.79 MB)
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) represents an untapped potential for developing robust food systems. This promising but underutilized African grain legume has high nutritional qualities comparable to popular and widely consumed legumes, as well as exceptional resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the crop can grow on a range of soils, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and enhance soil fertility, making its production truly climate-resilient. Third to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) in terms of production and consumption in sub-Saharan Africa, Bambara groundnut is set to increase in importance as current food production systems become more diverse, and this is also evident in the steady increase in yield and area harvested across the west, east, and southern Africa over the past 25 years. Despite these relevant characteristics, the potential of Bambara groundnut in improving food systems is hindered by a lack of agricultural policy around the value chain, consistent phenological development, i.e., sensitivity to long photoperiods, and a phenomenon referred to as hard-to-cook (HTC) during poststorage processing. Over the years, research efforts have led to a more optimistic outlook for Bambara groundnut’s ability to overcome these challenges. However, a concerted policy push by African governments, with technical and financial support from regional organizations, is still required to boost research uptake to realize the crop's full potential. This chapter provides comprehensive evidence of Bambara groundnut as a “future smart food.” It details the challenges that need to be addressed and production systems thinking solutions to harness the full potential of this less-mainstream crop.
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