Your search found 8 records
1 Leaky, R.; Caron. P.; Craufurd, P.; Martin, A.; McDonald, A.; Abedini, W.; Afiff, S.; Bakurin, N.; Bass, S.; Hilbeck, A.; Jansen, T.; Lhaloui, S.; Lock, K.; Newman, J.; Primavesi, O.; Sengooba, T.; Ahmed, M.; Ainsworth, E.; Ali, M.; Antona, M.; Avato, P.; Barker, D.; Bazile, D.; Bosc, P. M.; Bricas, N.; Burnod, P.; Cohen, J.; Coudel, E.; Dulcire, M.; Dugue, P.; Faysse, N.; Farolfi, S.; Faure, G.; Goli, T.; Grzywacz, D.; Hocde, H.; Imbernon, J.; Ishii-Eiteman, M.; Leakey, A.; Leakey, C.; Lowe, A.; Marr, A.; Maxted, N.; Mears, A.; Molden, David; Muller, J. P.; Padgham, J.; Perret, S.; Place, F.; Raoult-Wack, A. L.; Reid, R.; Riches, C.; Scherr, S.; Sibelet, N.; Simm, G.; Temple, L.; Tonneau, J. P.; Trebuil, G.; Twomlow, S.; Voituriez, T. 2009. Impacts of AKST on development and sustainability goals. In McIntyre, B. D.; Herren, H. R.; Wakhungu, J.; Watson, R. T. (Eds.). International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD): Agriculture at a Crossroads, global report. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press. pp.145-253.
Agricultural production ; Fish ; Livestock ; Crop management ; Water management ; Watershed management ; Agroforestry ; Poverty ; Health ; Gender
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042791)
(2.08 MB)
2 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Haileslassie, Amare; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Ranganathan, C. R.; Wani, S. P.; Craufurd, P.; Kumar, S. 2015. Climate change, gender and adaptation strategies in dryland systems of South Asia: a household level analysis in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan states of India. Telangana, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). 40p. (ICRISAT Research Program Resilient Dryland System Research Report 65)
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Gender ; Women ; Men ; Arid zones ; Households ; Income ; Poverty ; Supplemental irrigation ; Cropping patterns ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Empowerment ; Developing countries ; Drought ; Flooding ; Rural communities ; Living standards / South Asia / India / Karnataka / Rajasthan / Andhra Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047162)
(2.63 MB)
3 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Haileslassie, Amare; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Ranganathan, C. R.; Wani, S. P.; Craufurd, P.; Kumar, S. 2015. Quantification of risk associated with technology adoption in dryland systems of South Asia: a household level analysis in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan states of India. Telangana, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). 48p. (ICRISAT Research Program Resilient Dryland System Research Report 66)
Climate change ; Arid zones ; Risk assessment ; Technological changes ; Households ; Income ; Farmers ; Supplemental irrigation ; Agriculture ; Cropping patterns ; Crop production ; Education ; Investment / South Asia / India / Karnataka / Rajasthan / Andhra Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047163)
(2.32 MB)
4 Haileslassie, Amare; Craufurd, P.; Thiagarajah, R.; Kumar, S.; Whitbread, A.; Rathor, A.; Blummel, M.; Ericsson, P.; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy. 2016. Empirical evaluation of sustainability of divergent farms in the dryland farming systems of India. Ecological Indicators, 60:710-723. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.014]
Farming systems ; Arid zones ; Environmental sustainability ; Environmental effects ; Living standards ; Households ; Farmers ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects ; Indicators ; Irrigation water ; Agricultural production / India / Andhra Pradesh / Anantapur District / Kurnool District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047175)
(0.83 MB)
The present study argues that there are heterogeneous farm systems within the drylands and each farmsystem is unique in terms of its livelihood asset and agricultural practice, and therefore in sustainability.Our method is based on household survey data collected from 500 farmers in Anantapur and KurnoolDistricts, in Andhra Pradesh State of India, in 2013. We carried out principal component analysis (PCA)with subsequent hierarchical clustering methods to build farm typologies. To evaluate sustainabilityacross these farm typologies, we adopted a framework consisting of economic, social and environmentalsustainability pillars and associated indicators. We normalized values of target indicators and employednormative approach to assign different weights to these indicators. Composite sustainability indices (CSI)were then estimated by means of weighted sum of indicators, aggregated and integrated into farm typolo-gies. The results suggested that there were five distinct farm typologies representing farming systemsin the study area. The majority of farms (>70%) in the study area are small and extensive (typology 1);marginal and off farm based (typology 2). About 20% of the farms are irrigation based and intensive (typol-ogy 3); small and medium and off farm based (typology 4) and irrigation based semi-intensive (typology5). There was apparent variability among farm typologies in terms of farm structure and functions andcomposite sustainability indices. Farm typologies 3 and 5 showed significantly higher performances forthe social and economic indices, while typologies 2 and 4 had relatively stronger values for environment.These discrepancies support the relevance of integrated farm typology- and CSI approaches in assessingsystem sustainability and targeting technologies. Universally, for all farm typologies, composite sustain-ability indices for economic pillar was significantly lower than the social and environment pillars. Morethan 90% of farmers were in economically less-sustainable class. The correlations between sustainabilityindices for economic and environment were typology specific. It was strong and positive when aggre-gated for the whole study systems [all samples (r = 0.183; P < 0.001)] and for agriculture dependent farmtypologies (e.g. typologies 1 and 3). This suggests the need to elevate farms economic performance andcapacitate them to invest in the environment. These results provide information for policy makers toplan farm typology–context technological interventions and also create baseline information to evaluatesustainability performance in terms of progress made over time.
5 Ahmed, I. M.; Gumma, M. K.; Kumar, S.; Craufurd, P.; Rafi, I. M.; Haileslassie, Amare. 2016. Land use and agricultural change dynamics in SAT watersheds of southern India. Current Science, 110(9):1704-1709.
Land use ; Land cover change ; Agriculture ; Watersheds ; Farmland ; Living standards ; Water harvesting ; Water scarcity ; Water levels ; Water availability ; Local communities ; Ecosystem services ; Arid zones ; Groundwater irrigation ; Groundwater recharge ; Living standards ; Satellite imagery ; Farmers ; Rain / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047541)
(3.59 MB)
Impact of dynamic land use and land cover changes on the livelihood of local communities and ecosystem services is a major concern. This is particularly evident in most dryland agricultural systems in South Asia. We study land use/land cover (LULC) changes over the last two decades in a watershed (9589 ha) located in semi-arid eco-region in South India (Anantapuram district) using Landsat and IRS imagery. We captured additional data through field observations and focused group discussions. The high resolution 30 m data and the spectral matching techniques (SMTs) provided accuracy of 91–100% for various land use classes and 80–95% for the rice and groundnut areas. The watershed studied has undergone significant land use changes between 1988 and 2012. Diminishing size and number of surface water bodies, and contrastingly increased areas under irrigation clearly explain that the system has evolved significantly towards groundwater-irrigated groundnut production. Such changes could be beneficial in the short run, but if the groundwater withdrawal is without sufficient recharge, the long-term consequences on livelihoods could be negative. The water scarcity could be aggravated under the climate change. The construction of checkdams and dugout ponds to recharge groundwater is a potential solution to enhance recharge.
6 Kumar, S.; Craufurd, P.; Haileslassie, Amare; Ramilan, T.; Rathore, A.; Whitbread, A. 2019. Farm typology analysis and technology assessment: an application in an arid region of South Asia. Land Use Policy, 88:104149. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104149]
Farming systems ; Technology assessment ; Intensification ; Crop yield ; Arid zones ; Semiarid zones ; Resilience ; Living standards ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Farmers ; Constraints ; Villages / South Asia / India / Rajasthan / Jaisalmer / Barmer / Jodhpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049314)
(1.92 MB)
The design and diffusion of context-specific technologies is centrally important in the multi-dimensional, complex farming systems in arid and semi-arid regions. This paper uses a mixed-method framework to characterize the complexity and heterogeneity of smallholder farming systems and identifies constraints to and opportunities for sustainable intensification. Specifically, the study: (i) characterized farm household typologies based on the diversity of livelihood assets; (ii) co-designed context- specific interventions through an iterative participatory process; and (iii) ex-ante evaluated such interventions to inform multiple stakeholders. We explored farming system diversity using data from 224 farm households in western Rajasthan, India. Employing multivariate statistical techniques and participatory validation, we identified 7 distinct farm household types. Participatory appraisal with multiple stakeholders revealed heterogeneity across farm household types. For instance, the interest of farmers in integrating perennial fruit trees even among the rainfed farm household types markedly varied: household type 1 preferred the multipurpose forestry tree, khejri which requires low labor inputs; household type 2 preferred market-oriented horticulture production; household type 3 did not opt for perennials but for small ruminants; and household type 4 (dominated by women) opted for small horticulture kitchen gardens. The study demonstrated the utility of a mixed-methods approach that addresses multi-dimensional heterogeneity to generate insights and assist in co-designing locally appropriate technologies across different farm types and agro-ecological regions to achieve sustainable intensification.
7 Ramilan, T.; Kumar, S.; Haileslassie, Amare; Craufurd, P.; Scrimgeour, F.; Kattarkandi, B.; Whitbread, A. 2022. Quantifying farm household resilience and the implications of livelihood heterogeneity in the semi-arid tropics of India. Agriculture, 12(4):466. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040466]
Households ; Resilience ; Livelihoods ; Strategies ; Semiarid climate ; Crops ; Irrigation ; Farmers ; Multivariate analysis / India / Telangana / Maharashtra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051087)
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/4/466/pdf?version=1648435207
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051087.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051087.pdf
(1.03 MB) (1.03 MB)
The vast majority of farmers in the drylands are resource-poor smallholders, whose livelihoods depend heavily on their farming systems. Therefore, increasing the resilience of these smallholders is vital for their prosperity. This study quantified household resilience and identified livelihoods and their influence on resilience in the semiarid tropics of India by analysing 684 households. A resilience capacity index was devised based on the composition of household food and non-food expenditure, cash savings, and food and feed reserves. The index ranged from 8.4 reflecting highly resilient households with access to irrigation characteristics, to -3.7 for households with highly limited resilience and low household assets. The livelihoods were identified through multivariate analysis on selected socioeconomic and biophysical variables; households were heterogeneous in their livelihoods. Irrigated livestock and rainfed marginal types had the highest and lowest resilience capacity index with the mean score of 0.69 and -1.07, respectively. Finally, we quantified the influence of livelihood strategies on household resilience. Household resilience was strengthened by the possession of livestock, crop diversification and access to irrigation. Low resilience is predominantly caused by low household assets. The resilience capacity index and derived livelihood strategies helps to understand the complexity of household resilience, and will aid in targeting technology interventions for development.
8 Urfels, A.; Mausch, K.; Harris, D.; McDonald, A. J.; Kishore, A.; Balwinder-Singh; van Halsema, G.; Struik, P. C.; Craufurd, P.; Foster, T.; Singh, V.; Krupnik, T. 2023. Farm size limits agriculture's poverty reduction potential in Eastern India even with irrigation-led intensification. Agricultural Systems, 207:103618. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103618]
Farm size ; Poverty reduction ; Intensification ; Food security ; Climate resilience ; Smallholders ; Rice ; Sustainable agriculture ; Cropping systems ; Households ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Farm income ; Crop production ; Value chains / South Asia / India / Bihar / Indo-Gangetic Plains
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051731)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X23000239/pdfft?md5=2a024959f5d2befb681e065be718b7c8&pid=1-s2.0-S0308521X23000239-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051731.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051731.pdf
(4.48 MB) (4.48 MB)
CONTEXT: Millions of people living in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of India engage in agriculture to support their livelihoods yet are income poor, and food and climate insecure. To address these challenges, policymakers and development programs invest in irrigation-led agricultural intensification. However, the evidence for agricultural intensification to lift farmers' incomes above the poverty line remains largely anecdotal.
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to use a large household survey (n = 15,572; rice: 8244, wheat: 7328; 2017/18) to assess the link between agricultural intensification and personal daily incomes from farming (FPDI) in the rice-wheat systems of the EGP – the dominant cropping system of the region.
METHODS: We use the Intensification Benefit Index (IBI), a measure that relates farm size and household size to FPDI, to assess how daily incomes from rice-wheat production change with irrigation-led intensification across the EGP.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Relative to the international poverty line of 1.90 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)$ day-1 and accounting for variations in HH size in the analysis, we found that small farm sizes limit the potential for agricultural intensification from irrigation to transform the poverty status of households in the bottom three quartiles of the IBI. The estimated median FPDI of households with intensified systems in the bottom three quartiles is only 0.51 PPP$ day-1 (a 0.15 PPP$ gain). The median FPDI increases to 2.10 PPP$ day-1 for households in the upper quartile of the IBI distribution (a 0.30 PPP$ gain). Irrigation-led agricultural intensification of rice-wheat systems in the EGP may provide substantial benefits for resilience to climatic change and food security but achieving meaningful poverty reduction will require complementary investments.
SIGNIFICANCE: Transforming the poverty status of most smallholder farmers in the EGP requires diversified portfolios of rural on- and off-farm income-generating opportunities. While bolstering food- and climate security, agronomic intervention programs should consider smallholders' limited monetary incentives to invest in intensification. Irrigation-led agricultural intensification programs and policies should explicitly account for the heterogeneity in household resources, irrigation levels, and degree of dependence on agricultural income.
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to use a large household survey (n = 15,572; rice: 8244, wheat: 7328; 2017/18) to assess the link between agricultural intensification and personal daily incomes from farming (FPDI) in the rice-wheat systems of the EGP – the dominant cropping system of the region.
METHODS: We use the Intensification Benefit Index (IBI), a measure that relates farm size and household size to FPDI, to assess how daily incomes from rice-wheat production change with irrigation-led intensification across the EGP.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Relative to the international poverty line of 1.90 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)$ day-1 and accounting for variations in HH size in the analysis, we found that small farm sizes limit the potential for agricultural intensification from irrigation to transform the poverty status of households in the bottom three quartiles of the IBI. The estimated median FPDI of households with intensified systems in the bottom three quartiles is only 0.51 PPP$ day-1 (a 0.15 PPP$ gain). The median FPDI increases to 2.10 PPP$ day-1 for households in the upper quartile of the IBI distribution (a 0.30 PPP$ gain). Irrigation-led agricultural intensification of rice-wheat systems in the EGP may provide substantial benefits for resilience to climatic change and food security but achieving meaningful poverty reduction will require complementary investments.
SIGNIFICANCE: Transforming the poverty status of most smallholder farmers in the EGP requires diversified portfolios of rural on- and off-farm income-generating opportunities. While bolstering food- and climate security, agronomic intervention programs should consider smallholders' limited monetary incentives to invest in intensification. Irrigation-led agricultural intensification programs and policies should explicitly account for the heterogeneity in household resources, irrigation levels, and degree of dependence on agricultural income.
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