Your search found 9 records
1 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Klutse, A. 2007. Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl.2):39-49.
Wastewater irrigation ; Coliform bacteria ; Pathogens ; Vegetables ; Cleaning ; Washing / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 Record No: H040507)
2 Dissanayake, Priyanka; Clemett, Alexandra; Jayakody, Priyantha; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. 2007. Report on water quality survey and pollution in Kurunegala, Sri Lanka. Unpublished project report produced as part of the Wastewater Agriculture and Sanitation For Poverty Alleviation in Asia (WASPA Asia) 32p. + annexes. (WASPA Asia Project Report 6)
Water resources ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Monitoring ; Electrical conductivity ; Ph ; Nitrogen ; Iron ; Boron ; Heavy metals ; Coliform bacteria / Sri Lanka / Kurunegala / Wan Ela / Beu Ela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 363.6 G744 DIS Record No: H041013)
(0.57 MB)
This project is funded by the European Commission under its Asia Pro Eco II Program. It is undertaken by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Sri Lanka; COSI, Sri Lanka; the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), the Netherlands; NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, Bangladesh; and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden. The project pilot cities are Rajshahi City in Bangladesh and Kurunegala City in Sri Lanka.
3 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Konradsen, Flemming. 2008. Using on-farm sedimentation ponds to improve microbial quality of irrigation water in urban vegetable farming in Ghana. Water Science and Technology, 57(4): 519-525.
Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Water quality ; Farm ponds ; Sedimentation ; Irrigation water ; Helminths ; Coliform bacteria ; Assessment / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.6.2 G200 KER Record No: H041186)
This paper presents an assessment of the potential of using on-farm ponds to reduce levels of microbial contamination in wastewater -contaminated irrigation water. The study involved observations on the use of ponds in urban agriculture in Kumasi, Ghana, and more than 300 irrigation water samples were taken for physico-chemical and microbial laboratory analysis. The study shows that while on-farm ponds are commonly used, their potential to remove pathogens through sedimentation has not been fully optimized. Two-thirds of helminth eggs were in the sediments and careful collection of irrigation water without disturbing sediments reduced helminth eggs in irrigation water by about 70%. Helminth eggs reduced from about 5 to less than 1 egg per litre in three days in both dry and wet seasons while thermotolerant coliforms took six days in the dry season to reduce from about 8 to 4 log units per 100 ml, to meet the WHO guidelines. For optimal pathogen removal, better pond designs, farmers’ training on collection of water with minimal disturbance and any other means to enhance sedimentation and pathogen die-off can be essential components of a multiple- barrier approach complementing farm-based measures like simple filtration techniques, better irrigation methods and post-harvest contamination.
4 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Wastewater irrigated vegetable production: contamination pathway for health risk reduction in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. Thesis submitted to the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Science. 202p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Contamination ; Risks ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Agricultural workers ; Diseases ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Biological analysis ; Coliform bacteria ; Helminths ; Soils ; Analytical methods ; Pesticides ; Irrigation practices / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H041491)
5 Narain, S.; Babu, S. S. V.; Seth, B. L.; Chak, A.; Dixit, V. K. 2007. Sewage canal: how to clean The Yamuna. New Delhi, India: Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). 180p.
Waste management ; Sewage ; Rivers ; Pollution ; Action plans ; Upstream ; Downstream ; Wastewater ; Waste treatment ; Water quality ; Coliform bacteria / India / Yamuna River / New Delhi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.3 G635 NAR Record No: H043793)
(0.54 MB)
6 AdeOluwa, O. O.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2012. Urine as an alternative fertilizer in agriculture: effects in amaranths (Amaranthus caudatus) production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 27(4):287-294. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170511000512]
Urine ; Fertilizers ; Composts ; Amaranthus ; Crop production ; Farmers ; Senses ; Income ; Satellite imagery ; Vegetable growing ; Soil properties ; Coliform bacteria / Nigeria
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045507)
(0.70 MB)
Crop production in most developing countries is faced with a dearth of resources for optimum production of which fertilizer is one. The use of human urine as well as its mixture with compost are potential solutions to this problem. Thus, this report investigated the influence of human urine and its combination with compost on yield and soil quality of land under green amaranths (Amaranthus caudatus). This study involved a field experiment to determine the response of green amaranths to the application of 100% urine, 2/3 urineN+1/3 compost N, 100% compost N,NPK (15:15:15) at the rate of 100kgNha-1 and control with no fertilizer treatment using farmers’ participatory approach. The vegetables produced from the experimental treatments were analyzed in the laboratory for pathogenic microbial risk as well as effects of the fertilizer on nutrient status of the experimental soils (before and after planting). Perception of farmers and consumers in the study area regarding use of urine as fertilizer for vegetable production was investigated with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The result of this investigation revealed that 100% urine resulted in 58.17 tha-1 total plant yield, while NPK 15:15:15 gave 34.34 tha-1 total plant yield in the two plantings. Microbial analysis of edible portion of vegetable from plot fertilized with urine did not reveal any significantly different pathological contamination compared to other fertilizer treatments used in this investigation. Urine treatment improved soil nutrient exchangeable cations and acidity. The perception study revealed that respondents perceived urine to be a good agricultural input that could be used as a fertilizer in vegetable crop production and there was no strong cultural norm that would prevent them using it for crop production. Vegetable consumers would also buy vegetable crops grown with urine if they are well informed about its safety for crop production. Since the use of urine as fertilizer for crop production improved amaranth’s yield and did not show any negative implication on soil environment, human urine seems to have good potential both in crop yield and acceptability by farmers and consumers.
7 Silverman, A. I.; Akrong, M. O.; Drechsel, Pay. 2014. On-farm treatment of wastewater used for vegetable irrigation: bacteria and virus removal in small ponds in Accra, Ghana. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 4(4):276-286. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.010]
On-farm research ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Plant diseases ; Coliform bacteria ; Ponds ; Farmers ; Irrigation water ; Environmental effects / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046767)
Many urban farmers in Accra collect irrigation water from streams and open drains, which they store in small, on-farm ponds before use. Given that this water can be highly contaminated with wastewater, another potential role of the ponds is to disinfect irrigation water prior to use. To better understand the factors influencing bacteria and virus removal in these small ponds, we investigated the removal of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and coliphage (F+ and somatic coliphage) in a single batch of water stored for 3 days. Sunlight exposure was found to be important for removal. Bacteria and coliphage removal rates were faster in shallow sun-exposed water than in deeper water, due to sunlight attenuation with depth. Bacteria removal rates varied depending on solar irradiation, and correlations between total daily UVB fluence and bacteria removal rates were observed. Coliphage removal was observed in sun-exposed water but not in dark controls that allowed for sedimentation, further highlighting the importance of sunlight-mediated processes. These small ponds appear to have similar disinfection processes to larger-scale waste stabilization ponds, but can have more efficient inactivation due to their shallow depth and operation as batch reactors. Design and management recommendations for on-farm ponds are discussed.
8 Amin, R.; Zaidi, M. B.; Bashir, S.; Khanani, R.; Nawaz, R.; Ali, S.; Khan, S. 2019. Microbial contamination levels in the drinking water and associated health risks in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(2):319-328. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.147]
Drinking water ; Biological contamination ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Water quality ; Groundwater ; Water supply ; Water use ; Waterborne diseases ; Microbiological analysis ; Bacteriological analysis ; Coliform bacteria ; Faecal coliforms / Pakistan / Karachi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049302)
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The current study aimed to assess the microbial quality of municipal (tap) and ground (borehole) water in Karachi, Pakistan. A health survey was also conducted to assess possible health risks of the drinking water. Fifty water samples (n = 25 each of tap and ground water) were collected from various locations of five administrative districts of Karachi for bacteriological analysis. In addition, a survey was conducted to assess the impact of drinking water on the health of city residents. Microbiological analysis results showed the presence of total coliform in 48 out of 50 (96%) tested samples. The total viable plate count at 37 °C was >200 CFU/ml in the majority of the collected samples which exceeded the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. To evaluate the health risk of contaminated water, a total of 744 residents were interviewed. The information acquired from this field work revealed a high prevalence of waterborne diseases in the order of diarrhea and vomiting > skin problems > malaria > prolonged fever > eye problems and jaundice. To solve water and environmental problems, awareness and regular monitoring programs of water management and safe disposal of waste have been suggested.
9 Pantha, K.; Acharya, K.; Mohapatra, S.; Khanal, S.; Amatya, N.; Ospina-Betancourth, C.; Butte, G.; Shrestha, S. D.; Rajbhandari, P.; Werner, D. 2021. Faecal pollution source tracking in the holy Bagmati River by portable 16S rRNA gene sequencing. npj Clean Water, 4:12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00099-1]
Water pollution ; Faecal pollution ; Coliform bacteria ; Faecal coliforms ; Biological contamination ; Rivers ; Water quality ; Sewage ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sanitation ; Public health ; Indicators ; Monsoons / Nepal / Kathmandu Valley / Bagmati River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050276)
(2.02 MB) (2.02 MB)
A suitcase laboratory was used for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to assess microbial water quality in the holy Bagmati River, Kathmandu, Nepal. SourceTracker analysis and Volcano plots revealed that microbial communities in the downstream part of the river were mainly contributed by untreated sewage. Seasonal variability in the sewage microbiome was reflected in the downstream river water quality. The bacterial genera Acidovorax, Geobacillus and Caulobacter predominated in the upstream sites, while genera containing putative human pathogens and gut bacteria, such as Clostridium, Prevotella, Arcobacter, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Streptococcus become prominent in the downstream sites. Marker gene qPCR assays for total bacteria, total coliforms, Human E. coli, Arcobacter butzleri and Vibrio cholerae confirmed the sequencing data trends. Even though basic sanitation provision is nowadays near universal in Nepal, our findings show how inadequate wastewater management may turn an urban river into an open sewer, which poses a public health risk.
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