Your search found 4 records
1 Machdar, E.; van der Steen, N. P.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Lens, P. N. L. 2013. Application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyze the public health risk from poor drinking water quality in a low income area in Accra, Ghana. Science of the Total Environment, 449(1):134-142. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.048]
Drinking water ; Water quality ; Public health ; Biological contamination ; Risk assessment ; Water supply ; Waterborne diseases ; Households ; Income ; Cost effectiveness analysis ; Escherichia coli / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045708)
(0.35 MB)
In Accra, Ghana, a majority of inhabitants lives in over-crowded areas with limited access to piped water supply, which is often also intermittent. This study assessed in a densely populated area the risk from microbial contamination of various sources of drinking water, by conducting a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) to estimate the risk to human health from microorganism exposure and dose–response relationships. Furthermore the cost-effectiveness in reducing the disease burden through targeted interventions was evaluated. Five risk pathways for drinking water were identified through a survey (110 families), namely household storage, private yard taps, communal taps, communal wells and water sachets. Samples from each source were analyzed for Escherichia coli and Ascaris contamination. Published ratios between E. coli and other pathogenswere used for theQMRA and disease burden calculations. The major part of the burden of disease originated from E. coli O157:H7 (78%) and the least important contributor was Cryptosporidium (0.01%). Other pathogens contributed 16% (Campylobacter), 5% (Rotavirus) and 0.3% (Ascaris). The sum of the disease burden of these pathogens was 0.5 DALYs per person per year, which is much higher than the WHO reference level. The major contamination pathway was found to be household storage. Disinfection of water at household level was the most cost-effective intervention (b5 USD/DALY-averted) togetherwith hygiene education.Water supply network improvements were significantly less cost-effective.
2 Martin-Ortega, J.; Perni, A.; Jackson-Blake, L.; Balana, Bedru B.; Mckee, A.; Dunn, S.; Helliwell, R.; Psaltopoulos, D.; Skuras, D.; Cooksley, S.; Slee, B. 2015. A transdisciplinary approach to the economic analysis of the European Water Framework Directive. Ecological Economics, 116:34-45. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.026]
Economic analysis ; Cost effectiveness analysis ; Stakeholders ; Ecology ; Catchment areas ; Hydrology ; Chemicals ; Models ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Land use ; Phosphorus ; River basins / Europ / Scotland
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046955)
(1.00 MB)
The EuropeanWater Framework Directive(WFD) prescribes economic principles to achieve its ecological targets. The aim is to establish cost-effective measures to attain good ecological status and assess whether the costs of these measures are justifiable in view of the benefits they provide. The complex nature of water problems requires flexible decision-making embracing a diversity of ‘knowledges’. Here, natural and social scientist worked together in an integrated approach ‘ground-tested’ through local stakeholders' knowledge and views. The aims were to: (1) develop a set of steps for implementing this transdisciplinary approach, and (2) critically reflect on the challenges of integrating different strands of knowledge to the specific context of the economics of the WFD. Thiswas tested at a sub-catchment in Scotland. Hydro-chemicalmodelswere used to simulate effectiveness of phosphorous pollution mitigation measures, which was then incorporated into a cost-optimization model. Costs were compared with benefits resulting from water quality improvements. This analysis was accompanied by an iterative local stakeholder consultation process. The research further analysed whether selected measures are ‘future-proof’ in view of climate and land-use changes. Results are used to help set the research agenda for more practical specification of economically sound and socially acceptable ways to deliver theWFD.
3 Thomas, R. J.; Reed, M.; Clifton, K.; Appadurai, A. N.; Mills, A. J.; Zucca, C.; Kodsi, E.; Sircely, J.; Haddad, F.; von Hagen, C.; Mapedza, Everisto; Wolderegay, K.; Shalander, K.; Bellon, M.; Le, Q. B.; Mabikke, S.; Alexander, S.; Leu, S.; Schlingloff, S.; Lala-Pritchard, T.; Mares, V.; Quiroz, R. 2017. Scaling up sustainable land management and restoration of degraded land. Bonn, Germany: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. 25p. (Global Land Outlook Working Paper)
Sustainable development ; Land management ; Land degradation ; Stakeholders ; Agroforestry ; Capacity building ; Policy making ; Private sector ; Incentives ; Farmers ; Communities ; Farmland ; Landscape ; Economic aspects ; Value chain ; Cost effectiveness analysis ; Highlands ; Biodiversity ; Case studies / Morocco / India / Ethiopia / South Africa / Rajastha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048257)
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5694c48bd82d5e9597570999/t/5996c27ef7e0aba0564ee740/1503052415896/Scaling+Up+SLM_R_Thomas+et+al.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048257.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048257.pdf
(570 MB)
With current rates of land degradation reaching ten to twelve million ha per year, there is an urgent need to scale up and out successful, profitable and resource-efficient sustainable land management practices to maintain the health and resilience of the land that humans depend on. As much as 500 million out of two billion ha of degraded land, mainly in developing countries, have restoration potential, offering an immediate target for restoration and rehabilitation initiatives.1 In the past, piecemeal approaches to achieving sustainable land management have had limited impact. To achieve the ambitious goals of alleviating poverty, securing food and water supplies, and protecting the natural resource base, we need to recognize the inter-connectedness of the factors driving land degradation, so that solutions can be taken to scale, transforming management practices for millions of land users. An analysis of the critical barriers and incentives to achieve scaling up suggests that the most appropriate options should be selected through the involvement of stakeholders at all levels, from local to national and international. New incentives for land managers as well as the public and private sectors are required to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.
4 Varshney, Deepak; Meenakshi, J. V. 2023. Employment effects of an emergency assistance package for migrants displaced by COVID-19 in India. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 45(4):1922-1940. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13364]
Employment ; Migrants ; Emergency relief ; COVID-19 ; Social welfare ; State intervention ; Cost effectiveness analysis ; Households ; Rural areas / India / Bihar / Jharkhand / Madhya Pradesh / Rajasthan / Uttar Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052032)
(1.65 MB)
This paper examines the employment effects of an emergency assistance package by the Indian government, the Garib Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyaan that had the sole objective of providing employment to returning migrants. It was targeted to 116 districts that had seen returning migrants in excess of 25,000, was limited in duration to 4 months, and was directed at top-up funding to public works and 25 other target sectors in rural areas. Using a sharp RD approach, we find that the intervention had substantive impacts on employment and in reducing rationing in public works and that it did so in a cost-effective manner. In contrast to the widespread impression of a slow-moving bureaucracy, these results point to an administrative machinery that was able to successfully implement this project within a relatively short period of time.
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