Your search found 125 records
1 Lemperiere, Philippe; van der Schans, M. L.; Bavanirajan, Valentine J. G. 2014. Research for development using participatory rapid diagnosis and action planning for irrigated agricultural systems: a manual for development researchers and practitioners. Updated edition. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).: 134p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.225]
Participatory management ; Farming systems ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation systems ; Research ; Action plans ; Stakeholders ; Socioeconomic environment ; Farmers ; Farmers organizations ; Water user associations ; Water resources ; Women ; Geographical information systems
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046827)
(2 MB)
2 Jeronimo, R. P.; Rap, Edwin; Vos, J. 2015. The politics of land use planning: gold mining in Cajamarca, Peru. Land Use Policy, 49:104-117. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.07.009]
Land use ; Planning ; Gold ; Mining ; Political aspects ; Ecology ; Economic aspects ; Environmental effects ; Farming systems ; Geographical Information Systems ; Stakeholders ; Water use ; Catchment areas ; Rural communities ; Urban population ; Central government ; Regional government ; Case studies / Peru / Cajamarca
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047143)
(1.56 MB)
Ecological and Economic Zoning (EEZ) is a Land Use Planning (LUP) methodology that aims at defining separate areas for productive uses and conservation. EEZ is designed as a method that balances different interests and it devises land use policy through stakeholder participation, technical expertise and GIS modelling. The article presents the case study of EEZ in Cajamarca, Peru to analyse the LUP process in a situation of conflicting interests over future land and water use. Cajamarca is a department with rich gold deposits in the headwater catchment area upstream of the city of Cajamarca. During the last decade, rural communities and urban populations have continuously protested against the opening of new open pit mines, as they fear this will affect their water supply. Therefore, the EEZ process became part of a controversy between a powerful pro-mining coalition lead by the central government and a conservation coalition lead by the regional government. We conclude that in these circumstances, LUP cannot, technically or politically, accommodate the different values attributed to the headwater catchment.
3 Ahmadisharaf, E.; Kalyanapu, A. J.; Chung, E.-S. 2016. Spatial probabilistic multi-criteria decision making for assessment of flood management alternatives. Journal of Hydrology, 533:365-378. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.031]
Flood control ; Decision making ; Hydrology ; Hydraulics ; Probabilistic models ; Risk analysis ; Uncertainty ; Water resources ; Watersheds ; Rain ; Maps ; Geographical information systems / USA / Buncombe / Swannanoa River Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047554)
(3.23 MB)
Flood management alternatives are often evaluated on the basis of flood parameters such as depth and velocity. As these parameters are uncertain, so is the evaluation of the alternatives. It is thus important to incorporate the uncertainty of flood parameters into the decision making frameworks. This research develops a spatial probabilistic multi-criteria decision making (SPMCDM) framework to demonstrate the impact of the design rainfall uncertainty on evaluation of flood management alternatives. The framework employs a probabilistic rainfall–runoff transformation model, a two-dimensional flood model and a spatial MCDM technique. Thereby, the uncertainty of decision making can be determined alongside the best alternative. A probability-based map is produced to show the discrete probability distribution function (PDF) of selecting each competing alternative. Overall the best at each grid cell is the alternative with the mode parameter of this PDF. This framework is demonstrated on the Swannanoa River watershed in North Carolina, USA and its results are compared to those of deterministic approach. While the deterministic framework fails to provide the uncertainty of selecting an alternative, the SPMCDM framework showed that in overall, selection of flood management alternatives in the watershed is ‘‘moderately uncertain”. Moreover, three comparison metrics, F fit measure, j statistic, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient (q), are computed to compare the results of these two approaches. An F fit measure of 62.6%, j statistic of 15.4–45.0%, and spatial mean q value of 0.48, imply a significant difference in decision making by incorporating the design rainfall uncertainty through the presented SPMCDM framework. The SPMCDM framework can help decision makers to understand the uncertainty in selection of flood management alternatives.
4 Katic, Pamela; Morris, J. 2016. Targeting investments in small-scale groundwater irrigation using Bayesian networks for a data-scarce river basin in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Modelling and Software, 82:44-72. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.04.004]
Groundwater irrigation ; Small scale farming ; River basins ; Smallholders ; Intensification ; Geographical information systems ; Investment ; Decision support systems ; Living standards ; Drip irrigation ; Water availability ; Case studies / Africa South of Sahara / White Volta Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047583)
(5.59 MB)
Irrigation for smallholder farming systems is an important approach for sustainable intensification and increased productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa, provided investments in irrigation are properly targeted and accompanied by complementary improvements. Many GIS-based tools have been developed to identify suitable areas for investments in different types of small scale irrigation (SSI), but they do not explicitly address uncertainty on the data input and on the determination of factors that affect success of an investment in a given context. This paper addresses this problem by presenting an application of a decision-support targeting tool based on Bayesian networks (BNs) that can be used by non-expert policy-makers and investors to assess the potential success of specific technologies used for groundwater-based SSI. A case study application for the White Volta Basin in West Africa is presented to illustrate the BN approach.
5 Yalew, S. G.; van Griensven, A.; Mul, Marloes L.; van der Zaag, P. 2016. Land suitability analysis for agriculture in the Abbay basin using remote sensing, GIS and AHP techniques. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2:1-14. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-016-0167-x]
Land suitability ; Farmland ; Remote sensing ; Geographical Information Systems ; River basins ; Land cover ; Land degradation ; Intensification ; Extensification ; Erosion ; Catchment areas ; Agricultural production ; Soil properties ; Soil water / Ethiopia / Blue Nile River Basin / Abbay River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047628)
http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40808-016-0167-x.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047628.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047628.pdf
To meet growing population demands for food and other agricultural commodities, agricultural land-use intensification and extensification seems to be increasing in the Abbay (Upper Blue Nile) basin in Ethiopia. However, the amount, location and degree of suitability of the basin for agriculture seem not well studied and/or documented. From global data sources, literature review and field investigation, a number of agricultural land suitability evaluation criteria were identified. These criteria were preprocessed as raster layers on a GIS platform and weights of criteria raster layers in determining suitability were computed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A weighted overlay analysis method was used to compute categories of highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and unsuitable lands for agriculture in the basin. It was found out that 53.8 % of the basin’s land coverage was highly suitable for agriculture and 23.2 % was moderately suitable. The marginally suitable and the unsuitable lands were at 11 and 12 % respectively. From the analysis, regions of the basin with high suitability as well as those with higher susceptibility for land degradation and soil erosion were identified.
6 Rocchini, D.; Petras, V.; Petrasova, A.; Chemin, Yann; Ricotta, C.; Frigeri, A.; Landa, M.; Marcantonio, M.; Bastin, L.; Metz, M.; Delucchi, L.; Neteler, M. 2017. Spatio-ecological complexity measures in GRASS GIS. Computers & Geosciences, 104:166-176. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.05.006]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047914)
Good estimates of ecosystem complexity are essential for a number of ecological tasks: from biodiversity estimation, to forest structure variable retrieval, to feature extraction by edge detection and generation of multifractal surface as neutral models for e.g. feature change assessment. Hence, measuring ecological complexity over space becomes crucial in macroecology and geography. Many geospatial tools have been advocated in spatial ecology to estimate ecosystem complexity and its changes over space and time. Among these tools, free and open source options especially offer opportunities to guarantee the robustness of algorithms and reproducibility. In this paper we will summarize the most straightforward measures of spatial complexity available in the Free and Open Source Software GRASS GIS, relating them to key ecological patterns and processes.
7 Tamene, L.; Adimassu, Zenebe; Aynekulu, E.; Yaekob, T. 2017. Estimating landscape susceptibility to soil erosion using a GIS-based approach in northern Ethiopia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5(3):221-230. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.05.002]
Soil profiles ; Soil conservation ; Erosion ; Geographical information systems ; Landscape conservation ; Land degradation ; Sediment transport ; Sedimentation ; Watersheds ; Catchment areas ; Rain ; Reservoir storage / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048139)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209563391630137X/pdfft?md5=f2cd5081ebf0f23056b3f7a851d98187&pid=1-s2.0-S209563391630137X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048139.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048139.pdf
(1.29 MB)
Soil erosion is a very critical form of land degradation resulting in the loss of soil nutrients and downstream sedimentation of water storages in the highlands of Ethiopia. As it is technically and financially impossible to conserve all landscapes affected by erosion, identification of priority areas of intervention is necessary. Spatially distributed erosion models can help map landscape susceptibility to erosion and identify high erosion risk areas. Integration of erosion models with geographic information systems (GIS) enables assessing evaluate the spatial variability of soil erosion and plan implementing conservation measures at landscape levels. In this study, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation adjusted for sediment delivery ratio was used in a GIS system to assess landscape sensitivity to erosion and identify hotspots. The approach was applied in three catchments with size being 10–20 km2 and results were compared against quantitative and semi-quantitative data. The model estimated mean soil loss rates of about 45 t ha-1 y-1 with an average variability of 30% between catchments. The estimated soil loss rate is above the tolerable limit of 10 t ha-1 y-1. The model predicted high soil loss rates at steep slopes and shoulder positions as well as along gullies. The results of the study demonstrate that knowledge of spatial patterns of high soil loss risk areas can help deploy site-specific conservation measures.
8 Worqlul, A. W.; Jeong, J.; Dile, Y. T.; Osorio, J.; Schmitter, Petra; Gerik, T.; Srinivasan, R.; Clark, N. 2017. Assessing potential land suitable for surface irrigation using groundwater in Ethiopia. Applied Geography, 85:1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.05.010]
Surface irrigation ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water storage ; Geographical information systems ; Land suitability ; Land use ; Irrigated land ; Agroindustry ; Soil texture ; Slopes ; Rain ; Evapotranspiration ; Water requirements ; Water resources ; Water availability ; River basins ; Population density ; Mapping ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Crops / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048151)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622816306269/pdfft?md5=d81ce4d77a5a37854e1918796d7b3995&pid=1-s2.0-S0143622816306269-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048151.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048151.pdf
(5.35 MB)
Although Ethiopia has abundant land for irrigation, only a fraction of its potential land is being utilized. This study evaluates suitability of lands for irrigation using groundwater in Ethiopia using GIS-based Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques in order to enhance the country's agricultural industry. Key factors that significantly affect irrigation suitability evaluated in this study include physical land features (land use, soil, and slope), climate (rainfall and evapotranspiration), and market access (proximity to roads and access to market). These factors were weighted using a pair-wise comparison matrix, then reclassified and overlaid to identify suitable areas for groundwater irrigation using a 1-km grid. Groundwater data from the British Geological Survey were used to estimate the groundwater potential, which indicates the corresponding irrigation potential for major crops. Results indicated that more than 6 million ha of land are suitable for irrigation in Ethiopia. A large portion of the irrigable land is located in the Abbay, Rift Valley, Omo Ghibe, and Awash River basins. These basins have access to shallow groundwater (i.e., depth of groundwater less than 20 m from the surface) making it easier to extract. The comparison between available groundwater and total crop water requirements indicate that groundwater alone may not be sufficient to supply all suitable land. The study estimates that only 8% of the suitable land can be irrigated with the available shallow groundwater. However, groundwater is a viable option for supplementing surface water resources for irrigation in several basins in the country.
9 Schmitter, Petra; Kibret, K. S.; Lefore, Nicole; Barron, Jennie. 2018. Suitability mapping framework for solar photovoltaic pumps for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Applied Geography, 94:41-57. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.02.008]
Smallholders ; Mapping ; Solar energy ; Photovoltaic systems ; Pumps ; Geographical Information Systems ; Farmers ; Water lifting ; Irrigation water ; Reservoirs ; Water storage ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Groundwater management / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048620)
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0143622817310457/1-s2.0-S0143622817310457-main.pdf?_tid=7cbbae10-6572-4e7a-aba1-234b647c6bd5&acdnat=1522660497_768a421f54ea3c4d4ecdefe5273936b1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048620.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048620.pdf
As solar panels become more a ordable, solar photovoltaic (PV) pumps have been identi ed as a high potential water lifting technology to meet the growing irrigation demand in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, little is known aboutthegeo-spatial potentialofsolarbasedPVpumpingforirrigationtakinginto accountnotonlysolar radiation but also the availability of water resources and linkage to markets. This study developed a suitability framework using multi-criteria analysis in an open source GIS environment and tested it in the case of Ethiopia. Theaccessibilityofwaterresourceswasthedrivingfactorfordi erentscenarios.Suitabilityresultsfollowingthe groundwater scenarios showed good agreement with the available referenced well depth data. Comparing the suitability maps with available land use data showed that on average 9% (96103ha) of Ethiopian irrigated and 18% (3739103ha) of rainfed land would be suitable for solar PV pump irrigation. Furthermore, small solar PV pumps could be an alternative water lifting technology for 11% of the current and future small motorized fuel hydro-carbon pumps on smallholder farms (2166103ha). Depending on the technical pump capacity, between 155103ha and 204103ha of land would be suitable for solar PV pumps and provide smallholder farmers with the option to either pump from small reservoirs or shallow groundwater. With the ongoing interest in development for smallholder irrigation, the application of this model will help to upscale solar PV pumps for smallholder farmers in SSA as a climate smart technology in an integrated manner.
10 Amarnath, Giriraj; Simons, G. W. H.; Alahacoon, Niranga; Smakhtin, V.; Sharma, Bharat; Gismalla, Y.; Mohammed, Y.; Andrie, M. C. M. 2018. Using smart ICT to provide weather and water information to smallholders in Africa: the case of the Gash River Basin, Sudan. Climate Risk Management, 22:52-66. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2018.10.001]
Irrigation methods ; Flood irrigation ; Flooded land ; Remote sensing ; Geographical information systems ; Weather forecasting ; Weather data ; Smallholders ; River basins ; Information and Communication Technologies (icts) ; Crop production ; Crop yield ; Monitoring ; Water use ; Biomass ; Farmers ; Rain ; Case studies / Africa / Sudan / Gash River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048976)
In the Gash Delta of Eastern Sudan, spate irrigation (flood-recession farming) contributes substantially to rural livelihoods by providing better yields than rainfed dryland farming. However, spate irrigation farmers are challenged by the unpredictability of flooding. In recent decades, the number of farmers practicing spate irrigation has decreased, due to varying rainfall intensity and frequency, insufficient infrastructure and farmers’ limited capacity to manage such variations. One solution that may help farmers face such challenges is for them to access real-time water-related information by using smart Information and Communication a Technology (ICT). This paper shows how integrating remote sensing, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), flood-forecasting models and communication platforms can, in near real time, alert smallholder farmers and relevant government departments about incoming floods, using the Gash basin of Sudan as an example. The Ministry of Water Resources of Sudan used the findings of this study to transform farmers’ responses to flood arrival from being ‘reactive’, to planning for the flood event. Intensive on-site and institutional efforts to build the capacity of farmers, farmer organizations, development departments and officers of the Ministry helped to develop the initiative from simply sending ‘emergency alerts’ to enabling stakeholders to visually see the flood event unfolding in the region and to plan accordingly for storing water, operating spate-irrigation systems and undertaking cropping activities. The research, initially conducted on a 60 × 60 km site, was later extended to the entire Gash basin. The paper outlines how to develop tools that can monitor plot-specific information from satellite measurements, and supply detailed and specific information on crops, rather than providing very general statements on crop growth. Farmers are able to use such tools to optimize their farm profits by providing water to their crops in the right place, at the right time and in the right quantity. Finally, the work demonstrates the high potential of combining technology, namely remote sensing data and simple a agro-meteorological model with limited parameters, for large-scale monitoring of spate irrigation systems and information sharing to advise farmers as to how to apply this information to their managerial decisions.
11 Anand, S.; Kakumanu, K. R.; Amarasinghe, Upali A. 2019. Use of remote sensing and GIS for identifying tanks and rehabilitation benefits to the rural areas. Journal of Rural Development, 38(1):55-77.
Tanks ; Rehabilitation ; Cost benefit analysis ; Remote sensing ; Geographical information systems ; Water security ; Rural areas ; Satellite imagery ; Irrigated sites ; Farmland ; Farmers attitudes ; River basins ; Catchment areas ; Monsoon climate / India / Godavari River Basin / Bhadrachalam Catchment / Pagidaru Village Cascade / Laxminagar Village Cascade
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049187)
(0.59 MB)
Water storage is crucial for water security (WS) in countries with monsoon-driven climates. Tanks significantly contribute to WS by augmenting water supply to agricultural production in parts of south and Southeast Asia. The present paper assesses the potential locations of small tanks for rehabilitation to enhance WS. The Bhadrachalam catchment from the Godavari river basin, India was selected for the study. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems techniques were used to identify the small tanks and water spread areas for augmenting storage. The cost -benefit analysis was also carried out for the identified tanks with various scenarios, cropping pattern and management options. The returns from desiliting, increase in area under the tank command with paddy and cotton crops are found to be beneficial. It concludes that rehabilitation of small tanks should be considered a priority investment as it will not only enhance WS and financial benefits to local communities, but also augment river flows in the non-monsoon season.
12 Misi, A.; Gumindoga, W.; Hoko, Z. 2018. An assessment of groundwater potential and vulnerability in the upper manyame sub-catchment of Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 105:72-83. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.03.003]
Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater pollution ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Mapping ; Geographical information systems ; Rain ; Catchment areas ; Principal component analysis ; Models / Zimbabwe / Upper Manyame Sub-Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049298)
(2.75 MB)
Severe depletion and pollution of groundwater resources are of rising concern in the Upper Manyame Sub-Catchment (UMSC); Zimbabwe's most urbanised sub-catchment. Despite groundwater playing a pivotal role in the provision of potable water in the sub-catchment, it is under serious threat from anthropogenic stressors which include sewage effluents and leachates from landfills, among others. Inadequate scientific knowledge pertaining to the spatio-temporal variability of groundwater storage and vulnerability in the UMSC is further compromising its sustainability. Therefore, comprehensive assessments of UMSC's Groundwater Potential (GP) and vulnerability are crucial for its effective management. This study assessed GP and vulnerability in the UMSC using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing techniques. Groundwater conditioning factors: geology, slope, land-use, drainage density, topographic index, altitude, recharge and rainfall were used to develop GP zones. Validation of the GP map was done by correlating estimated GP with historical borehole yields. An assessment of groundwater vulnerability was done at micro-catchment level (Marimba) using the GOD model; a three parameter Index Overlay Model. Marimba is the most urbanised and has the second highest borehole density. It also exhibits similar landuse characteristics as the UMSC. Furthermore, groundwater quality in Marimba was assessed from 15 sampling sites. Fifteen drinking water parameters were analysed based on the standard methods for Water and Wastewater Examination. The potability of groundwater was then assessed by comparing the measured water quality parameters with the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ) drinking water standards and/or WHO guidelines for drinking water. Repeated Measures ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to assess the spatio-temporal variations in groundwater quality and to identify key parameters, respectively. About 72% (2725.9 km2) of the UMSC was found to be of moderate GP, while 19% and 9% accounted for high and low GP, respectively. Marimba vulnerability status was dominantly moderate (77.3%). Parameters: EC, pH, coliforms, TDS, total hardness, Fe, NH4+ and turbidity exceeded SAZ and/or WHO drinking water limits on most sampling sites with DO, total and faecal coliforms showing significant variations (p < 0.05). Four Principal Components representing 84% of the cumulative variance were extracted; with PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4 contributing 38%, 19.1%, 14.3% and 12.85%, respectively. PC1 was characterized by pH, TDS, EC and total hardness. PC2's variance was associated with elevated levels of Cl-, Zn and Cu. PC3 had high loadings of total and faecal coliforms, Fl- and turbidity while PC4 was characterized by high loadings of Pb, Fe, ammonia and turbidity. The variation in the nature of the parameters across PCs explains the complexity of pollutants within the micro-catchment. PC2 and PC4 were largely characterized by metallic compounds, suggesting pollution from mineral dissolution into the aquifers e.g. from industrial areas and dumpsites. PC3 indicate the contribution of domestic waste e.g. faecal waste from waste pipe leakages and poorly constructed pit latrines. The findings of this study are useful decision-making tools on groundwater utilisation and groundwater protection.
13 Bachiller-Jareno, N.; Hutchins, M. G.; Bowes, M. J.; Charlton, M. B.; Orr, H.G. 2019. A novel application of remote sensing for modelling impacts of tree shading on water quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 230:33-42. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.037]
Water quality ; Remote sensing ; Riparian vegetation ; Trees ; Canopy ; Rivers ; Surface water ; Water temperature ; Geographical information systems ; Models / England / River Thames
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049295)
(2.02 MB)
Uncertainty in capturing the effects of riparian tree shade for assessment of algal growth rates and water temperature hinders the predictive capability of models applied for river basin management. Using photogrammetry-derived tree canopy data, we quantified hourly shade along the River Thames (UK) and used it to estimate the reduction in the amount of direct radiation reaching the water surface. In addition we tested the suitability of freely-available LIDAR data to map ground elevation. Following removal of buildings and objects other than trees from the LIDAR dataset, results revealed considerable differences between photogrammetry- and LIDAR-derived methods in variables including mean canopy height (10.5 m and 4.0 m respectively), percentage occupancy of riparian zones by trees (45% and 16% respectively) and mid-summer fractional penetration of direct radiation (65% and 76% respectively). The generated data on daily direct radiation for 2010 were used as input to a river network water quality model (QUESTOR). Impacts of tree shading were assessed in terms of upper quartile levels, revealing substantial differences in indicators such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (1.58–2.19 mg L-1 respectively) and water temperature (20.1 and 21.2 °C respectively) between ‘shaded’ and ‘non-shaded’ radiation inputs. Whilst the differences in canopy height and extent derived by the two methods are appreciable they only make small differences to water quality in the Thames. However such differences may prove more critical in smaller rivers. We highlight the importance of accurate estimation of shading in water quality modelling and recommend use of high resolution remotely sensed spatial data to characterise riparian canopies. Our paper illustrates how it is now possible to make better reach scale estimates of shade and make aggregations of these for use at river basin scale. This will allow provision of more effective guidance for riparian management programmes than currently possible. This is important to support adaptation to future warming and maintenance of water quality standards
14 Thangarajan, M.; Singh, V. P. (Eds.) 2016. Groundwater assessment, modeling, and management. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. 511p.
Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater management ; Models ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Water purification ; Water use ; Water resources ; Groundwater flow ; Groundwater recharge ; Alluvial aquifers ; Climate change ; Coastal area ; Water pollution ; Saline water ; Arsenic ; Contamination ; Freshwater ; Carbon dioxide ; Ion exchange ; Fluorides ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Geographical information systems ; Forecasting ; Optimization ; Food security ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Rivers ; Hydrogeology ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Case studies / Africa South of Sahara / Southern Africa / East Africa / India / Brazil / Botswana / Okavango Delta / Cauvery River / Ganges River / Boro River Valley / Gangetic Plains / Maharashtra / Tamil Nadu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H049342)
15 Sharma, D.; Khandekar, N.; Sachdeva, K. 2019. Addressing water-related shocks and coping decision through enhanced community participation: case studies from Ganga Basin, Uttarakhand, India. Water Policy, 21(5):999-1016. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.026]
Natural disasters ; Community involvement ; Participatory rural appraisal ; Climate change ; Flooding ; Geographical information systems ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Water springs ; Rivers ; Water availability ; Social aspects ; Villages ; Case studies / India / Uttarakhand / Upper Ganga Basin / Hakimpur Turra / Khadri Kharak Maf / Kimkhola
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049409)
(0.49 MB)
Farming communities in the Upper Ganga basin, nestled in the Himalayan region, are finding it extremely difficult to face water-related shocks, which stand to profoundly impact their quality of life and livelihoods, due to climate change. Often, coping strategies (technological or institutional interventions), developed by planners, become counter-productive as they are not in cognizance with the end user community. This study presents a methodology to enable incorporation of community knowledge and expectations in planning by integrating participatory rural appraisal (PRA) with geographic information systems, leading to better informed coping strategies. As part of this, we create thematic maps which: (i) capture information on a spatial scale (otherwise lost during PRA), (ii) facilitate community participation for further research and planning in their contexts, and, (iii) co-create knowledge to develop a shared understanding of water-related hazards at the village level. The proposed methodology is presented through three case study sites – two in the plains (<500 masl) and one in the middle (500–1,500 masl) elevation regions of Upper Ganga basin. We show how this way of approaching context analysis facilitates community involvement as well as co-creating a knowledge base which can help researchers and government officials with mindful planning of interventions in the area.
16 Ouedraogo, I.; Defourny, P.; Vanclooster, M. 2019. Application of random forest regression and comparison of its performance to multiple linear regression in modeling groundwater nitrate concentration at the African continent scale. Hydrogeology Journal, 27(3):1081-1098. (Special issue: Groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1900-5]
Groundwater pollution ; Nitrates ; Contamination ; Fertilizer application ; Geographical information systems ; Regression analysis ; Models ; Forecasting ; Performance evaluation ; Soil types ; Land use / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049363)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10040-018-1900-5.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049363.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049363.pdf
(2.09 MB) (2.09 MB)
Groundwater management decisions require robust methods that allow accurate predictive modeling of pollutant occurrences. In this study, random forest regression (RFR) was used for modeling groundwater nitrate contamination at the African continent scale. When compared to more conventional techniques, key advantages of RFR include its nonparametric nature, its high predictive accuracy, and its capability to determine variable importance. The latter can be used to better understand the individual role and the combined effect of explanatory variables in a predictive model. In the absence of a systematic groundwater monitoring program at the African continent scale, the study used the groundwater nitrate contamination database for the continent obtained from a meta-analysis to test the modeling approach; 250 groundwater nitrate pollution studies from the African continent were compiled using the literature data. A geographic information system database of 13 spatial attributes was collected, related to land use, soil type, hydrogeology, topography, climatology, type of region, and nitrogen fertilizer application rate, and these were assigned as predictors. The RFR performance was evaluated in comparison to the multiple linear regression (MLR) methods. By using RFR, it was possible to establish which explanatory variables influence the occurrence of nitrate pollution in groundwater (population density, rainfall, recharge, etc.). Both the RFR and MLR techniques identified population density as the most important variable explaining reported nitrate contamination. However, RFR has a much higher predictive power (R2 = 0.97) than a traditional linear regression model (R2 = 0.64). RFR is therefore considered a very promising technique for large-scale modeling of groundwater nitrate pollution.
17 Filho, W. L.; Azeiteiro, U. M.; Alves, F. (Eds.) 2016. Climate change and health: improving resilience and reducing risks. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 532p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24660-4]
Climate change mitigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Disaster risk reduction ; Resilience ; Extreme weather events ; Flooding ; Landslides ; Food security ; Food wastes ; Water Supply ; Water quality ; Malnutrition ; Vector-borne diseases ; Infectious diseases ; Malaria ; Dengue ; Ebolavirus ; Cardiovascular system ; Mental health ; Air quality ; Poverty ; Sustainable development ; Political aspects ; Social aspects ; Environmental sustainability ; Highlands ; Ecosystems ; Rain ; Training ; Communities ; Geographical information systems ; Case studies ; European Union countries / Sahel / Cameroon / Nigeria / Mozambique / Brazil / Bolivia / Uruguay / Paraguay / Portugal / Austria / Rio de Janeiro / Gaza Province / Vienna / Sao Paulo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H049478)
18 Haj-Amor, Z.; Bouri, S. 2020. Use of HYDRUS-1D-GIS tool for evaluating effects of climate changes on soil salinization and irrigation management. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66(2):193-207. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1608438]
Climate change ; Soil salinization ; Irrigation management ; Models ; Irrigation water ; Geographical information systems ; Coastal area ; Soil management ; Soil water content / Tunisia / Gabes Oasis
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049558)
(2.03 MB)
In this study, HYDRUS-1D model was coupled with geographic information system (GIS) for evaluating the effects of climate changes on soil salinization. The coupled HYDRUS-1D–GIS system was applied in a coastal region (Gabes Oasis) for evaluating the effects of various climate change scenarios on temporal change in soil electrical conductivity (EC) and for developing irrigation practice that desalinates soils. The climate change scenarios were selected based on the climate change projections by 2050 and increased irrigation water allocations. There were three main findings. First, HYDRUS-1D and GIS were successfully coupled and used to perform simulation with consideration of the large differences in soil texture in the studied oasis. Second, for all climate change scenarios, spatial extent of EC for 2050 is projected to reach levels (> 4 dS m-1) corresponding with being classified as saline soils. Third, with climate changing as simulated, it is recommended to increase irrigation water application with 20% or more than today to avoid further increases in soil EC. Overall, this study can be used as a guide to implement the most appropriate strategy of soil and water management.
19 Paul, M.; Negahban-Azar, M.; Shirmohammadi, A.; Montas, H. 2020. Assessment of agricultural land suitability for irrigation with reclaimed water using geospatial multi-criteria decision analysis. Agricultural Water Management, 231:105987 (Online first). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105987]
Farmland ; Land suitability ; Assessment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Decision making ; Geographical information systems ; Models ; Environmental effects ; Drought ; Groundwater ; Crops ; Land cover / USA / California
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049564)
(7.32 MB)
Water scarcity, climate variability and continuing growth in water demand have put severe pressure on high-quality freshwater sources. This challenge exacts the necessity to explore alternative water sources for agricultural irrigation. The objective of this study was to implement the integrated geospatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the potentiality of reclaimed water use for agricultural irrigation in California. Five evaluation criteria included in this study were agricultural land (crop type), climate conditions, water policies, irrigation status, and proximity to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) respectively. The suitability maps for reclaimed water use were generated for three cases in terms of accessibility to WWTPs, their discharge volume and appropriate treatment processes respectively. In addition, a composite suitability map was produced using the hybrid model considering all three cases together. Results from this study led to a better understanding of sustainable reclaimed water use for crop irrigation at a regional level. It provided supporting evidence of the applicability of the GIS-MCDA method integrated with AHP technique for a larger geographical scale with a diverse crop pattern. This study established the importance of using both knowledge-based and data-driven criteria and sub-criteria in the decision framework. The results also highlighted how the spatial distribution of suitable areas for reclaimed water reuse is closely linked to the agricultural areas.
20 Chand, P.; Jain, R.; Chand, S.; Kishore, P.; Malangmeih, L.; Rao, S. 2020. Estimating water balance and identifying crops for sustainable use of water resources in the Bundelkhand region of India. Transactions of the ASABE, 63(1):117-124. [doi: https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.13429]
Water balance ; Cropping patterns ; Sustainability ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Irrigation water ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Land use ; Rain ; Geographical information systems ; Economic aspects / India / Madhya Pradesh / Uttar Pradesh / Bundelkhand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049627)
(0.54 MB)
The Bundelkhand region of India is characterized by acute shortages of water due to recurrent failures of the monsoon. This study estimated the water availability, water requirement, and water deficit in the Bundelkhand region using geographic information system (GIS) data. The study identified suitable crops that can be promoted for sustaining the water resources in the region. Total water availability is estimated to be 17.48 billion cubic meters (BCM), of which 91.3% is available for irrigation. The irrigation water deficit is estimated to be 5.31 BCM, which is 1/4 of the crop water requirement. Farmers in the region give high priority to irrigation of water-guzzling cereal crops instead of pulses and oilseed crops, which have lower water requirements. A crop suitability index revealed that pearl millet, sesame, and soybean are the most suitable crops for sustainable use of water resources in the region. An optimum cropping plan to allocate existing land and water resources, coupled with efficient modern technology such as direct-seeded rice, micro-irrigation, etc., can be the best solution to sustain the natural resources and the income of farmers in the study region.
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