Your search found 11 records
1 Baum, E.; Gyiele, L. A.; Drechsel, P.; Nurah, G. K. 1999. Tools for the economic analysis and evaluation of on-farm trials. [Training/Course material] Bangkok, Thailand: International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM). 58p. (IBSRAM Global Tool Kit Series 1)
Economic analysis ; Economic indicators ; On-farm research ; Cash flow ; Budgeting ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Production factors ; Land use ; Land management ; Soil conservation ; Labour productivity ; Farmers ; Crop yield ; Maize ; Fertilizers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046252)
(3MB)
2 Soliev, Ilkhom; Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek. 2015. The costs of benefit sharing: historical and institutional analysis of shared water development in the Ferghana Valley, the Syr Darya Basin. Water, 7(6):2728-2752. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w7062728]
International waters ; Cooperation ; Cost benefit analysis ; Benefit-cost ratio ; History ; Corporate culture ; Water resources development ; Water governance ; Water supply ; River basins ; Equity ; Environmental effects ; Case studies / Central Asia / Kyrgyzstan / Tajikistan / Uzbekistan / Ferghana Valley / Syr Darya Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047080)
(1.59 MB)
Ongoing discussions on water-energy-food nexus generally lack a historical perspective and more rigorous institutional analysis. Scrutinizing a relatively mature benefit sharing approach in the context of transboundary water management, the study shows how such analysis can be implemented to facilitate understanding in an environment of high institutional and resource complexity. Similar to system perspective within nexus, benefit sharing is viewed as a positive sum approach capable of facilitating cooperation among riparian parties by shifting the focus from the quantities of water to benefits derivable from its use and allocation. While shared benefits from use and allocation are logical corollary of the most fundamental principles of international water law, there are still many controversies as to the conditions under which benefit sharing could serve best as an approach. Recently, the approach has been receiving wider attention in the literature and is increasingly applied in various basins to enhance negotiations. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the costs associated with benefit sharing, particularly in the long run. The study provides a number of concerns that have been likely overlooked in the literature and examines the approach in the case of the Ferghana Valley shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan utilizing data for the period from 1917 to 2013. Institutional analysis traces back the origins of property rights of the transboundary infrastructure, shows cooperative activities and fierce negotiations on various governance levels. The research discusses implications of the findings for the nexus debate and unveils at least four types of costs associated with benefit sharing: (1) Costs related to equity of sharing (horizontal and vertical); (2) Costs to the environment; (3) Transaction costs and risks of losing water control; and (4) Costs as a result of likely misuse of issue linkages.
3 Reddy, V. R. 2018. Techno-institutional models for managing water quality in rural areas: case studies from Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(1):97-115. (Special issue: Politics and Policies for Water Resources Management in India). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1218755]
Water management ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Institutional development ; Agencies ; Appropriate technology ; Models ; Rural areas ; Water supply ; Public-private cooperation ; Waste water treatment plants ; Economic aspects ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Villages ; Case studies / India / Andhra Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048475)
(1.32 MB)
This article examines the rationale, technologies, economics and institutional modalities in water quality management operations to draw lessons for designing policies for sustainable service delivery at scale. While the rationale for providing potable drinking water at affordable prices is clear, their economic viability is weak given their present scale of operations. There is a need for institutional safeguards for selection of deserving villages and water quality monitoring. It is argued that public–private–community partnerships are economically viable and sustainable. Adopting appropriate technologies could help with addressing the water quality issues in a more comprehensive manner.
4 Bapna, M.; Brandon, C.; Chan, C.; Patwardhan, A.; Dickson, B. 2019. Adapt now: a global call for leadership on climate resilience. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Global Commission on Adaptation (GCA); Washington, DC, USA: World Resources Institute. 81p.
Climate change adaptation ; Resilience ; Food security ; Agriculture ; Living standards ; Smallholders ; Natural environment ; Ecosystems ; Small scale systems ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Disaster risk management ; Flooding ; Drought ; Towns ; Urban areas ; Infrastructure ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Economic situation ; Decision making ; Government ; Financing ; Private sector ; Public sector ; Social aspects ; Poverty ; Sustainability ; Environmental effects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049325)
https://cdn.gca.org/assets/2019-09/GlobalCommission_Report_FINAL.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049325.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049325.pdf
(5.22 MB) (5.22 MB)
5 Giordano, Meredith; Barron, J.; Unver, O. 2019. Water scarcity and challenges for smallholder agriculture. In Campanhola, C.; Pandey, S. (Eds.). Sustainable food and agriculture: an integrated approach. London, UK: Academic Press; Rome, Italy: FAO. pp.75-94. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812134-4.00005-4]
Water scarcity ; Smallholders ; Agricultural sector ; Farmers ; Water management ; Technology ; Sustainability ; Food security ; Water resources ; Water storage ; Groundwater ; Irrigation water ; Renewable energy ; Solar energy ; Pumps ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Living standards ; Household income ; Investment ; Policies / Africa South of Sahara / South Asia / India / Ethiopia / Madhya Pradesh / Khategaon / Tonkkhurd
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.19 G000 CAM Record No: H049548)
(8.29 MB)
Water availability for agriculture will become a growing constraint in areas already under environmental and social stress due to population growth, development, and climatic variability. This limits the potential for expanding irrigated areas and for sustainable intensification, and compromises the ability of smallholder farmers to cater to the increased demand for food. This chapter assesses the key global challenges to water availability and how increasing scarcity and competition for water resources are affecting agricultural productivity, especially that of smallholder producers in Asia and Africa. It further analyzes emerging water management practices that can be sustainably adapted to the needs of smallholder farmers. We provide evidence of the economic viability and potential to improve farmers’ income from such solutions. The opportunity for scaling up high-impact solutions is also assessed against available empirical evidence.
6 Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Saikia, Panchali; Maitra, Shourav. 2020. Community water management and agricultural extension services: effects, impacts and perceptions in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 48p. (WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 8) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.202]
Agricultural research for development ; Learning ; Water management in lowland ; Water management in upland ; Community management ; Participatory approaches ; Agricultural extension ; Coastal zones ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural practices ; Technology ; Cropping patterns ; Seasonal cropping ; Agricultural production ; Crop yield ; Profitability ; Markets ; Farm inputs ; Diversification ; High yielding varieties ; Rice ; Fertilizer application ; Farmers’ attitudes ; Hired labour ; Family labour ; Reclaimed land ; Submergence ; Waterlogging ; Salinity ; Drainage ; Siltation ; Water governance ; Infrastructure ; Maintenance ; Irrigation canals ; Economic analysis ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Climate change ; Research projects ; Villages ; Households / Bangladesh / Fultola / Basurabad / Bhennabunia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049571)
(2.98 MB)
The coastal region of Bangladesh is prone to natural disasters and these events are expected to worsen as a result of climate change. Combined with anthropogenic factors, these events challenge livelihood opportunities, especially crop production. Waterlogging, tidal activity and the lack of proper drainage facilities are major constraints to agricultural production in these areas.
The CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) tested, at pilot scale, the combination of innovative agricultural technologies with improved water management to overcome these challenges.
This report assesses this intervention by observing the effects, measuring the short-term impacts and understanding the perceptions. The results highlight the need to integrate the interventions into the local context, and acknowledge that institutions and markets need to mature to harness the benefits from innovations. It also underlines the potential of multi-scale interventions combining plot-level and farmer-led innovations, community management and rehabilitation of large schemes.
The CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) tested, at pilot scale, the combination of innovative agricultural technologies with improved water management to overcome these challenges.
This report assesses this intervention by observing the effects, measuring the short-term impacts and understanding the perceptions. The results highlight the need to integrate the interventions into the local context, and acknowledge that institutions and markets need to mature to harness the benefits from innovations. It also underlines the potential of multi-scale interventions combining plot-level and farmer-led innovations, community management and rehabilitation of large schemes.
7 Abu-Nowar, L. M. 2020. Economic and financial assessment of solar-powered irrigation. Journal of Agricultural Science, 12(4):185-193. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n4p185]
Irrigation systems ; Solar energy ; Water productivity ; Cost analysis ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Financial situation ; Indicators ; Energy consumption ; Pumping ; Tomatoes ; Farms / Jordan / Jordan Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049647)
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/download/0/0/42217/43973
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049647.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049647.pdf
(0.83 MB) (848 KB)
This paper aimed at assessing the economic and financial viability of solar-powered irrigation of tomato crop in Jordan Valley. Data were collected from 16 tomato farms that use solar-powered irrigation system. Another 16 farms with diesel-powered irrigation system was investigated for comparative reasons. Descriptive statistics, Cost Function Analysis (CFA), Life-cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), Water Productivity (WP) and the financial indicators of Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PP) and Benefit to Cost Ratio (B/C) were the main economic and financial analytical tools used in this study. The results of the study revealed that costs of inputs, labor costs and equipment and maintenance costs have had a lower adverse impact on the total revenues level when using solar-powered irrigation system. The results also indicated the preference of the investigated financial indicators (NPV, IRR, PP and B/C ratio) when solar-powered irrigation is used compared to diesel-powered irrigation. The results also revealed a lower cost of life of the farm under the use of solar-powered irrigation. The governmental policies and programs should be directed toward the concepts of renewable energy in general and solar energy uses in agriculture in particular. Special agricultural extension plans in training and capacity building of farmers and extension workers on the use of solar energy in irrigation of agricultural crops should be developed. Cooperation in the fields of solar energy between the Ministry of Agriculture and related parties such as the Royal Scientific Society and the Ministry of Energy should be initiated to conduct specialized researches in the fields of solar energy use in agriculture.
8 Alam, Mohammad Faiz; Pavelic, Paul. 2020. Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI): exploring potential at the global scale. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 58p. (IWMI Research Report 176) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.204]
Flood irrigation ; River basins ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Water storage ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Drought ; Economic analysis ; Cost benefit analysis ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Flood control ; Disaster risk reduction ; Mitigation ; Ecosystem services ; Watershed management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Surface water ; Water availability ; Climate change ; Water security ; Food security ; Policies ; Stakeholders ; Groundwater irrigation ; Infrastructure ; Wells ; Pumps ; Crop production ; Land use ; Rain ; Monsoon climate ; Socioeconomic environment ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Models / South Asia / South East Asia / Central Asia / South America / North America / Central America / Europe / Africa South of Sahara / North Africa / India / Ethiopia / Thailand / Uttar Pradesh / Awash Basin / Ramganga Basin / Chao Phraya Basin / Ganges River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050008)
(6.21 MB)
This report presents a spatial analysis conducted at global scale to identify areas of high suitability for implementing the Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) approach. The study used multiple global spatial datasets, and the related data were arranged under three categories – water supply, water demand and water storage – to assess global UTFI suitability. Among the river basins with high suitability, the Awash in Ethiopia, Ramganga in India (one of the major tributaries of the Ganges River Basin) and Chao Phraya in Thailand were selected for the economic analysis in this study. The results from this study are intended to provide a first step towards identifying the broad areas (at the river basin or country scale) where more detailed investigation would be worthwhile to ascertain the technical and economic feasibility of UTFI, with greater confidence.
9 Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Sikka, Alok; Mandave, Vidya; Panda, R. K.; Gorantiwar, S.; Ambast, S. K. 2021. Improving economic water productivity to enhance resilience in canal irrigation systems: a pilot study of the Sina Irrigation System in Maharashtra, India. Water Policy, 23(2):447-465. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.231]
Water productivity ; Economic analysis ; Irrigation systems ; Canals ; Resilience ; Cropping patterns ; Water allocation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Groundwater recharge ; Water costs ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Water use ; Drought tolerance ; Water scarcity ; Rain ; Monsoons ; Reservoir storage / India / Maharashtra / Sina Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050317)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/23/2/447/879066/023020447.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050317.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050317.pdf
(0.40 MB) (411 KB)
This paper proposes scenarios to achieve more crop per drop and irrigation for all in water-scarce irrigation systems, with a particular reference to India. It uses economic water productivity (EWP) and water cost curve for EWP as tools to reallocate irrigation consumptive water use (CWU) and identify economically viable cropping patterns. Assessed in the water-scarce Sina irrigation system in Maharashtra, India, the method shows that drought-tolerant annual crops such as fruits and/or fodder should be the preferred option in irrigated cropping patterns. Cropping patterns with orchard or fodder as permanent fixtures will provide sustainable income in low rainfall years. Orchards in combination with other crops will increase EWP and value of output in moderate to good rainfall years. Governments should create an enabling environment for conjunctive water use and allocation of CWU to achieve a gradual shift to high-value annual/perennial crops as permanent fixtures in cropping patterns.
10 van Koppen, Barbara; Raut, Manita; Rajouria, Alok; Khadka, Manohara; Pradhan, P.; GC, R. K.; Colavito, L.; O’Hara, C.; Rautanen, S.-L.; Nepal, P. R.; Shrestha, P. K. 2022. Gender equality and social inclusion in community-led multiple use water services in Nepal. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 29p. (IWMI Working Paper 203) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.200]
Multiple use water services ; Gender equality ; Social inclusion ; Community involvement ; Water resources ; Water supply ; Supply chains ; Right to water ; Water availability ; Drinking water ; Domestic water ; Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Participatory approaches ; Decision making ; Governmental organizations ; Non-governmental organizations ; Households ; Women ; Livelihoods ; Vulnerability ; Water sharing ; Solar energy ; Food security ; Nexus ; Rural areas ; Water systems ; Infrastructure ; Irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Sustainability ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Financing ; Income ; Competition / Nepal / Dailekh / Sarlahi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050908)
(1.21 MB)
The Constitution of Nepal 2015 enshrines everyone’s right of access to clean water for drinking and the right to food. The common operationalization of the right to water for drinking is providing access to infrastructure that brings water for drinking and other basic domestic uses near and at homesteads. Challenges to achieving this goal in rural areas include: low functionality of water systems; expansion of informal self supply for multiple uses; widespread de facto productive uses of water systems designed for domestic uses; growing competition for finite water resources; and male elite capture in polycentric decision-making. This paper traces how the Nepali government and nongovernmental organizations in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), irrigation and other sectors have joined forces since the early 2000s to address these challenges by innovating community-led multiple use water services (MUS). The present literature review of these processes complemented by field research supported by the Water for Women Fund focuses on women in vulnerable households.
Overcoming sectoral silos, these organizations support what is often seen as the sole responsibility of the WASH sector: targeting infrastructure development to bring sufficient water near and at homesteads of those left behind. Women’s priorities for using this water are respected and supported, which often includes productive uses, also at basic volumes. In line with decentralized federalism, inclusive community-led MUS planning processes build on vulnerable households’ self supply, commonly for multiple uses, and follow their priorities for local incremental infrastructure improvements. Further, community-led MUS builds on community-based arrangements for ‘sharing in’ and ‘sharing out’ the finite water resources in and under communities’ social territories. This realizes the constitutional right to food in line with the Nepal Water Resources Act, 1992, which prioritizes core minimum volumes of water for everyone’s domestic uses and many households’ irrigation. Evidence shows how the alleviation of domestic chores, women’s stronger control over food production for nutrition and income, and more sustainable infrastructure mutually reinforce each other in virtuous circles out of gendered poverty. However, the main challenge remains the inclusion of women and vulnerable households in participatory processes.
Overcoming sectoral silos, these organizations support what is often seen as the sole responsibility of the WASH sector: targeting infrastructure development to bring sufficient water near and at homesteads of those left behind. Women’s priorities for using this water are respected and supported, which often includes productive uses, also at basic volumes. In line with decentralized federalism, inclusive community-led MUS planning processes build on vulnerable households’ self supply, commonly for multiple uses, and follow their priorities for local incremental infrastructure improvements. Further, community-led MUS builds on community-based arrangements for ‘sharing in’ and ‘sharing out’ the finite water resources in and under communities’ social territories. This realizes the constitutional right to food in line with the Nepal Water Resources Act, 1992, which prioritizes core minimum volumes of water for everyone’s domestic uses and many households’ irrigation. Evidence shows how the alleviation of domestic chores, women’s stronger control over food production for nutrition and income, and more sustainable infrastructure mutually reinforce each other in virtuous circles out of gendered poverty. However, the main challenge remains the inclusion of women and vulnerable households in participatory processes.
11 Akinseye, F. M.; Birhanu, B. Z.; Ajeigbe, H. A.; Diancoumba, M.; Sanogo, K.; Tabo, R. 2023. Impacts of fertilization management strategies on improved sorghums varieties in smallholder farming systems in Mali: productivity and profitability differences. Heliyon, 9(3):E14497. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14497]
Fertilization ; Strategies ; Organic fertilizers ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Smallholders ; Farming systems ; Small-scale farming ; Sorghum ; Agricultural productivity ; Profitability ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Crop yield ; Rainfall ; Soil fertility ; Farmers / Mali / Bamako / Bougouni / Koutiala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051835)
https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2405-8440%2823%2901704-8
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051835.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051835.pdf
(2.68 MB) (2.68 MB)
Sorghum is an important cereal crop cultivated by smallholder farmers of Mali, contributing significantly to their food demand and security. The study evaluated different fertilization strategies that combined organic and inorganic fertilizer applications with three sorghum varieties. The experiments were conducted over three cropping seasons (2017–2019) in three sites (Bamako, Bougouni, and Koutiala respectively) within the Sudanian region of Mali. Our results showed a significant effect of season, variety, and fertilization strategies on grain and stalk yields. Grain yield increased by 8–40% in Koutiala, 11–53% in Bougouni, and 44–110% in Bamako while the average stalk yield was above 5000 kg ha- 1 with fertilized treatment compared to unfertilized treatment in the three sites. Fadda performed the best variety, mean grain yield was 23% and 42% higher than that of Soumba and Tieble, respectively. Similarly, there was a progressive increase in grain yield with an increasing level of poultry manure (PM) from 0 to 150 g/hill and cattle manure (CM) from 0 to 100 g/hill. However, the application of 100 g/hill of CM and PM plus 3 g/ hill of Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) increased yield by 8% and 12% respectively compared to only CM or PM treatments. The results further revealed higher yield gain by 51% (Bamako), 57% (Koutiala), and 42% (Bougouni) for T10-[PM (100 g/hill) + Micro-D_DAP (3 g/hill)] equivalent to 73 kgNha- 1 than others (T2-T9), but not proportionate to the highest value-cost ratio (VCR). Radar charts used to visualize sustainable intensification (SI) performance in the three domains (productivity, profitability, and environment) showed that the environmental variable has a direct influence on productivity, meanwhile profitability across the strategies ranged from low to moderate value across sites and different fertilizer strategies. Our study, therefore, recommends the use of multiple-choice fertilizer strategies includingT2-CM (50 g/hill)+PM(50 g/hill), T5-DAPMicro-D (3 g/hill), T6-DAP41:46:00 and T9-PM(50 g/hill) alongside with improved sorghum varieties tested, for higher productivity and profitability across the region.
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