Your search found 177 records
1 Karunaratne, S. 2002. Dams and development-risk assessments of 32 major dams and reservoir conservation program: establishment of a center of excellence for management of dams/reservoirs in Sri Lanka. In Pakistan Water Partnership (PWP). Second South Asia Water Forum, 14-16 December 2002, Islamabad, Pakistan. Proceedings, vol.1. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Water Partnership (PWP). pp.125-137.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G570 PAK Record No: H034132)
2 Anderson, J. J.; Botha, J. J.; van Rensburg, L. D. 2003. The use of crop modelling to compare different tillage techniques. In Beukes, D.; de Villiers, M.; Mkhize, S.; Sally, H.; van Rensburg, L. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on Water Conservation Technologies for Sustainable Dryland Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (WCT), held at Bloem Spa Lodge and Conference Centre, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 8-11 April 2003. Pretoria, South Africa: ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water. pp.162-168.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G100 BEU Record No: H034400)
3 Qadir, M.; Ghafoor, A.; Murtaza, G. 2000. Cadmium concentration in vegetables grown on urban soils irrigated with untreated municipal sewage. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2:11-19.
Vegetables ; Irrigated farming ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sewage ; Heavy metals ; Cadmium ; Soil degradation ; Public health ; Risk assessment / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7692 Record No: H039575)
4 van Dam, R. A.; Camilleri, C.; Finlayson, Max. 1998. The potential of rapid assessment techniques as early warning indicators of wetland degradation: A review. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 13(4):297-312.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7731 Record No: H039681)
5 Finlayson, Max; Storrs, M. J.; Lindner, G. 1997. Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator River Region of northern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5:19-36.
Wetlands ; Hydrology ; Ecology ; Water buffaloes ; Risk assessment ; Aquatic plants ; Climate change / Australia / Alligator River Region
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7732 Record No: H039682)
6 Finnveden, G.; Bjorklund, A.; Moberg, A.; Ekvall, T. 2007. Environmental and economic assessment methods for waste management decision-support: possibilities and limitations. Waste Management & Research, 25: 263-269.
Environmental impact assessment ; Waste management ; Cost benefit analysis ; Risk assessment ; Decision making
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 7989 Record No: H040863)
7 Smakhtin, Vladimir U.; Schipper, E. Lisa F. 2008. Droughts: the impact of semantics and perceptions. Water Policy, 10: 131-143.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.714 G000 SMA Record No: H040990)
8 Bahri, Akissa. 2008. Welcome address at the International Expert Consultation on Wastewater Irrigation, Consumer Health Risk Assessment, On-farm and Off-farm Options for Health Risk Mitigation, and Wastewater Governance in Low-income Countries, Accra, Ghana, 6 October 2008. Expert consultation organized by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), IDRC and WHO, supported by IDRC and the Google Foundation. 5p.
Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Waterborne diseases ; Governance / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041921)
(0.08 MB)
9 Global Water Partnership (GWP); International Network of Basin Organizations (INBO) 2009. A handbook for integrated water resources management in basins. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP); Paris, Farnce: International Network of Basin Organizations (INBO) 103p.
Water resources ; Water resource management ; River basin management ; Water governance ; Handbooks ; Water law ; Water policy ; International agreements ; Organizations ; Financing ; Stakeholders ; Participatory management ; Strategy planning ; Models ; Decision support tools ; Risk assessment ; Climate change ; Water pollution ; Pollution control ; Information systems ; Monitoring ; Communication
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9162 G000 GLO Record No: H042050)
http://www.riob.org/gwp/handbook/GWP-INBOHandbookForIWRMinBasins.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/PDF/H042050.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/PDF/H042050.pdf
(0.86 MB)
This handbook is written for basin managers, government officials and all their partners involved in water resources management. It provides practical guidance for improving the governance of freshwater resources, in particular through effective application of the integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach in lake and river basins, and aquifers. The handbook complements IWRM efforts already underway or planned at national and international levels.
10 Pittock, A. B. 2009. Climate change: the science, impacts and solutions. 2nd ed. London, UK: Earthscan. 350p.
Climate change ; Environmental impact assessment ; History ; Weather forecasting ; Models ; Risk assessment ; Ozone depletion ; Land degradation ; Desertification ; Water supply ; Population growth
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.6 G000 PIT Record No: H042238)
(0.64 MB)
11 Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council; Environment Protection and Heritage Council; National Health and Medical Research Council. 2009. Australian guidelines for water recycling: managed aquifer recharge. [Paul Pavelic, member of the writing team]. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council; Adelaide, SA, Australia: Environment Protection and Heritage Council; Canberra, ACT, Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council. 237p. (National Water Quality Management Strategy Document No 24)
Guidelines ; Aquifers ; Water quality ; Recycling ; Groundwater management ; Water reuse ; Water allocation ; Water governance ; Risk assessment ; Public health ; Pathogens ; Chemicals ; Salinity ; Nutrients / Australia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042557)
(5.07 MB)
12 Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. (Eds.) 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 404p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Epidemiology ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Economic impact ; Wastewater treatment ; Irrigation methods ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042600)
(5.45 MB)
In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.
13 Bos, R.; Carr, R.; Keraita, Bernard. 2010. Assessing and mitigating wastewater-related health risks in low-income countries: an introduction. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.29-47. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Diseases ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042602)
(0.20 MB)
In and around urban areas pollution of natural water bodies is on the rise. As a result, wastewater irrigation is an increasingly common reality around most cities in the developing world. For reasons of technical capacity or economics, effective treatment may not be available for years to come; therefore, international guidelines to safeguard farmers and consumers must be practical and offer feasible riskmanagement options. This chapter provides an introduction to microbiological hazards. These can be addressed best in a step-wise risk assessment and management approach starting with wastewater treatment where possible, and supported by different pathogen barriers from farm to fork. A major change in the most recent WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture (WHO, 2006) agriculture is the focus on a holistic approach to achieving health-based targets, instead of prescribing irrigation waterquality threshold levels that are often unattainable. The health-based targets should not be read as absolute values but as goals to be attained in the short, medium or long term depending on the country’s technical capacity and institutional or economic conditions. Local standards and actual implementation should progressively develop as the country moves up the sanitation ladder. While healthrisk assessments are recommended to identify entry points for risk reduction and health-based targets, the Guidelines also offer shortcuts in situations where research capacities and data are constrained.
14 Mara, D.; Bos, R. 2010. Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.51-62. (Also in French).
Risk analysis ; Epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Public health ; Guidelines ; Risk assessment ; Simulation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042603)
(0.13 MB)
This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of =10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.
15 Navarro, I.; Teunis, P.; Moe, C.; Jimenez, B. 2010. Approaches to evaluate and develop health risk-based standards using available data. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.63-88. (Also in French).
Standards ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Ascaris ; Giardia duodenalis ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042604)
(0.36 MB)
Information on the dose-response relationship of waterborne and foodborne enteric pathogens is an important component in any consideration of the health risks that may be associated with wastewater, sludge or excreta reuse for food-crop production. The three main sources of information on dose-response relationships are: human challenge studies, animal studies and outbreak investigations. Doseresponse information on four representative enteric pathogens (Norwalk virus, E. coli O157:H7, Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides) is presented as examples. In addition to dose-response information, the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to examine the potential health risks associated with the consumption of food crops irrigated with wastewater or fertilized with biosolids requires information on several factors. These are transmission pathways, occurrence (frequency and concentration) of pathogens in wastewater and biosolids, persistence of pathogen viability or infectivity in the environment and on the food crops, and crop consumption (amount and frequency). Assessments of the risks of Giardia and Ascaris infection associated with food crops in several scenarios are presented and illustrate how WHO Guidelines and pathogen reduction measures (such as produce-washing) may have a significant or negligible impact on reducing the risks of infection associated with food crops irrigated or fertilized with wastewater and biosolids.
16 Qadir, Manzoor; Scott, C. A. 2010. Non-pathogenic trade-offs of wastewater irrigation. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.101-126. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Nutrients ; Soil properties ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Risk assessment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042606)
(0.27 MB)
The volume and extent of urban wastewater generated by domestic, industrial and commercial water use has increased with population, urbanization, industrialization, improved living conditions and economic development. Most developing-country governments do not have sufficient resources to treat wastewater. Therefore, despite official restrictions and potential health implications, farmers in many developing countries use wastewater in diluted, untreated or partly treated forms with a large range of associated benefits. Aside from microbiological hazards, the practice can pose a variety of other potential risks: excessive and often imbalanced addition of nutrients to the soil; build-up of salts in the soils (depending on the source water, especially sodium salts); increased concentrations of metals and metalloids (particularly where industries are present) reaching phytotoxic levels over the long term; and accumulation of emerging contaminants, like residual pharmaceuticals. As these possible trade-offs of wastewater use vary significantly between sites and regions, it is necessary to carefully monitor wastewater quality, its sources and use for location-specific risk assessment and risk reduction.
17 Ilic, S.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; LeJeune, J. T. 2010. Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater irrigated vegetables. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.239-259. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk assessment ; Food safety ; Disinfection / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042612)
(0.26 MB)
Post-harvest interventions are an important component of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction of wastewater-irrigated crops as recommended by the 2006 edition of the WHO Guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation. This approach draws on principles of other risk-management approaches, in particular the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept. Post-harvest measures are of particular importance as they can address possible on-farm precontamination, and also contamination that may occur after the crops leave the farm. Key factors influencing microbial contamination along the farm to fork pathway are basic hygiene and temperature management. Both factors are, however, hardly under control in most developing countries where microbial contamination and proliferation are supported by low education, limited risk awareness, rudimentary technical infrastructure and unenforced regulations. In the face of these challenges, the most successful strategies to enhance food safety will involve interventions at multiple control points along the production chain, with emphasis on local safety targets and innovative educational programmes fitting local knowledge, culture and risk perceptions. The WHO (2006) recommended health-based targets for risk reduction in wastewater irrigation provide the required flexibility for risk mitigation in line with the concept of food-safety objectives (FSO).
18 Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay. 2010. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoeal disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.261-283. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Lettuces ; Leaf vegetables ; Diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042613)
(0.27 MB)
Interventions proposed and implemented for the mitigation of diarrhoeal diseases associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture have received little, if any, comparative assessment of their cost-effectiveness. This chapter assesses the costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the so-called ‘treatment’ and ‘non- or post-treatment’ interventions as well as a combination of these for wastewater irrigation in urban Ghana using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). The cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) for the treatment and non-treatment interventions assessed ranged from US$31/DALY to US$812/DALY averted. Risk-reduction measures targeting farming practices and the basic rehabilitation of local wastewater treatment plants were the most attractive interventions with a CER well below the threshold of US$150/DALY, sometimes considered as the upper limit for a health intervention to be cost-effective in developing countries. All combinations associated with the basic rehabilitation of the treatment plants, with either on-farm or post-harvest interventions or both, resulted in CERs within the range of US$40/DALY to US$57/DALY. However, the CERs for the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant either as an independent intervention or in combination with on-farm and post-harvest interventions were unattractive in view of health-risk reduction for wastewater irrigation. Although attractive, the CERs of non-treatment options are largely dependent on compliance (adoption) by farmers and food vendors. In this regard, the CER increased by almost fivefold when the adoption rate was only 25 per cent by farmers and food vendors; but was attractive as long as adoption rates did not fall below 70 per cent. On the other hand, the success of the treatment option depends on the functionality of the treatment plants which is not without challenges in a country like Ghana. Thus, this chapter stresses the need for a balanced risk-management approach through a combination of treatment and non-treatment interventions to hedge against failures that may affect CERs at any end. While this chapter provides a contribution to the debate on interventions for health-risk mitigation in wastewater irrigation, more case studies would be useful to verify the data presented here.
19 Scott, C. A.; Drechsel, Pay; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Bahri, Akissa; Mara, D.; Redwood, M.; Jimenez, B. 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: challenges and outlook for mitigating risks in low-income countries. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.381-394. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Urban agriculture ; Risk assessment ; Wastewater management ; Governance
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042619)
(0.29 MB)
Wastewater irrigation is a widespread and growing phenomenon that carries varying degrees of risk. Whether spontaneously practiced in urban and periurban agriculture or planned as part of water reuse programmes, food and fodder production using untreated sewage or treated effluent can have serious human health implications for farmers and consumers, and can irreversibly degrade the environment. In low-income countries water pollution is often the result of inadequate wastewater collection and treatment, and unplanned release to receiving water bodies. Making wastewater irrigation safer depends on a location-specific combination of different pathogen barriers including, where possible, appropriate wastewater treatment. Ensuring that these strategies work in an integrated, mutually supportive manner requires a multi-sectoral paradigm shift in the common approach of wastewater management for disposal. Additionally, it is crucial to continue research (especially in developing countries) on the types and severity of risk, locally feasible mitigation options, the cost-effectiveness of safer wastewater irrigation practices compared to other interventions against diarrhoea and facilitating the adoption of ‘non-’ or ‘post-treatment’ options. This concluding chapter presents an outlook for wastewater irrigation by integrating the major findings of the present volume, synthesizing key elements of the current global status and challenges of sanitation and wastewater irrigation with emphasis on the WHO Guidelines. It also highlights wastewater-governance opportunities with the greatest potential to support safe wastewater irrigation that simultaneously address the combined challenges deriving from the global sanitation, water and food crises.
20 Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Simmons, Robert; Evans, Alexandra; Blummel, M.; Drescher, A. 2009. Ensuring health and food safety from rapidly expanding wastewater irrigation in South Asia: BMZ final report 2005-2008. Hyderabad, India: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 24p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2011.0015]
Wastewater irrigation ; Institutions ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Cropping systems ; Vegetables ; Fodder ; Livestock ; Risk assessment ; Economic evaluation ; Surveys ; GIS ; Research priorities / South Asia / India / Pakistan / Hyderabad / Faisalabad / Musi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042649)
(0.66 MB)
This project aims to identify the risks and benefits associated with the use of wastewater in urban and peri-urban fodder and vegetable cropping systems in India and Pakistan, where wastewater is largely untreated due to lack of public finance. Two mega-cities (Faisalabad, Pakistan and Hyderabad, India, with large untreated wastewater irrigation areas have been selected a) for comparative purposes and b) to develop and promote country-specific risk mitigation options. With a particular focus on food safety, livelihoods and livestock, the research will combine field and laboratory methods and structured interactions with producers, consumers, and authorities (urban planning, public health and water management). The goal of the project is to improve health and safeguard wastewater-dependent livelihoods of resource-poor urban and peri-urban farmers and consumers in developing countries. This overlaps with IWMI’s mission to improve water and land resources management for food, livelihoods and nature. The project’s purpose is to develop and promote the uptake of a set of risk mitigation options based on a comprehensive assessment of risks and benefits associated with wastewater irrigation in Hyderabad (India) and Faisalabad (Pakistan). The project will enable the uptake of the recommendations in two countries with large wastewater-irrigated areas and different political - institutional environments.
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